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Türkiye Manganez Yatakları: Oluşumları ve Tipleri

Year 1993, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 24 - 33, 15.11.1993

Abstract

Türkiye’deki manganez yatakları, bulundukları yaş konağı, oluşumları, yan kayaçları, kimyasal, mineralojik ve yapısal özelliklerine göre dört ana gruba ayrılırlar. Birinci grup, genellikle radyolaryalı çörtler içindeki hidrotermal ve hidrojendik türdeki mangenez yataklarıdır. Bunlar, yüksek Mn-Si ve düşük Al-Fe içerikli, genelde katman yapılı olarak Paleotethis, Karakaya, İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan-Kars ve Güneydoğu Anadolu sütür kuşağının epiofiyolitleri içinde yaygındırlar. Genellikle düşük rezervli bu yatakların en tipik olanı Çayırlı mangenez yatağıdır. İkinci grup. Batı Toros'larda Alt Kretase yaşlı karbonatlar içindeki siyah şeyllerle ilişkili yataklardır. Bunlar, rodokrosit gibi mangan karbonatlar ve bunların oksitlenme ürünlerinden oluşmakta ve yüksek rezervler içermektedir. En tipik örnekleri Denizli-Ulukent ve güney alanlarında bulunmaktadır. Diyajenetik oluşumlu bu yatakların Fe içeriği radyolaryalı çörtlerle ilişkili yataklardan yüksek Si içeriği ise düşüktür. Üçüncü grup, Karadeniz kıta yayının volkanotortulları içindeki hidrotermal oluşumlu yataklardır. Karadeniz kıyısı boyunca yaygınca gözlenen bu yatakların en önemlileri Ocaklı, Güce, Ebuhemşin ve Çiftliksarıca'dır. Damar, stok ve katman yapılı cevherleşme volkanitler ile ardalanmalı çökellerin çeşitli düzeylerinde bulunur. Dördüncü grup, Trakya Havza'sındaki Oligosen çökelleri içinde bulunan ve Karadeniz'i çevreleyen Chiatura, Nikopol, Varna yataklarıyla jenerik benzerlikler gösteren yataklardır. Transgresyon, regresyon salınımlarına bağlı, diyajenetik süreçlerle oluşan ters derecelenmeli pizolitik cevher, düşük Mn-Si içerikli ancak yüksek rezervlidir.

References

  • Akartuna, M., 1953, Çatalca- Karacaköy bölgesinin jeolojisi: İstanbul Üniv., Fen Fak. Monog. sayı 3.
  • Bolton, B.R. and Frakes, A.F., 1985, Geology and genesis of manganese oolite, Chiatura, Georgia, USSR: Geol. Soc. America Bull. ve. 96, p. 1398-1406.
  • Bolton, B.R., Frakes, L.A. and Cook J.N., 1988, Petrography and origin of inversely graded manganese pisolite from Groote Eylandt, Austraila: Ore Geology Rev., v. 4, p. 47-69.
  • Bonatti, E., Kraemer, T. and Raydell, H., 1972, Classification and genesis of submarine iron-manganese deposit, in Horn, D, ed., Natl. Sei. Faund., p. 149-166.
  • Bora, E., 1969, Binkılıç Safaalan civarının jeolojisi ve manganez yatakları, İstanbul Üniv. Fen Fak. Jeoloji Bölümü (yayınlanmamış), 49 s.
  • Brewer, P.G. and Spencer, D.W., 1974, Distribution of some trace elements in the Black Sea and their flux between dissolved and particulate phases: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Mem. 20, p, 137-143.
  • Cannon, W.F. and Force, E.R., 1983, Potential for high grade shallow-marine manganese deposit in North America, in: Shanks, W.C., IH, ed., Cameron volume unconventional mineral deposits: New York, Soc. Mining Engineers, Am.- Inst. Mining Metall. Petroleum Engineers, p. 175-189.
  • Choi, J.H. and Hariya, Y., 1992, Geochemistry and depositional Environment of Mn oxide deposits in the Tokorro belt, Northeastern Hokkaido, Japan: Econ. Geology, v. 87, p. 1265-1274.
  • Crerar, D.A., Namson, J. Chyi, M.S., Williams, L. and Feigenson, M.D., 1982, Manganiferous cherts of the Franciscan assemblage: L General geology, anciend and modem analogues, and implications for hydrothermal convection at oceanic spreading centers: Econ. Geol. v. 77, p. 519-540.
  • Degens, E.T. and Stoffers, P., 1976, Stratified water as a key to the past: Nature, v. 263, p. 22-27.
  • Frakes, L.A. and Bolton, B.R., 1984, Origin of manganese giants: Sea-level change and anoxic-oxic history: Geology v. 12, p. 83-86.
  • Frakes, L. and Bolton, B., 1992, Effects of ocean chemistry, sea level and climate on the formation of primary sedimentary manganese ore deposits: Econ. Geol. v. 87, p. 1207-1217.
  • Gedikoğlu, A., Van, A., Eyüpoğlu, I., Yalçınalp, B., 1985, Doğu Karadeniz cevherleşmelerine bir örnek: Ocaklı (Maçka-Trabzon) manganez zuhuru, Jeoloji Mühendisliği, s. 25, s. 23-37.
  • Hein, J.R., Schulz, M.S., Gein, L.M., 1992, Central pacific cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts: Historical perspective and regional variability, Keating, B.H. and Bolton, B.R., eds Geology and offshore mineral resources of the central Pasific basin, circum-Pasific council for energy and mineral resources. Earth Science series v. 14, New York, Springer Verlag, p. 261-283.
  • Kuşçu, M. ve Gedikoğlu, A., 1989, Ulukent (Tavas-Denizli) güneyi manganez yataklarının jeokimyasal özellikleri: Yerbilimcinin Sesi, s. 17, s. 29-47.
  • Nicholson, K., 1990, Stratiform manganese mineralization near Invernes, Scotland: a Devonian sublacturine hot spring deposit: Mineralum Deposita, 25, p. 126-131.
  • Nicholson, K., 1992, Constrasting mineralogical geochemical signatures of manganese oxides: Guide to metallogenesis: Econ. Geol. v. 87, p. 1253-1264.
  • Okita, P.M., Maynard, J.B., Spiker, E.C. and Force, E.R., 1988, Isotopic evidence for organic matter oxidation by manganese reduction in the formation ofstratiform manganese carbonate ore: Geochim et. Cosmochim Acta, v. 52, p, 2679-2685
  • Okita, P.M., 1992, Manganese carbonate mineralization in the Molongo District, Mexico: Econ. Geol. v. 87, p. 1345-1366.
  • Oygür, V., 1990, Çayırlı (Ankara-Haymana) manganez yatağının jeolojisi ve kökeni üzerine görüşler, M.T.A. Dergisi, s. 110, S. 29-44.
  • Öztürk, H., 1993, Koçali Karmaşığının Konak Formasyonu içindeki manganez nodüllerinin oluşumu, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni (incelemede).
  • Peters, T., 1988, Geochemistry of manganese bearing cherts associated with Alpine ophiolites and the Hawisina Formations in Oman, Marine Geology, v. 84, p. 339-349.
  • Rona, P.A., 1984, Hydrothermal mineralization at sea floor sprading centers: Earth Planet. Sei. Rev., v. 20, p. 1-104
  • Roy, S., Dasgupta, S. Mukhopadhyay, S. and Fukuoka, M., 1990, Atypical ferromanganese nodules from pelagic areas of the central Indian Basin, equatorial Indian Ocean: Marine Geology, v. 92, p. 269-283
  • Roy, S. 1992, Enverionments and Processesoof manganese deposition: Ecan. Geol. v. 87, p. 1218-1236
  • Schissel, D. and Aro, P., 1992, The major early Proterozoic sedimentary Iron and manganese deposit and their Tectonic setting: Econ. Geol. v. 87, p. 1367-1374.
  • Sönmez- Gökçen, N, 1964, Çatalca (Trakya) civarı Neojeninden Congeryalı serinin ostrakotlarla bulunan yeni yaşı hakkında: MTA Enst. Dergisi, s. 63.
  • Ülkümen, N., 1960, Trakya ve Çanakkale mıntıkalarında bulunan Neojen balıklı formasyonları hakkında: İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Fak. Monog., s. 16, 80 s.

Manganese Mineralizations in Turkey: Processes of Formation and Types

Year 1993, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 24 - 33, 15.11.1993

Abstract

Mangenese mineralizations in Turkey are divided into four main groups according to their age spans, host rocks, processes of formation and mineralogical-chemical-textural features. The first is hydrothermal and rare hydrogenetic type manganese mineralization which are associated with chiefly radiolarian chert series. These deposits that have high Mn-Si and low Al-Fe content occur as lenses and small thin beds in the epiophiolitic sediments of Paleotethyan, Karakaya, North Anatolian (Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan) and South Anatolian suture belts. These mineralizations are mainly small but most widley distributed group of manganese ores. Cayirli is the most distinctive deposit of a chert hosted type. The second is black shale hosted manganese mineralizations that take place in the black shale horizon within the carbonates of Lower Cretaceous age in Western Taurides. These deposits are represented by relatively large reservs and are composed of rhodoçchrosite and its oxidizing products. Most typical deposits of the black shale hosted type are located in Ulukent-Denizli and its southern region. Fe contents of these deposits are higher than chert hosted deposits, whereas A1 and Si are low. The third is volcanic arc hosted ores along the Black Sea coast occur in different types of metasomatic, hydrothermal and stratabaund settings. Rock associations include dacitic tuff, reddish limestone, marl and hemipelagic claystone alternations ou Upper Cretaceous. The most important deposits of the region are locatad at Ocakli, Topkirazlar, Ebuhemşin and Guce. The Fourth is the post-tectonic sedimentary hosted ores in the Thrace Basin. These deposits are similar to those of the Oligocene Belt that occurs along the west coast of Black Sea, which includes the Chiatura, Nikopol, Varna deposits. Inverselyy gradad pisolitic ore was formed by early diagenetic processes during transgression regression cycles.

References

  • Akartuna, M., 1953, Çatalca- Karacaköy bölgesinin jeolojisi: İstanbul Üniv., Fen Fak. Monog. sayı 3.
  • Bolton, B.R. and Frakes, A.F., 1985, Geology and genesis of manganese oolite, Chiatura, Georgia, USSR: Geol. Soc. America Bull. ve. 96, p. 1398-1406.
  • Bolton, B.R., Frakes, L.A. and Cook J.N., 1988, Petrography and origin of inversely graded manganese pisolite from Groote Eylandt, Austraila: Ore Geology Rev., v. 4, p. 47-69.
  • Bonatti, E., Kraemer, T. and Raydell, H., 1972, Classification and genesis of submarine iron-manganese deposit, in Horn, D, ed., Natl. Sei. Faund., p. 149-166.
  • Bora, E., 1969, Binkılıç Safaalan civarının jeolojisi ve manganez yatakları, İstanbul Üniv. Fen Fak. Jeoloji Bölümü (yayınlanmamış), 49 s.
  • Brewer, P.G. and Spencer, D.W., 1974, Distribution of some trace elements in the Black Sea and their flux between dissolved and particulate phases: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Mem. 20, p, 137-143.
  • Cannon, W.F. and Force, E.R., 1983, Potential for high grade shallow-marine manganese deposit in North America, in: Shanks, W.C., IH, ed., Cameron volume unconventional mineral deposits: New York, Soc. Mining Engineers, Am.- Inst. Mining Metall. Petroleum Engineers, p. 175-189.
  • Choi, J.H. and Hariya, Y., 1992, Geochemistry and depositional Environment of Mn oxide deposits in the Tokorro belt, Northeastern Hokkaido, Japan: Econ. Geology, v. 87, p. 1265-1274.
  • Crerar, D.A., Namson, J. Chyi, M.S., Williams, L. and Feigenson, M.D., 1982, Manganiferous cherts of the Franciscan assemblage: L General geology, anciend and modem analogues, and implications for hydrothermal convection at oceanic spreading centers: Econ. Geol. v. 77, p. 519-540.
  • Degens, E.T. and Stoffers, P., 1976, Stratified water as a key to the past: Nature, v. 263, p. 22-27.
  • Frakes, L.A. and Bolton, B.R., 1984, Origin of manganese giants: Sea-level change and anoxic-oxic history: Geology v. 12, p. 83-86.
  • Frakes, L. and Bolton, B., 1992, Effects of ocean chemistry, sea level and climate on the formation of primary sedimentary manganese ore deposits: Econ. Geol. v. 87, p. 1207-1217.
  • Gedikoğlu, A., Van, A., Eyüpoğlu, I., Yalçınalp, B., 1985, Doğu Karadeniz cevherleşmelerine bir örnek: Ocaklı (Maçka-Trabzon) manganez zuhuru, Jeoloji Mühendisliği, s. 25, s. 23-37.
  • Hein, J.R., Schulz, M.S., Gein, L.M., 1992, Central pacific cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts: Historical perspective and regional variability, Keating, B.H. and Bolton, B.R., eds Geology and offshore mineral resources of the central Pasific basin, circum-Pasific council for energy and mineral resources. Earth Science series v. 14, New York, Springer Verlag, p. 261-283.
  • Kuşçu, M. ve Gedikoğlu, A., 1989, Ulukent (Tavas-Denizli) güneyi manganez yataklarının jeokimyasal özellikleri: Yerbilimcinin Sesi, s. 17, s. 29-47.
  • Nicholson, K., 1990, Stratiform manganese mineralization near Invernes, Scotland: a Devonian sublacturine hot spring deposit: Mineralum Deposita, 25, p. 126-131.
  • Nicholson, K., 1992, Constrasting mineralogical geochemical signatures of manganese oxides: Guide to metallogenesis: Econ. Geol. v. 87, p. 1253-1264.
  • Okita, P.M., Maynard, J.B., Spiker, E.C. and Force, E.R., 1988, Isotopic evidence for organic matter oxidation by manganese reduction in the formation ofstratiform manganese carbonate ore: Geochim et. Cosmochim Acta, v. 52, p, 2679-2685
  • Okita, P.M., 1992, Manganese carbonate mineralization in the Molongo District, Mexico: Econ. Geol. v. 87, p. 1345-1366.
  • Oygür, V., 1990, Çayırlı (Ankara-Haymana) manganez yatağının jeolojisi ve kökeni üzerine görüşler, M.T.A. Dergisi, s. 110, S. 29-44.
  • Öztürk, H., 1993, Koçali Karmaşığının Konak Formasyonu içindeki manganez nodüllerinin oluşumu, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni (incelemede).
  • Peters, T., 1988, Geochemistry of manganese bearing cherts associated with Alpine ophiolites and the Hawisina Formations in Oman, Marine Geology, v. 84, p. 339-349.
  • Rona, P.A., 1984, Hydrothermal mineralization at sea floor sprading centers: Earth Planet. Sei. Rev., v. 20, p. 1-104
  • Roy, S., Dasgupta, S. Mukhopadhyay, S. and Fukuoka, M., 1990, Atypical ferromanganese nodules from pelagic areas of the central Indian Basin, equatorial Indian Ocean: Marine Geology, v. 92, p. 269-283
  • Roy, S. 1992, Enverionments and Processesoof manganese deposition: Ecan. Geol. v. 87, p. 1218-1236
  • Schissel, D. and Aro, P., 1992, The major early Proterozoic sedimentary Iron and manganese deposit and their Tectonic setting: Econ. Geol. v. 87, p. 1367-1374.
  • Sönmez- Gökçen, N, 1964, Çatalca (Trakya) civarı Neojeninden Congeryalı serinin ostrakotlarla bulunan yeni yaşı hakkında: MTA Enst. Dergisi, s. 63.
  • Ülkümen, N., 1960, Trakya ve Çanakkale mıntıkalarında bulunan Neojen balıklı formasyonları hakkında: İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Fak. Monog., s. 16, 80 s.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Geological Sciences and Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hüseyin Öztürk This is me

Publication Date November 15, 1993
Submission Date July 1, 1993
Published in Issue Year 1993 Volume: 17 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Öztürk, H. (1993). Türkiye Manganez Yatakları: Oluşumları ve Tipleri. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 17(2), 24-33.