Reefs:General Characteristics, Facies, Evolution and Economic Importance

Abstract

Reefs have long been subject of considerable interest for their importance in carbonate depositional systems, sea-level changes, paleontology and hydrocarbon exploration, at present there exist a large amount of information on reefs and refoid carbonate bodies in the related literature. The aim of this paper is to provide an introductory review on reefs to contribute towards reef studies. Reef is a rigid, wave resistant organic structure, mainly built by large, frame building skeletal metazoans (corals and corralinie algae) and the associated accessory organisms, such as encrusting foraminifers, calcereous algae, bryozoas, mollusk, sponges etc., that act as framebinders and sediment producers. Reefs develope at the well-lighted, aerated, nutrient-rich, warm and shallow waters of the stable sheld seas and carbonate platforms of passive continental margins. Reef growth and development is controlled by a number of physical and biological factors including nature of the reef building organisms, underlying topography, sea-level changes and wave energy. Reefs, though differing in shape and dimensions, form topographic highs with a well-developed assymmetrical cross-profile characterised by morphological and ecological zones and the associated facies. Reefs evolved through the geological time from Precambiran-Early Paleozoic stromatolite buildups through Mesozoic reefs with Tubiphytes and coral-algal communities and rudistid reefs to Tertiary' and Modem organic framework built by hermatypic scleractinnian corals and coralline algae.

Keywords

• Reef
• Facies
• Paleontology

Resifler: Genel Karakterleri, Fasiyesleri, Evrimi ve Ekonomik Önemi

Abstract

Resifler, karbonat çökelme sistemleri içerisinde, deniz düzeyi oynamaları, paleontoloji, paleoekoloji ve petrol araştırmalarındaki önemleri nedeni ile uzun yıllar boyunca ayrıntılı olarak incelenmişlerdir. Günümüzde resifler ve resifal karbonatlar konusunda yayınlanmış geniş bir bilgi birikimi bulunmaktadır. Bu derleme niteliğindeki yayın, resif konusundaki çalışmalara katkıda bulunmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Resif, katı ve dalgaya dayanıklı organik bir yapıdır. Bu yapı, çatı oluşturucu iri iskeletli metazoalar (mercanlar, mercanımsı algler) ile kabuk bağlayıcı foraminiferler, çeşitli kalkerli algler, bryozoalar, mollusklar, süngerler gibi diğer çatı bağlayıcı ve çökel üretici işlevleri gören organizmalardan oluşur. Resifler, pasif kıta kenarlarındaki şelflerin veya karbonat platformlarının bol ışıklı, oksijen ve besleyicilerle zengin ılık sığ sularında gelişir. Bir resif büyümesi ve gelişimi resifi oluşturan organizmaların doğası, deniz tabanının topografyası, deniz düzeyi oynamaları, dalga enerjisi gibi bir dizi fiziksel ve biyolojik faktörler tarafından denetlenir. Resifler, biçimleri ve boyutları farklı olmakla beraber asimetrik bir profil gösteren morfo-ekolojik kuşaklar ve fasiyesler ile karakterize edilen topografik bir yapı oluştururlar. Resifler, jeolojik geçmiş boyunca evrim geçirerek Prekambriyen ve Erken Paleozoyik'in stromatolitli yığışımlarından, Mesozoyik'teki Tubiphyt'li mercanlı ve rudistli resiflere, Tersiyer ve günümüzde ise scleractinian mercanlar ve mercanımsı alglerin oluşturduğu organik çatıdokulu resifler konumuna gelmişlerdir.

Keywords

• Resif
• Fasiyes
• Paleontoloji

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