BibTex RIS Cite

ICDAS II CRITERIA (INTERNATIONAL CARIES DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM)

Year 2015, Volume: 49 Issue: 3, 63 - 72, 27.08.2015
https://doi.org/10.17096/jiufd.38691

Abstract

The International Caries Detection and Assessment
System (ICDAS) is a clinical scoring system which
allows detection and assessment of caries activity.
ICDAS was developed for use in clinical research,
clinical practice and for epidemiological purposes.
A recent review of caries detection criteria systems
found that there were inconsistencies among the
research criteria for caries measuring systems.
There is a need to an uniform system which allows
comparison of data collected in different researches.
ICDAS allows detection of caries process at every
stage and characterization of the caries activity status
of lesion. Later, the criteria were modified and ICDAS
II created. The aim of this review is to inform about
the ICDAS II and make a comparison between ICDAS
II criteria and other caries detection systems.

References

  • Pitts NB. "ICDAS"-an international system for caries detection and assessment being developed to facilitate caries epidemiology, research and appropriate clinical management. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004; 21(3): 193-198.
  • Braga MM, Oliveira LB, Bonini GA, Bonecker M, Mendes FM. Feasibility of the international caries detection and assessment system (icdas-ii) in epidemiological surveys and comparability with standard world health organization criteria. Caries Res 2009;43(4):245-249.
  • Chu CH, Chau AM, Lo EC. Current and future research in diagnostic criteria and evaluation of caries detection methods. Oral Health Prev Dent 2013;11(2):181-189.
  • Ismail AI, Sohn W, Tellez M, Amaya A, Sen A, Hasson H, Pitts NB. The international caries detection and assessment system (icdas): An integrated system for measuring dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007;35(3):170-178.
  • Pitts N. "Icdas"--an international system for caries detection and assessment being developed to facilitate caries epidemiology, research and appropriate clinical management. Community Dent Health 2004;21(3):193-198.
  • Topping GV, Pitts NB, International Caries D, Assessment System C. Clinical visual caries detection. Monogr Oral Sci 2009;21(15-41.
  • Pitts NB. How the detection, assessment, diagnosis and monitoring of caries integrate with personalized caries management. Monogr Oral Sci 2009;21(1-14.
  • Altarakemah Y, Al-Sane M, Lim S, Kingman A, Ismail AI. A new approach to reliability assessment of dental caries examinations. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2013;41(4):309-316.
  • Ismail AI. Visual and visuo-tactile detection of dental caries. J Dent Res 2004;83 Spec No C(C56-66.
  • Pitts NB, Richards D, International Caries D, Assessment System C. Personalized treatment planning. Monogr Oral Sci 2009;21(128-143.
  • Pitts NB, Stamm JW. International consensus workshop on caries clinical trials (icw-cct)--final consensus statements: Agreeing where the evidence leads. J Dent Res 2004;83 Spec No C(C125-128.
  • Agustsdottir H, Gudmundsdottir H, Eggertsson H, Jonsson SH, Gudlaugsson JO, Saemundsson SR, Eliasson ST, Arnadottir IB, Holbrook WP. Caries prevalence of permanent teeth: A national survey of children in iceland using icdas. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010;38(4):299-309.
  • Pitts NB, Fyffe HE. The effect of varying diagnostic thresholds upon clinical caries data for a low prevalence group. J Dent Res 1988;67(3):592-596.
  • Mitropoulos P, Rahiotis C, Kakaboura A, Vougiouklakis G. The impact of magnification on occlusal caries diagnosis with implementation of the icdas ii criteria. Caries Res 2012;46(1):82-86.
  • Assaf AV, de Castro Meneghim M, Zanin L, Tengan C, Pereira AC. Effect of different diagnostic thresholds on dental caries calibration - a 12 month evaluation. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2006;34(3):213-219.
  • Fyffe HE, Deery C, Nugent ZJ, Nuttall NM, Pitts NB. Effect of diagnostic threshold on the validity and reliability of epidemiological caries diagnosis using the dundee selectable threshold method for caries diagnosis (dstm). Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000;28(1):42-51.
  • Ismail AI, Brodeur JM, Gagnon P, Payette M, Picard D, Hamalian T, Olivier M, Eastwood BJ. Prevalence of non-cavitated and cavitated carious lesions in a random sample of 7-9-year-old schoolchildren in montreal, quebec. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1992;20(5):250-255.
  • International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) Coordinating Committee. Rationale and Evidence for the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II). Scotland: Dental Health Services Research Unit; 2005. http://www.icdas.org.
  • International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) Coordinating Committee. Criteria Manual– International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II). Scotland: Dental Health Services Research Unit; 2005. http://www.icdas.org.
  • Ricketts D, Bartlett D. Advanced Operative Dentistry, A Practical Approach. Elsevier, 2011: p.3.
  • Jablonski-Momeni A, Stachniss V, Ricketts DN, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Pieper K. Reproducibility and accuracy of the icdas-ii for detection of occlusal caries in vitro. Caries Res 2008;42(2):79-87.
  • Mjor IA, Toffenetti F. Secondary caries: A literature review with case reports. Quintessence Int 2000;31(3):165-179.
  • Kuhnisch J, Berger S, Goddon I, Senkel H, Pitts N, Heinrich-Weltzien R. Occlusal caries detection in permanent molars according to who basic methods, icdas ii and laser fluorescence measurements. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2008;36(6):475-484.
  • Ekstrand KR, Ricketts DN, Kidd EA. Occlusal caries: Pathology, diagnosis and logical management. Dent Update 2001;28(8):380-387.
  • Ferreira Zandona A, Santiago E, Eckert GJ, Katz BP, Pereira de Oliveira S, Capin OR, Mau M, Zero DT. The natural history of dental caries lesions: A 4-year observational study. J Dent Res 2012;91(9):841-846.
  • Zero D, Fontana M, Lennon AM. Clinical applications and outcomes of using indicators of risk in caries management. J Dent Educ 2001;65(10):1126-1132.
  • Nyvad B, Fejerskov O. Assessing the stage of caries lesion activity on the basis of clinical and microbiological examination. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997;25(1):69-75.
  • Nyvad B, Machiulskiene V, Baelum V. Reliability of a new caries diagnostic system differentiating between active and inactive caries lesions. Caries Res 1999;33(4):252-260.
  • Ekstrand KR, Kuzmina I, Bjorndal L, Thylstrup A. Relationship between external and histologic features of progressive stages of caries in the occlusal fossa. Caries Res 1995;29(4):243-250.
  • Bakhshandeh A, Ekstrand KR, Qvist V. Measurement of histological and radiographic depth and width of occlusal caries lesions: A methodological study. Caries Res 2011;45(6):547-555.
  • Neuhaus KW, Rodrigues JA, Hug I, Stich H, Lussi A. Performance of laser fluorescence devices, visual and radiographic examination for the detection of occlusal caries in primary molars. Clin Oral Investig 2011;15(5):635-641.
  • Rechmann P, Charland D, Rechmann BM, Featherstone JD. Performance of laser fluorescence devices and visual examination for the detection of occlusal caries in permanent molars. J Biomed Opt 2012;17(3):036006.
  • Honkala E, Runnel R, Honkala S, Olak J, Vahlberg T, Saag M, Makinen KK. Measuring dental caries in the mixed dentition by icdas. Int J Dent 2011;2011(150424.
  • Jablonski-Momeni A, Ricketts DN, Weber K, Ziomek O, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Schipper HM, Stoll R, Pieper K. Effect of different time intervals between examinations on the reproducibility of icdas-ii for occlusal caries. Caries Res 2010;44(3):267-271.
  • Ekstrand KR, Martignon S, Ricketts DJ, Qvist V. Detection and activity assessment of primary coronal caries lesions: A methodologic study. Oper Dent 2007;32(3):225-235.
  • Braga MM, Ekstrand KR, Martignon S, Imparato JC, Ricketts DN, Mendes FM. Clinical performance of two visual scoring systems in detecting and assessing activity status of occlusal caries in primary teeth. Caries Res 2010;44(3):300-308.
  • Braga MM, Mendes FM, Martignon S, Ricketts DN, Ekstrand KR. In vitro comparison of nyvad's system and icdas-ii with lesion activity assessment for evaluation of severity and activity of occlusal caries lesions in primary teeth. Caries Res 2009;43(5):405-412.
  • Diniz MB, Rodrigues JA, Hug I, Cordeiro Rde C, Lussi A. Reproducibility and accuracy of the icdas-ii for occlusal caries detection. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2009;37(5):399-404.
  • Ekstrand KR, Ricketts DN, Kidd EA. Reproducibility and accuracy of three methods for assessment of demineralization depth of the occlusal surface: An in vitro examination. Caries Res 1997;31(3):224-231.
  • Souza-Zaroni WC, Ciccone JC, Souza-Gabriel AE, Ramos RP, Corona SA, Palma-Dibb RG. Validity and reproducibility of different combinations of methods for occlusal caries detection: An in vitro comparison. Caries Res 2006;40(3):194-201.
  • Rodrigues JA, Hug I, Diniz MB, Lussi A. Performance of fluorescence methods, radiographic examination and icdas ii on occlusal surfaces in vitro. Caries Res 2008;42(4):297-304.
  • Diniz MB, Lima LM, Eckert G, Zandona AG, Cordeiro RC, Pinto LS. In vitro evaluation of icdas and radiographic examination of occlusal surfaces and their association with treatment decisions. Oper Dent 2011;36(2):133-142.
  • Braga MM, Morais CC, Nakama RC, Leamari VM, Siqueira WL, Mendes FM. In vitro performance of methods of approximal caries detection in primary molars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;108(4):e35-41.
  • Shoaib L, Deery C, Ricketts DN, Nugent ZJ. Validity and reproducibility of icdas ii in primary teeth. Caries Res 2009;43(6):442-448.
  • Bader JD, Shugars DA, Bonito AJ. A systematic review of the performance of methods for identifying carious lesions. J Public Health Dent 2002;62(4):201-213.
  • Novaes TF, Matos R, Braga MM, Imparato JC, Raggio DP, Mendes FM. Performance of a pen-type laser fluorescence device and conventional methods in detecting approximal caries lesions in primary teeth--in vivo study. Caries Res 2009;43(1):36-42.
  • Mitropoulos P, Rahiotis C, Stamatakis H, Kakaboura A. Diagnostic performance of the visual caries classification system icdas ii versus radiography and micro-computed tomography for proximal caries detection: An in vitro study. J Dent 2010;38(11):859-867.
  • Ekstrand KR, Luna LE, Promisiero L, Cortes A, Cuevas S, Reyes JF, Torres CE, Martignon S. The reliability and accuracy of two methods for proximal caries detection and depth on directly visible proximal surfaces: An in vitro study. Caries Res 2011;45(2):93-99.
  • Novaes TF, Matos R, Raggio DP, Imparato JC, Braga MM, Mendes FM. Influence of the discomfort reported by children on the performance of approximal caries detection methods. Caries Res 2010;44(5):465-471.
  • Gomez J, Zakian C, Salsone S, Pinto SC, Taylor A, Pretty IA, Ellwood R. In vitro performance of different methods in detecting occlusal caries lesions. J Dent 2013;41(2):180-186.

Icdas II Kriterleri (Uluslararası Çürük Tespit ve Değerlendirme Sistemi)

Year 2015, Volume: 49 Issue: 3, 63 - 72, 27.08.2015
https://doi.org/10.17096/jiufd.38691

Abstract

ICDAS diş hekimliği eğitiminde, klinik uygulamalarda, araştırmalarda ve epidemiyolojik çalışmalarda kullanılmak üzere oluşturulmuş, diş çürüklerinin tespit ve değerlendirilmesini sağlayan bir klinik skorlama sistemidir. Diş çürüklerinin saptanmasıyla ilgili tüm kriterler gözden geçirildiğinde, çürüğün derecesinin belirlendiği ölçümler için olan araştırma kriterleri arasında oldukça tutarsızlıklar olduğu fark edilmiştir. Farklı çalışmalarda bulunan çürük verilerinin karşılaştırılabilirliğini sağlayabilmek için çürük ölçüm konusunda tek ve düzenli bir sisteme ihtiyaç olduğuna karar verilmiştir. ICDAS kriterleri diş sert dokusundaki çürüğü hangi seviyede olursa olsun net olarak tespit edebilmektedir ve çürüğün zaman içerisindeki değişikliklerini (aktivitesini) izleyebilmektedir. Bir süre sonra bu kriterlerin geliştirilmesi ile ICDAS II sistemi belirlenmiştir. Bu derlemenin amacı ICDAS II kriterlerini tanıtmak ve bu kriterleri var olan diğer sistemlerle karşılaştırmaktır

References

  • Pitts NB. "ICDAS"-an international system for caries detection and assessment being developed to facilitate caries epidemiology, research and appropriate clinical management. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004; 21(3): 193-198.
  • Braga MM, Oliveira LB, Bonini GA, Bonecker M, Mendes FM. Feasibility of the international caries detection and assessment system (icdas-ii) in epidemiological surveys and comparability with standard world health organization criteria. Caries Res 2009;43(4):245-249.
  • Chu CH, Chau AM, Lo EC. Current and future research in diagnostic criteria and evaluation of caries detection methods. Oral Health Prev Dent 2013;11(2):181-189.
  • Ismail AI, Sohn W, Tellez M, Amaya A, Sen A, Hasson H, Pitts NB. The international caries detection and assessment system (icdas): An integrated system for measuring dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007;35(3):170-178.
  • Pitts N. "Icdas"--an international system for caries detection and assessment being developed to facilitate caries epidemiology, research and appropriate clinical management. Community Dent Health 2004;21(3):193-198.
  • Topping GV, Pitts NB, International Caries D, Assessment System C. Clinical visual caries detection. Monogr Oral Sci 2009;21(15-41.
  • Pitts NB. How the detection, assessment, diagnosis and monitoring of caries integrate with personalized caries management. Monogr Oral Sci 2009;21(1-14.
  • Altarakemah Y, Al-Sane M, Lim S, Kingman A, Ismail AI. A new approach to reliability assessment of dental caries examinations. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2013;41(4):309-316.
  • Ismail AI. Visual and visuo-tactile detection of dental caries. J Dent Res 2004;83 Spec No C(C56-66.
  • Pitts NB, Richards D, International Caries D, Assessment System C. Personalized treatment planning. Monogr Oral Sci 2009;21(128-143.
  • Pitts NB, Stamm JW. International consensus workshop on caries clinical trials (icw-cct)--final consensus statements: Agreeing where the evidence leads. J Dent Res 2004;83 Spec No C(C125-128.
  • Agustsdottir H, Gudmundsdottir H, Eggertsson H, Jonsson SH, Gudlaugsson JO, Saemundsson SR, Eliasson ST, Arnadottir IB, Holbrook WP. Caries prevalence of permanent teeth: A national survey of children in iceland using icdas. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010;38(4):299-309.
  • Pitts NB, Fyffe HE. The effect of varying diagnostic thresholds upon clinical caries data for a low prevalence group. J Dent Res 1988;67(3):592-596.
  • Mitropoulos P, Rahiotis C, Kakaboura A, Vougiouklakis G. The impact of magnification on occlusal caries diagnosis with implementation of the icdas ii criteria. Caries Res 2012;46(1):82-86.
  • Assaf AV, de Castro Meneghim M, Zanin L, Tengan C, Pereira AC. Effect of different diagnostic thresholds on dental caries calibration - a 12 month evaluation. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2006;34(3):213-219.
  • Fyffe HE, Deery C, Nugent ZJ, Nuttall NM, Pitts NB. Effect of diagnostic threshold on the validity and reliability of epidemiological caries diagnosis using the dundee selectable threshold method for caries diagnosis (dstm). Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000;28(1):42-51.
  • Ismail AI, Brodeur JM, Gagnon P, Payette M, Picard D, Hamalian T, Olivier M, Eastwood BJ. Prevalence of non-cavitated and cavitated carious lesions in a random sample of 7-9-year-old schoolchildren in montreal, quebec. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1992;20(5):250-255.
  • International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) Coordinating Committee. Rationale and Evidence for the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II). Scotland: Dental Health Services Research Unit; 2005. http://www.icdas.org.
  • International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) Coordinating Committee. Criteria Manual– International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II). Scotland: Dental Health Services Research Unit; 2005. http://www.icdas.org.
  • Ricketts D, Bartlett D. Advanced Operative Dentistry, A Practical Approach. Elsevier, 2011: p.3.
  • Jablonski-Momeni A, Stachniss V, Ricketts DN, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Pieper K. Reproducibility and accuracy of the icdas-ii for detection of occlusal caries in vitro. Caries Res 2008;42(2):79-87.
  • Mjor IA, Toffenetti F. Secondary caries: A literature review with case reports. Quintessence Int 2000;31(3):165-179.
  • Kuhnisch J, Berger S, Goddon I, Senkel H, Pitts N, Heinrich-Weltzien R. Occlusal caries detection in permanent molars according to who basic methods, icdas ii and laser fluorescence measurements. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2008;36(6):475-484.
  • Ekstrand KR, Ricketts DN, Kidd EA. Occlusal caries: Pathology, diagnosis and logical management. Dent Update 2001;28(8):380-387.
  • Ferreira Zandona A, Santiago E, Eckert GJ, Katz BP, Pereira de Oliveira S, Capin OR, Mau M, Zero DT. The natural history of dental caries lesions: A 4-year observational study. J Dent Res 2012;91(9):841-846.
  • Zero D, Fontana M, Lennon AM. Clinical applications and outcomes of using indicators of risk in caries management. J Dent Educ 2001;65(10):1126-1132.
  • Nyvad B, Fejerskov O. Assessing the stage of caries lesion activity on the basis of clinical and microbiological examination. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997;25(1):69-75.
  • Nyvad B, Machiulskiene V, Baelum V. Reliability of a new caries diagnostic system differentiating between active and inactive caries lesions. Caries Res 1999;33(4):252-260.
  • Ekstrand KR, Kuzmina I, Bjorndal L, Thylstrup A. Relationship between external and histologic features of progressive stages of caries in the occlusal fossa. Caries Res 1995;29(4):243-250.
  • Bakhshandeh A, Ekstrand KR, Qvist V. Measurement of histological and radiographic depth and width of occlusal caries lesions: A methodological study. Caries Res 2011;45(6):547-555.
  • Neuhaus KW, Rodrigues JA, Hug I, Stich H, Lussi A. Performance of laser fluorescence devices, visual and radiographic examination for the detection of occlusal caries in primary molars. Clin Oral Investig 2011;15(5):635-641.
  • Rechmann P, Charland D, Rechmann BM, Featherstone JD. Performance of laser fluorescence devices and visual examination for the detection of occlusal caries in permanent molars. J Biomed Opt 2012;17(3):036006.
  • Honkala E, Runnel R, Honkala S, Olak J, Vahlberg T, Saag M, Makinen KK. Measuring dental caries in the mixed dentition by icdas. Int J Dent 2011;2011(150424.
  • Jablonski-Momeni A, Ricketts DN, Weber K, Ziomek O, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Schipper HM, Stoll R, Pieper K. Effect of different time intervals between examinations on the reproducibility of icdas-ii for occlusal caries. Caries Res 2010;44(3):267-271.
  • Ekstrand KR, Martignon S, Ricketts DJ, Qvist V. Detection and activity assessment of primary coronal caries lesions: A methodologic study. Oper Dent 2007;32(3):225-235.
  • Braga MM, Ekstrand KR, Martignon S, Imparato JC, Ricketts DN, Mendes FM. Clinical performance of two visual scoring systems in detecting and assessing activity status of occlusal caries in primary teeth. Caries Res 2010;44(3):300-308.
  • Braga MM, Mendes FM, Martignon S, Ricketts DN, Ekstrand KR. In vitro comparison of nyvad's system and icdas-ii with lesion activity assessment for evaluation of severity and activity of occlusal caries lesions in primary teeth. Caries Res 2009;43(5):405-412.
  • Diniz MB, Rodrigues JA, Hug I, Cordeiro Rde C, Lussi A. Reproducibility and accuracy of the icdas-ii for occlusal caries detection. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2009;37(5):399-404.
  • Ekstrand KR, Ricketts DN, Kidd EA. Reproducibility and accuracy of three methods for assessment of demineralization depth of the occlusal surface: An in vitro examination. Caries Res 1997;31(3):224-231.
  • Souza-Zaroni WC, Ciccone JC, Souza-Gabriel AE, Ramos RP, Corona SA, Palma-Dibb RG. Validity and reproducibility of different combinations of methods for occlusal caries detection: An in vitro comparison. Caries Res 2006;40(3):194-201.
  • Rodrigues JA, Hug I, Diniz MB, Lussi A. Performance of fluorescence methods, radiographic examination and icdas ii on occlusal surfaces in vitro. Caries Res 2008;42(4):297-304.
  • Diniz MB, Lima LM, Eckert G, Zandona AG, Cordeiro RC, Pinto LS. In vitro evaluation of icdas and radiographic examination of occlusal surfaces and their association with treatment decisions. Oper Dent 2011;36(2):133-142.
  • Braga MM, Morais CC, Nakama RC, Leamari VM, Siqueira WL, Mendes FM. In vitro performance of methods of approximal caries detection in primary molars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;108(4):e35-41.
  • Shoaib L, Deery C, Ricketts DN, Nugent ZJ. Validity and reproducibility of icdas ii in primary teeth. Caries Res 2009;43(6):442-448.
  • Bader JD, Shugars DA, Bonito AJ. A systematic review of the performance of methods for identifying carious lesions. J Public Health Dent 2002;62(4):201-213.
  • Novaes TF, Matos R, Braga MM, Imparato JC, Raggio DP, Mendes FM. Performance of a pen-type laser fluorescence device and conventional methods in detecting approximal caries lesions in primary teeth--in vivo study. Caries Res 2009;43(1):36-42.
  • Mitropoulos P, Rahiotis C, Stamatakis H, Kakaboura A. Diagnostic performance of the visual caries classification system icdas ii versus radiography and micro-computed tomography for proximal caries detection: An in vitro study. J Dent 2010;38(11):859-867.
  • Ekstrand KR, Luna LE, Promisiero L, Cortes A, Cuevas S, Reyes JF, Torres CE, Martignon S. The reliability and accuracy of two methods for proximal caries detection and depth on directly visible proximal surfaces: An in vitro study. Caries Res 2011;45(2):93-99.
  • Novaes TF, Matos R, Raggio DP, Imparato JC, Braga MM, Mendes FM. Influence of the discomfort reported by children on the performance of approximal caries detection methods. Caries Res 2010;44(5):465-471.
  • Gomez J, Zakian C, Salsone S, Pinto SC, Taylor A, Pretty IA, Ellwood R. In vitro performance of different methods in detecting occlusal caries lesions. J Dent 2013;41(2):180-186.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Benin Dikmen

Publication Date August 27, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 49 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Dikmen, B. (2015). ICDAS II CRITERIA (INTERNATIONAL CARIES DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM). Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry, 49(3), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.17096/jiufd.38691
AMA Dikmen B. ICDAS II CRITERIA (INTERNATIONAL CARIES DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM). J Istanbul Univ Fac Dent. October 2015;49(3):63-72. doi:10.17096/jiufd.38691
Chicago Dikmen, Benin. “ICDAS II CRITERIA (INTERNATIONAL CARIES DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM)”. Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry 49, no. 3 (October 2015): 63-72. https://doi.org/10.17096/jiufd.38691.
EndNote Dikmen B (October 1, 2015) ICDAS II CRITERIA (INTERNATIONAL CARIES DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM). Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry 49 3 63–72.
IEEE B. Dikmen, “ICDAS II CRITERIA (INTERNATIONAL CARIES DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM)”, J Istanbul Univ Fac Dent, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 63–72, 2015, doi: 10.17096/jiufd.38691.
ISNAD Dikmen, Benin. “ICDAS II CRITERIA (INTERNATIONAL CARIES DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM)”. Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry 49/3 (October 2015), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.17096/jiufd.38691.
JAMA Dikmen B. ICDAS II CRITERIA (INTERNATIONAL CARIES DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM). J Istanbul Univ Fac Dent. 2015;49:63–72.
MLA Dikmen, Benin. “ICDAS II CRITERIA (INTERNATIONAL CARIES DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM)”. Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry, vol. 49, no. 3, 2015, pp. 63-72, doi:10.17096/jiufd.38691.
Vancouver Dikmen B. ICDAS II CRITERIA (INTERNATIONAL CARIES DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM). J Istanbul Univ Fac Dent. 2015;49(3):63-72.