Levha Tektoniği ve Ada Yayları

Year 1991, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 75 - 103, 15.05.1991

Warren B. Hamilton Translator: Ali Dinçel

Abstract

1960 ların sonunda hızla gelişen levha tektoniği kavramı ada yaylarının anlaşılmasını olanaklı kılmıştır. Bu tarihten önce, konuyla ilgili kavramlar yavaş yerleşmiş, özellikle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde karşıt görüşlü yerbilim anlayışı tarafından engellenmiştir. Ada yaylarının volkanik kuşakları, yitilen levhaların yaklaşık 100 km üstünde oluşurlar. Yakınsayan levha sınırları zamana bağlı olarak karmaşık bir şekilde gelişirler ve büyük ölçüde uzunlukları boyunca değişirler. Depremsellik, daldıklarından daha dik bir şekilde batan ve ilerleyen üst levhalar tarafından ezilen dilimlerin yörüngelerini değil ama durumlarım belirler. Yitim, içi duraylı bir levhanın belli bir zamanda yalnızca bir kenarının altında meydana gelir. Yüzeysel bir eklenir kamanın arkasındaki ezilen levhadaki egemen rejim, çarpışmanın olduğu yer hariç yayılımlıdır. Yay ardı havzası litosferi, uzayan ve kendi kavislerini arttıran, göçen ada yaylarının arkasında veya onlar tarafından oluşturulur. Bir çarpışma iki aktif yayı karşılaştırır. Bu durumda araya gelen litosfer, ya her ikisinin, ya da bir aktif kenarın yahut bir pasif kenarın altında batar. Genel olarak her tip çarpışmayı, kümenin dışındaki yeni bir hendek (trench) den gelen hafif kabuğun bileşik kütlesinin altındaki yeni yitimin kırılması izler. Buna karşılık, yeni bir yitim sistemi yaygın olarak çarpışma ürünüdür. Yay ardı havzası kabuğunun bir şeridi birçok durumlarda, yeni hendeğin önünde kümeye bağlanmak üzere ayrılır ve ön kenarı kendi altında doldurulan melanj olarak yükseltilen, bir yay önü havzası için temele dönüşür. Hendeklerdeki çökelme hakim bir şekilde uzunlamasınadır ve uzak kaynaklardan olabilir. Eklenir kamalar dinamiktir, bu kamalar tektonik eklenmelerle her iki uçta ve dipte oluşan kalınlaşmalarla ve ileriye doğru gravite akmalarıyla oluşan incelmelerle meydana gelirler; melanj ise büyük ölçüde, tektonik üst üste gelmeler ve akıntı sürüklenmeleri şeklindeki zıt işlemlerin ürünüdür, denizaltı kaymalarıyla ilgili değildir. Yüksek basınç metamorfik kayaları, üst üste levhaların önündeki kamalar içinde değil, bu levhaların altında oluşurlar. Yay magmaları, litosferin gelişen bileşimi ile uyumlu olarak değişen ve litosfer içinde yükselen malzemeleri çokça birleştirir. Yay kabuğu, intrüzif kayalar ve termal genişlemelerle jeantiklinal şeklinde kabarır. Denizaltı ada yayı volkanik kayaları deniz suyu ile olan hidrotermal reaksiyon sonucunda sodyum zenginleşmesi ve kalsiyum tükenmesi nedeniyle geniş ölçüde spilitleşirler. Olgunlaşmış ada yaylarının alt kabuğu, mafik, ortaç ve felsik-orta bileşimindeki granülit fasiyesi kayalarından ibarettir. Mohorovicic süreksizliği, başlıca ultramafik bileşiminde çok miktardaki kayaların kristalleşmelerinin yüzeysel limitini temsil eden bir yapıcı sınırdır.

Keywords

Levha, Tektonik, Ada Yayı

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