Overview of West Nile Virus and Sandfly-borne Phlebovirus Infections in Anatolia

Abstract

Arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses are trafinsmitted to the susceptible hosts by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes, sandflies and ticks. Arboviral infections have had a significant global public health impact during the last decades due to their resurgence and dynamic epidemiologic features. In Turkey, cases and outbreaks due to previously underestimated arboviral infections have emerged since 2009. In this manuscript, previous and current data on two of the major arboviral infections, West Nile virus and Sandfly-borne Phleboviruses have been overviewed with a special emphasis on clinical presentation and laboratory evaluation.

Keywords

• Arboviruses, West Nile Virus, WNV, Phlebotomus fever, Phlebovirus, Turkey

Overview of West Nile Virus and Sandfly-borne Phlebovirus Infections in Anatolia

Öz

Artropod kaynaklı (arbo) viruslar, duyarlı konaklara sivrisinek, kum sineği ve kene gibi artropodların kan emmesi yoluyla bulaşır. Son yıllarda yeniden ortaya çıkan ve epidemiyolojik özelliklerinde değişiklikler izlenen çeşitli arboviral enfeksiyonlar, tüm dünyada önemli halk sağlığı sorunları oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye’de 2009 yılından günümüze, daha önce dikkat çekmemiş bazı arboviruslara bağlı olgular ve salgınlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu derlemede, iki önemli arbovirus olan Batı Nil virusu ve kum sineği (tatarcık) kaynaklı fleboviruslarla ilgili ülkemize ait veriler, klinik ve laboratuvar bulguları özellikle vurgulanarak ele alınmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arboviruslar, Batı Nil Virusu, BNV, Filebotomus ateşi, Filebovirus, Türkiye

References

1. Gubler DJ. The global emergence/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems. Arch Med Res 2002; 33:330-342.
2. Weaver SC, Reisen WK. Present and future arboviral threats. Antivir Res 2010; 85:328-345
3. Ergunay K, Whitehouse CA, Ozkul A.Current status of hu- man arboviral diseases in Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011;11:731-741.
4. Hayes EB, Sejvar JJ, Zaki SR, et al. Virology, pathology and clinical manifestations of West Nile Virus disease. Emerg In- fect Dis 2005;11:1174-1179.
5. Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, et al. Epidemiology and trans- mission dynamics of West Nile Virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2005:11:1167-1173.
6. Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS. West Nile Virus: review of the literature. JAMA 2013; 310:308-315.
7. Calistri P, Giovannini A, Hubalek Z, et al. Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean basin. Open Virol J 2010;4:29-37.
8. Radda A. Antibodies against group A and B Arboviruses in do- mestic animals from Turkey. EU Tıp Fak Mec 1971;10:227- 229.

9. Ari A. Studies on activity and and ecology of arboviruses in Turkey. Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg 1972;32:134-43.
10. Meço O. West Nile arbovirus antibodies with hemagglutina- tion inhibition (HI) in residents of Southeast Anatolia. Mikro- biyol Bul 1977;11:3-17.
11. Allwinn R, Doerr HW, Emmerich P et al. Cross-reactivity in flavivirus serology: new implications of an old finding? Med Microbiol Immunol 2002;190:199-202.
12. Serter D. Present status of arbovirus seroepidemiology in the Aegean region of Turkey. Zbl Bakt; 1980(S9):155-161.
13. Ergunay K, Ozer N, Us D, et al. Seroprevalence of West Nile virus and Tick-borne encephalitis virus in Southeastern Turkey: first evidence for Tick-borne encephalitis virus infec- tions. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2007;7:157-161.
14. Karakoç ZC, Tüzüner BM, Ergonul O, et al. West Nile Vi- rus Infection in the Mesopotamia Region, Syria Border of Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013; doi:10.1089/ vbz.2012.1140.
15. Özkul A, Yıldırım Y, Pınar D, et al. Serological evidence of West Nile Virus (WNV) in mammalian species in Turkey. Epi- demiol Infect 2005;29:1-4.
16. Ergunay K, Saygan MB, Aydogan S, et al. West Nile Virus se- roprevalence in blood donors from Central Anatolia, Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010;10:771-775.
17. Ayturan S, Aydoğan S, Ergünay K, et al. Investigation of West Nile virus seroprevalence in Hacettepe University Hospital blood donors and confirmation of the positive re- sults by plaque reduction neutralization test. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2011;45:113-124.
18. Ozkul A, Ergunay K, Koysuren A, et al. Concurrent occur- rence of human and equine West Nile virus infections in Central Anatolia, Turkey: the first evidence for circulation of lineage 1 viruses. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17:e546-551
19. Hızel K, Yenicesu I, Erdal B, et al. Investigation of West Nile virus seroprevalence in healthy blood donors. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2010;44:425-430.
20. Albayrak H, Ozan E. Seroepidemiological study of west nile virus and rift valley Fever virus in some of Mammalian spe- cies (herbivores) in northern Turkey. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2013;7:90-93.
21. Aslan M, Kocazeybek B, Turan N, et al. Investigation of schizophrenic patients from Istanbul, Turkey for the pres- ence of West Nile virus. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;262:173-177.
22. Sahiner F, Avcı IY, Bedir O, et al. Investigation of West Nile virus RNA in blood donors by real-time RT-PCR. Mikrobiyol Bul 2012;46:464-469.
23. Erdem H, Ergunay K, Yilmaz A, et al. Emergence and co-in- fections of West Nile virus and Toscana virus in Eastern Thra- ce, Turkey. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013; doi: 10.1111/1469- 0691.12310.
24. Ramsdale CD, Alten B, Çağlar SS, et al. A revised, annotated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Turkey. European Mosquito Bull 2001;9:18-27.
25. Ozer N, Ergünay K, Simsek F et al. West Nile virus studies in the Sanliurfa Province of Turkey. J Vector Ecol. 2007;32:202- 206.
26. Albayrak, H, Ozan, E. Molecular Detection of Avian Influenza Virus but not West Nile Virus in Wild Birds in Northern Tur- key. Zoonoses Public Health. 2010;57:e71-75.
27. Albayrak H, Ozan E, Kurt M. Molecular Detection of Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) but not West Nile virus (WNV) in hard ticks from provinces in Northern Turkey. Zoonoses Public Health. 2010 2010;57:e156-160.
28. Y. Ozbel. Presentation at the West Nile virus Symposium, September 20–21th, 2012 Ankara, Turkey.
29. Ergunay K, Gunay F, Oter K, et al. Arboviral surveillance of field-collected mosquitoes reveals circulation of West Nile virus lineage 1 Strains in Eastern Thrace, Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013; doi:10.1089/vbz.2012.1288.
30. Arpacı F, Çetin T, Kubar A, et al. West Nile Virus infection in a patient with acute graft-versus-host disease. Haematologica 2009; 94(S2):687.
31. Ergünay K, Özkul A. Confirmation of West Nile virus sero- reactivity in central nervous system infections of unknown etiology from Ankara Province, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Mi- krobiyol Bul. 2011;45:381-383.
32. Ergünay K, Sayiner AA, Litzba N et al. Multicentre evaluation of central nervous system infections due to Flavi and Phlebo- viruses in Turkey. J Infect. 2012;65:343-349.
33. Kalaycioglu H, Korukluoglu G, Ozkul A, et al. Emergence of West Nile virus infections in humans in Turkey, 2010 to 2011. Euro Surveill. 2012; 17: doi:pii:20182.
34. Tapisiz A, Emiralioğlu N, Vural O, et al. Turk The first report of West Nile virus infection in a child from Turkey. Turk J Pe- diatr. 2011;53:317-319.
35. Yeşilkaya A, Kurt Azap O, Aarslan H, et al. A fatal case of West Nile virus encephalitis. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2012;46:488- 492
36. Ocal M, Onder H, Arsava EM, et al. A case of central nervous system infection due to west nile virus lineage-1 in ankara province, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2013;47:164-172
37. Alkan C, Bichaud L, de Lamballerie X, et al. Sandfly-borne phleboviruses of Eurasia and Africa: Epidemiology, genetic diversity, geographic range, control measures. Antiviral Res. 2013 doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.005.
38. Dionisio D, Esperti F, Vivarelli A, Valassina M. Epidemiologi- cal, clinical and laboratory aspects of Sandfly Fever. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003,16:383-388.
39. Charel RN, Gallian P, Navarro-Mari JM, et al. Emergence of Toscana Virus in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:1657- 1663.
40. Tesh RB, Saidi S, Gajdamovic SJ, et al. Serological studies on the epidemiology of sandfly fever in the Old World. Bull World Health Organ 1976;54:663–674.
41. Ozbel Y, Ertabaklar H, Ciufolini MG, et al. Sandfly fever vi- ruses (Phleboviruses) transmitted by phlebotomus in Turkey. 3rd Balkan Conference of Microbiology Proceedings; 2003; pp.152-155.
42. Ergünay K, Saygan MB, Aydoğan S, et al. Sandfly fever vi- rus activity in central/northern Anatolia, Turkey: first report of Toscana virus infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:575- 581.
43. Ergunay K, Aydogan S, Ilhami Ozcebe O, et al. Toscana virus (TOSV) exposure is confirmed in blood donors from Central, North and South/Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. Zoonoses Pub- lic Health. 2012;59:148-154.
44. Simsek FM, Alten B, Caglar SS et al. Distribution and altitudi- nal structuring of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodi- dae) in southern Anatolia, Turkey: their relation to human cu- taneous leishmaniasis. J Vector Ecol. 2007;32:269-279.
45. Ergunay K, Erisoz Kasap O, Kocak Tufan Z, et al. Molecular evidence indicates that Phlebotomus major sensu lato (Dip- tera: Psychodidae) is the vector species of the recently-iden- tified sandfly fever Sicilian virus variant: sandfly fever turkey virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012;12:690-698.
46. Becker M, Zielen S, Schwartz TF, et al. Pappataci fever. Klin Pediatr 1997;209:377–379.
47. Carhan A, Uyar Y, Ozkaya E, et al. Characterization of a new phlebovirus related to sandfly fever Sicilian virus iso- lated during a sandfly fever epidemic in Turkey. J Clin Virol 2010;48:264–269.
48. Kocak Tufan Z, Weidmann M, Bulut C, et al. Clinical and laboratory findings of a sandfly fever Turkey virus outbreak in Ankara. J Infect 2011;63:375–381.
49. Kocak Tufan Z, Ergunay K, Bulut C, et al. Ongoing circulation of a novel sandfly fever virus variant, sandfly fever Turkish virus in Ankara province, Turkey. ECCMID congress 2012; R2679:p.804
50. Kocak Tufan Z, Bulut C, Yagci S, et al. Certain cytokine levels in sandfly fever caused by sandfly fever Turkish virus. EC- CMID congress 2012; P2016:p.580.
51. Torun Edis C, Yağçı Çağlayık D, Uyar Y, et al. Sandfly fever outbreak in a province at Central Anatolia, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2010;44:431-439.
52. Guler S, Guler E, Caglayik DY, et al. A sandfly fever virus outbreak in the East Mediterranean region of Turkey. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16:e244-246.
53. Tezer H, Kaya A, Erkoçoğlu M, et al. A disease that should be remembered in children: sandfly fever in a child with fever and bicytopenia. J Pediatr Inf 2011;5:144-147.
54. Ergunay K, Ismayilova V, Colpak IA, et al. A case of central nervous system infection due to a novel Sandfly Fever Virus (SFV) variant: Sandfly Fever Turkey Virus (SFTV). J Clin Vi- rol. 2012;54:79-82.
55. Kuşçu F, Menemenlioğlu D, Öztürk DB, et al. HIV pozitifliği saptanan bir hastada gelişen akut Toskana virus enfeksi- yonu. EKMUD Congress 2013; PS151:265.
56. Ocal M, Alp S, Inkaya AC, et al. Investigation of West Nile Virus, Tick-borne encephalitis virus and Toscana virus in a cohort of patients with central nervous system infection and/ or febrile disease of unknown etiology: Ongoing Activity of Toscana virus Genotype A strains in Central Anatolia, Turkey. ECCMID Congress 2013;p2336.
57. Oter K, Gunay F, Tuzer E, et al. First record of Stegomyia albopicta in Turkey determined by active ovitrap surveil- lance and DNA barcoding. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013; doi:10.1089/vbz.2012.1093.
58. Yağcı Çağlayık D, Uyar Y, Korukluoğlu G, et al. An imported Chikungunya fever case from New Delhi, India to Ankara, Turkey: the first imported case of Turkey and review of the literature. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2012;46:122-128.
59. Uyar Y, Aktaş E, Yağcı Çağlayık D, et al. An imported dengue Fever case in Turkey and review of the literature. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013;47:173-180.