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Investigation of Correlations Indicating the Weakness Level in Basalts with Different Ratios of Porosity and Olivine Serpentinization

Year 2025, Volume: 49 Issue: 1, 121 - 136, 11.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.24232/jmd.1680730

Abstract

In geotechnical projects, understanding the variations in the geomechanical properties of rocks in terms of their microstructure and alteration is crucial to ensure the safety and long-term sustainability of rock engineering (tunnels, slopes, mines, etc.). Therefore, it is important to determine the basic factors, such as mineral content, texture and porosity, that directly affect the geomechanical properties of rocks. Since water content is one of the factors in question, it is necessary to analyse the water content-dependent changes of rocks used in geotechnical projects. In this study, the relationships of geomechanical properties (uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), ultrasonic sound velocity (UPV), indirect tensile strength (BTS) and apparent porosity (n)) of basalts in saturated and dry conditions were investigated. In addition, some correlations (e.g. UPV/UCS-BTS/n) revealing the weakness levels of the rocks and the relationships of the percentage difference between values in saturated and dry conditions with parameters such as alteration degree and porosity were also investigated. In the study, 8 basalts nearly similar in lithological and mineralogical terms were taken from 3 neighbouring sites and divided into three categories (A1, M2 and M3) according to the alteration zone. Mineralogical-petrographic studies showed that serpentinization of olivine was minimum 5% for A1 basalts and maximum 80% for M3 basalts. Serpentinization and porosity values were found to be highly correlated with the geomechanical properties of basalts. As serpentinization and porosity increased in basalts, differences between saturated and dry UCS, BTS and UPV values also increased. In addition, an increase in UPV/UCS ratio and a decrease in BTS/n ratio were observed with increasing serpentinization and porosity values, reflecting rock weakness in basalts.

References

  • Diamantis, K. Gartzos, E. & Migiros, G. (2009). Study on Uniaxial Compressive Strength, Point Load Strength İndex, Dynamic and Physical Properties of Serpentinites from Central Greece: Test Results and Empirical Relations, Engineering Geology, 108, 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.07.002
  • Diamantis, K. Exarhakos, G. Migiros, G. & Gartzos, E. (2016). Evaluating The Triaxial Characteristics of Ultamafic Rocks from Central Greece Using the Physical, Dynamic and Mechanical Properties. Open Access Library Journal, 3, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1103214
  • Erçıkdı, B. Karaman, K. Cihangir, F. Yılmaz, T. Alıyazıcıoglu, S. & Kesimal, A. (2016). Core Size Effect on The Dry and Saturated Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity of Limestone Samples. Ultrasonics, 72, 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2016.08.006
  • Erişiş, S. Tuğrul, A. Er, S. & Yılmaz, M. (2019). Bazaltik Kayaların Bileşim ve Dokusal Özelliklerinin Mekanik Davranışlarına Etkisi. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 43(2), 259-278. https://doi.org/10.24232/jmd.655348
  • Farough, A. Moore, D.E. Lockner, D.A. & Lowell, R.P. (2015). Evolution of Fracture Permeability of Ultramafic Rocks Undergoing Serpentinization at Hydrothermal Conditions: An Experimental Study. Geochemistry, Geophysics. Geosystems, 16, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC005973
  • Franklin, J.A. (1970). Classification of Rock According to its Mechanical Properties. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of London Imperial College, London, U.K.
  • Goodman, R.E. (1993). Engineering Geology: Rock İn Engineering Construction. Wiley, New York. 412 pp.
  • Gürocak, Z. & Kılıç, R. (2005). Effect of Weathering on The Geo-Mechanical Properties of the Miocene Basalts in Malatya, Eastern Turkey. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 64, 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-005-0005-2
  • ISRM. (2007). The Complete ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 1974–2006. In: Ulusay, Hudson (Eds.), Suggested methods prepared by the commission on testing methods. International Society for Rock Mechanics. ISRM Turkish National Group, (pp. 628). Ankara, Turkey.
  • Kahraman, S. (2007). The Correlations Between the Saturated and Dry P-Wave Velocity of Rocks. Ultrasonics, 46(4), 341-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2007.05.003
  • Karakul, H. & Ulusay, R. (2012). Kayaların Dayanım Özelliklerinin Farklı Doygunluk Koşullarında P-dalga Hızından Kestirimi ve P-Dalga Hızının Fiziksel Özelliklere Olan Duyarlılığı. Yerbilimleri 33(3) 141–168.
  • Karaman, K. Cihangir, F. Erçıkdı, B. & Kesimal, A. (2010). Killi Karbonatlı Kayaçlarda numune Uzunluğunun Ultrasonik P dalga Hızı Üzerindeki Etkisi. Madencilik Dergisi, 49(4), 37-45.
  • Karaman, K. Kesimal, A. (2015a). Evaluation of The Influence of Porosity on the Engineering Properties of Volcanic Rocks from the Eastern Black Sea Region: NE Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8, 557–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-1217-6
  • Karaman, K. & Kesimal, A. (2015b). Correlation of Schmidt Rebound Hardness with Uniaxial Compressive Strength and P-Wave Velocity of Rock Materials. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 40 (7), 1897-1906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-1510-z
  • Karaman, K. & Kolaylı, H. (2024). Effects of Olivine Alteration on Micro Internal Structure and Geomechanical Properties of Basalts and Strength Prediction in These Rocks. Sustainability, 16, 13, 5490, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135490
  • Kılıç, A. & Teymen, A. (2008). Determination of Mechanical Properties of Rocks Using Simple Methods. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 67, 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-008-0128-3
  • Kıpçak, F. (2024). Van-Süphan Dağı Bölgesinde Bulunan Bazalt Kayaçlarının Demiryolunda Balast Malzemesi Olarak Kullanımının Değerlendirilmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 15(2), 495–502. https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1367888
  • Özdemir, E. & Sarıcı, D. (2017). Farklı Suya Doygunluk Derecelerinde Bazı Sedimanter Kayaçlarda Tek Eksenli Sıkışma Dayanımının Diğer Fiziko-Mekanik Özelliklerden Kestirimi. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 681-691. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.341854
  • Peinsitt, T. Kuchar, F. Hartlieb, P. et al. (2010). Microwave Heating of Dry and Water Saturated Basalt, Granite and Sandstone. International Journal of Mining and Mineral Engineering, 2:18–29. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMME.2010.03181
  • Tarawneh, K. Amaireh, M. Abdelhadi, N. Titi, A. & Dweirj, M. (2022). Characterization of The Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Harrat Ash Shaam Basalt (HASB)/Northeast Jordan. The Open Civil Engineering, 12, 463–475. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2022.124026
  • Tuğrul, A. & Gürpınar, O. (1997). Proposed Weathering Classification for Basalts and Their Engineering Properties. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 55, 61-71.
  • Schuiling, R.D.T. (2011). A Giant Serpentinite Diapir. International Journal of Geosciences, 2, 98–101.
  • Sharo, A.A. & Al-Tawaha, M.S. (2019). Prediction of Engineering Properties of Basaltic Rocks in Jordan. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 10(1), 1731-1739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-0180551-6.
  • Streit, E. Kelemen, P. Eiler, J. (2012). Coexisting Serpentine and Quartz from Carbonate-Bearing Serpentinized Peridotite in the Samail Ophiolite, Oman. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 164, 821–837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-012-0775-z
  • Yenice, H. (2002). Bazı Kayaçların Tek Eksenli Basınç Dayanımları ile Diğer Malzeme Özellikleri Arasındaki İlişkiler. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 4(2), 65-71.
  • Yücel, C. Arslan, M. Temizel, İ. & Abdioğlu, E. (2014). Volcanic Facies and Mineral Chemistry of Tertiary Volcanics in The Northern Part of The Eastern Pontides, Northeast Turkey: İmplications for Pre-Eruptive Crystallization Conditions and Magma Chamber Processes. Mineralogy and Petrology, 108, 439–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-0130306-2.

Farklı Oranlarda Gözeneklilik ve Olivin Serpantinleşmesi İçeren Bazaltlarda Zayıflık Seviyesini Gösteren Korelasyonların Araştırılması

Year 2025, Volume: 49 Issue: 1, 121 - 136, 11.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.24232/jmd.1680730

Abstract

Jeoteknik projelerde kayaçların jeomekanik özelliklerinin mikro yapıları ve alterasyon koşulları açısından değişimlerini anlamak, kaya mühendisliğinin (tüneller, şevler, madencilik vb.) güvenliğini ve uzun vadeli sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamak için çok önemlidir. Ayrıca, su içeriği kaya malzemelerinin jeomekanik özelliklerini büyük ölçüde etkileyebilmektedir. Bu nedenle, jeoteknik projelerde kullanılan kayaçların jeomekanik özelliklerindeki su içeriğine bağlı değişimlerin iyi analiz edilmesi gereklidir. Bu çalışmada, bazaltların jeomekanik özelliklerinin (tek eksenli basınç dayanımı (UCS), ultrasonik ses hızı (UPV), dolaylı çekme dayanımı (BTS) ve görünür gözeneklilik (n)) doygun ve kuru koşullardaki ilişkileri incelenmiştir. İlave olarak, kayaçların zayıflık seviyelerini ortaya koyan bazı korelasyonlar (örn. UPV/UCS ve BTS/n) ve doygun ile kuru durumdaki değerler arasındaki yüzdesel farkın alterasyon dereceleri ve gözeneklilik gibi parametrelerle olan bağlantısı da çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada birbirine komşu olan 3 sahadan 8 adet litolojik ve mineralojik açıdan yaklaşık aynı olan bazaltlar alınmış ve alterasyon zonlarına göre üç sınıfa (A1, M2 ve M3) ayrılmıştır. Mineralojik petrografik incelemeler olivinin serpantinleşmesinin A1 bazaltları için en düşük %5 olduğunu M3 bazaltları için ise en yüksek %80 civarında olduğunu göstermiştir. Serpantinleşme ve gözeneklilik değerlerinin bazaltların jeomekanik özellikleriyle yüksek düzeyde ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bazaltlarda serpantinleşme ve gözeneklilik arttıkça, doygun ve kuru UCS, BTS ve UPV farkları da artmıştır. Ayrıca, bazaltlarda kayaç zayıflığını yansıtan serpantinleşme ve gözeneklilik değerleri arttıkça UPV/UCS oranında artma, BTS/n oranında ise azalma gözlenmiştir.

References

  • Diamantis, K. Gartzos, E. & Migiros, G. (2009). Study on Uniaxial Compressive Strength, Point Load Strength İndex, Dynamic and Physical Properties of Serpentinites from Central Greece: Test Results and Empirical Relations, Engineering Geology, 108, 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.07.002
  • Diamantis, K. Exarhakos, G. Migiros, G. & Gartzos, E. (2016). Evaluating The Triaxial Characteristics of Ultamafic Rocks from Central Greece Using the Physical, Dynamic and Mechanical Properties. Open Access Library Journal, 3, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1103214
  • Erçıkdı, B. Karaman, K. Cihangir, F. Yılmaz, T. Alıyazıcıoglu, S. & Kesimal, A. (2016). Core Size Effect on The Dry and Saturated Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity of Limestone Samples. Ultrasonics, 72, 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2016.08.006
  • Erişiş, S. Tuğrul, A. Er, S. & Yılmaz, M. (2019). Bazaltik Kayaların Bileşim ve Dokusal Özelliklerinin Mekanik Davranışlarına Etkisi. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 43(2), 259-278. https://doi.org/10.24232/jmd.655348
  • Farough, A. Moore, D.E. Lockner, D.A. & Lowell, R.P. (2015). Evolution of Fracture Permeability of Ultramafic Rocks Undergoing Serpentinization at Hydrothermal Conditions: An Experimental Study. Geochemistry, Geophysics. Geosystems, 16, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC005973
  • Franklin, J.A. (1970). Classification of Rock According to its Mechanical Properties. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of London Imperial College, London, U.K.
  • Goodman, R.E. (1993). Engineering Geology: Rock İn Engineering Construction. Wiley, New York. 412 pp.
  • Gürocak, Z. & Kılıç, R. (2005). Effect of Weathering on The Geo-Mechanical Properties of the Miocene Basalts in Malatya, Eastern Turkey. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 64, 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-005-0005-2
  • ISRM. (2007). The Complete ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 1974–2006. In: Ulusay, Hudson (Eds.), Suggested methods prepared by the commission on testing methods. International Society for Rock Mechanics. ISRM Turkish National Group, (pp. 628). Ankara, Turkey.
  • Kahraman, S. (2007). The Correlations Between the Saturated and Dry P-Wave Velocity of Rocks. Ultrasonics, 46(4), 341-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2007.05.003
  • Karakul, H. & Ulusay, R. (2012). Kayaların Dayanım Özelliklerinin Farklı Doygunluk Koşullarında P-dalga Hızından Kestirimi ve P-Dalga Hızının Fiziksel Özelliklere Olan Duyarlılığı. Yerbilimleri 33(3) 141–168.
  • Karaman, K. Cihangir, F. Erçıkdı, B. & Kesimal, A. (2010). Killi Karbonatlı Kayaçlarda numune Uzunluğunun Ultrasonik P dalga Hızı Üzerindeki Etkisi. Madencilik Dergisi, 49(4), 37-45.
  • Karaman, K. Kesimal, A. (2015a). Evaluation of The Influence of Porosity on the Engineering Properties of Volcanic Rocks from the Eastern Black Sea Region: NE Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8, 557–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-1217-6
  • Karaman, K. & Kesimal, A. (2015b). Correlation of Schmidt Rebound Hardness with Uniaxial Compressive Strength and P-Wave Velocity of Rock Materials. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 40 (7), 1897-1906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-1510-z
  • Karaman, K. & Kolaylı, H. (2024). Effects of Olivine Alteration on Micro Internal Structure and Geomechanical Properties of Basalts and Strength Prediction in These Rocks. Sustainability, 16, 13, 5490, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135490
  • Kılıç, A. & Teymen, A. (2008). Determination of Mechanical Properties of Rocks Using Simple Methods. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 67, 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-008-0128-3
  • Kıpçak, F. (2024). Van-Süphan Dağı Bölgesinde Bulunan Bazalt Kayaçlarının Demiryolunda Balast Malzemesi Olarak Kullanımının Değerlendirilmesi. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 15(2), 495–502. https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1367888
  • Özdemir, E. & Sarıcı, D. (2017). Farklı Suya Doygunluk Derecelerinde Bazı Sedimanter Kayaçlarda Tek Eksenli Sıkışma Dayanımının Diğer Fiziko-Mekanik Özelliklerden Kestirimi. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 681-691. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.341854
  • Peinsitt, T. Kuchar, F. Hartlieb, P. et al. (2010). Microwave Heating of Dry and Water Saturated Basalt, Granite and Sandstone. International Journal of Mining and Mineral Engineering, 2:18–29. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMME.2010.03181
  • Tarawneh, K. Amaireh, M. Abdelhadi, N. Titi, A. & Dweirj, M. (2022). Characterization of The Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Harrat Ash Shaam Basalt (HASB)/Northeast Jordan. The Open Civil Engineering, 12, 463–475. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2022.124026
  • Tuğrul, A. & Gürpınar, O. (1997). Proposed Weathering Classification for Basalts and Their Engineering Properties. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 55, 61-71.
  • Schuiling, R.D.T. (2011). A Giant Serpentinite Diapir. International Journal of Geosciences, 2, 98–101.
  • Sharo, A.A. & Al-Tawaha, M.S. (2019). Prediction of Engineering Properties of Basaltic Rocks in Jordan. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 10(1), 1731-1739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-0180551-6.
  • Streit, E. Kelemen, P. Eiler, J. (2012). Coexisting Serpentine and Quartz from Carbonate-Bearing Serpentinized Peridotite in the Samail Ophiolite, Oman. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 164, 821–837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-012-0775-z
  • Yenice, H. (2002). Bazı Kayaçların Tek Eksenli Basınç Dayanımları ile Diğer Malzeme Özellikleri Arasındaki İlişkiler. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 4(2), 65-71.
  • Yücel, C. Arslan, M. Temizel, İ. & Abdioğlu, E. (2014). Volcanic Facies and Mineral Chemistry of Tertiary Volcanics in The Northern Part of The Eastern Pontides, Northeast Turkey: İmplications for Pre-Eruptive Crystallization Conditions and Magma Chamber Processes. Mineralogy and Petrology, 108, 439–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-0130306-2.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Rock Mechanics
Journal Section Makaleler - Articles
Authors

Kadir Karaman 0000-0002-3831-4465

Hasan Kolaylı 0000-0003-3629-7371

Publication Date June 11, 2025
Submission Date April 21, 2025
Acceptance Date May 23, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 49 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karaman, K., & Kolaylı, H. (2025). Farklı Oranlarda Gözeneklilik ve Olivin Serpantinleşmesi İçeren Bazaltlarda Zayıflık Seviyesini Gösteren Korelasyonların Araştırılması. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 49(1), 121-136. https://doi.org/10.24232/jmd.1680730