Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella from the eggs of commercial samples

Abstract

Objectives: In India egg is being promoted as complete food by the National Egg Co-cordination Committee (NECC) and being included in the free mid-day meal provided to school student s in rural areas. The objective of the present study is to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella on the shell and in the contents of eggs of commercial samples from the retail outlets of Kottayam, South India. Materials and Methods: Six hundred samples of eggs (150 each from commercial layer hens, non-commercial layer hens, duck and Japanese quail) were analysed for the prevalence of Salmonella as per United States Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological analytical manual and the confirmed and serotyped strains were analysed for antibiotic resistance by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Five different serotypes such as S.weltevreden, S.worthington, S.dublin, S.bareilly and S.typhimurium were encountered in the eggs of commercial layer hens, while backyard raised layen hen eggs had only S.bareilly and S.dublin. Japanese quail eggs showed prevalence of S.worthington, S.typhimurium and S.bareilly. S.enteritidis was encountered only in the duck eggs where the only other serotype was S.infantis. Conclusion: S.enteritidis prevalence was relatively less when compared to reports from other countries. More than 50% of duck eggs had Salmonella contamination in the contents which pose threat to unwary consumers. Resistance to tetracycline, oxytetracycline and nalidixic acid were relatively high among Salmonella isolates from eggs of commercial layer hens.

Keywords

• Salmonella, hens\' egg, duck egg, quail egg, antibiotic resistance

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella from the eggs of commercial samples

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

References

1. 1. de Jong B, Ekdahl K. The comparative burden of salmonellosis in the European Union member states, associated and candidate countries. BMC Public Health 2006;6:4-12.
2. 2. Braden CR. Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis and eggs: A national epidemic in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:512-517.
3. 3. Carli KT, Unal CB, Caner V, Eyigor A. Detection of Salmonellae in chicken feces by a combination of tetrathionate broth enrichment, capillary PCR, and capillary gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:1871-1876.
4. 4. Gupta BR, Verma JC. Prevalence of Salmonella from avian sources. Ind. J. Comp. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. Dis. 1989;11:169-174.
5. 5. Hatha AAM, Lakshmanaperumalsamy P. Prevalence of Salmonella in fish and crustaceans in Coimbatore, South India. Food Microbiol 1997;14:111-116.
6. 6. Singh S, Yadava AS, Singh SM, Bharti P. Prevalence of Salmonella in chicken eggs collected from poultry farms and marketing channels and their antimicrobial resistance. Food Res Int 2010;43:2027-2030.
7. 7. Jafari RA, Ghorbanpour M, Jaideri A. An investigation into Salmonella infection status in Backyard chickens in Iran. Int J Poult Sci 2007; 6:227-229.
8. 8. Gast RK, Holt PS, Murase T. Penetration of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Heidelberg into egg yolk in an in vitro contamination model. Poult Sci 2005;4:621-625.

9. 9. Gyles CL. Antimicrobial resistance in selected bacteria from poultry. Anim Health Res Rev 2008;9:149-158.
10. 10. Hatha AAM, Lakshmanaperumalsamy P. Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from fish and crustaceans. Lett Appl Microbiol 1995;21:47-49.
11. 11. Suresh T, Srinivasan D, HathaAAM, Lakshmanaperumalsamy P. A study on the incidence, antimicrobial resistance and survival of Salmonella and E. coli isolated from broiler chicken retail outlets. Microbes and Environ 2000;15:173-181.
12. 12. Sudarsana J, Lathi N, Indira Devi K. Multidrug resistant Salmonella typhi in Calicut, South India. Indian J Med Res 1992;95:68-70.
13. 13. Garg RK, Panigrahi D. Multiple drug resistant and genetic characterization of Salmonella typhimurium isolated at Chandigarh, india. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 1993;36:13-21.
14. 14. Andrews WH, Hammack T. Bacteriological Analytical Manual, chapter 5, Salmonella.http://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/Bacteriological Analytical Manual BAM/ucm 070149.htm.
15. 15. Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol 1966;45:493-496.
16. 16. Chang M, Groseclose SL, Zaidi AA, Braden CR. An ecological analysis of sociodemographic factors associated with the incidence of salmonellosis, shigellosis, and E. coli O157:H7 infections in US counties. Epidemiol Infect 2009;137:820- 830.
17. 17. Marin C, Balasch S, Vega S, Lainez M. Sources of Salmonella contamination during broiler production in Eastern Spain. Pre Vet Med 2010 (Article in Press).
18. 18. Perales I, Audicana A. The role of hen’s eggs in outbreaks of salmonellosis in north Spain. Int J Food Microbiol 1989; 8:175-180.
19. 19. Humphrey TJ. Contamination of eggshell and contents with Salmonella enteritidis: a review. Int J Food Microbiol 1994;21:31-40.
20. 20. Huneau-Salaun A, Marianne C, Sophiea LB, et al. Risk factors for Salmonella enterica subsp.enterica contamination in 519 French laying hen flocks at the end of the laying period. Prev Vet Med 2009;89:51-58.
21. 21. Humphrey TJ, Baskerville A, Mawer S, Rowe B, Hopper S. Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from the contents of intact eggs: A study involving naturally infected hens. Epidemiol Infect 1989;103:415-423.
22. 22. Baumler AJ, Hargis BM, Tsolis RM. Tracing the origins of Salmonella outbreaks. Science Journal 2000; 287:50-52.
23. 23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Salmonella Surveillance: Annual Summary (2005) Atlanta, GA, 2006.
24. 24. Roy P, Dhillon AS, Lauerman LH, Schaberg DM, Bandli D, Johnson S. Results of Salmonella isolation from poultry products, poultry, poultry environment, and other characteristics. Avian Dis 2002;46:17-24.
25. 25. Rodrigues DC, Tauxe RV, Rowe B. International increase in Salmonella Enteritidis: a new pandemic? Epidemiol Infect 1990;105:21-27.
26. 26. Garrod LP, Mcllroy MB. Outbreak of enteritis due to duck eggs. Br Med J 1949;2: 1259-1261.
27. 27. Sander J, Hudson CR, Dufour-Zavala L, et al. Dynamics of Salmonella contamination in a comercial Quail operation. Avian Dis 2001; 45:1044-1049.
28. 28. Yan H, Li L, Alam MJ, Shinoda S, Miyoshi S, Shi L. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in retail foods in northern China. Int J Food Microbiol 2010;143:230- 234.
29. 29. Hur J, Kim JH, Park JH, Lee Y, Lee JH. Molecular and virulence characteristics of multi-drug resistant Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated from poultry. Vet J 2010; Article in Press.
30. 30. Dallal MMS, Doyle MP, Rezadehbashi M, et al. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella serotypes, Campylobacter and Yersinia spp. isolated from retail chicken and beef, Tehran, Iran. Food Control 2010; 21:388- 392.
31. 31. Chu C, Wong D, Wang M, et al. Genotyping, plasmid analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis isolates from humans and chickens in central Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2009;108: 765-771.
32. 32. Williams JE. Avian salmonellosis. In Hofstad et al., eds. Diseases of poultry. Lowa: Lowa State University Press;1984.p.65-79.
33. 33. Griggs DJ, Hall MC, Jin YF, Piddock LJU. Quinalone resistance in veterinary isolates of Salmonella. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 33:1173-1189.
34. 34. Novick KP. The development and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria as a consequence of feeding antibiotics to livestock. Ann NY Acad Sci 1981; 368:23-59.