Research Article
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Year 2020, , 68 - 74, 29.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.748642

Abstract

References

  • 1. Stanaway JD, Reiner RC, Blacker BF, et al. The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Infect Dis 2019 Apr; 19(4):369-381. 2. Ochiai RL, Acosta CJ, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Baiqing D, Bhattacharya SK. A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86:260-268. 3. Azmatullah A, Qamar FN, Thaver D, Zaidi AK, Bhutta ZA. Systematic review of the global epidemiology, clinical and laboratory profile of enteric fever. J Glob Health 2015; 5(2):020407. 4. Chau TT, Campbell JI, Galindo CM, et al. Antimicrobial drug resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Asia and molecular mechanism of reduced susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones. Anti Microb Agents Chemother 2007; 51:4315-23. 5. Parry CM. The treatment of multidrug-resistant and nalidixic acid-resistant typhoid fever in Viet Nam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004; 7:413-422. 6. Hasan R, Cooke FJ, Nair S, Harish BN, Wain J. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Lancet 2005; 9497:1603-04. 7. Capoor MR, Nair D, Deb M, Aggarwal P. Enteric fever perspective in India: emergence of high-level ciprofloxacin resistance and rising MIC to cephalosporins. J Med Microbiol 2007; 8:1131-32. 8. Raveendran R, Wattal C, Sharma A, Oberoi JK, Prasad KJ, Datta S. High level ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella enterica isolated from blood. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008; 1:50-53. 9. Hasan R, Zafar A, Abbas Z, Mahraj V, Malik F, Zaidi A. Antibiotic resistance among Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A in Pakistan (2001-2006). J Infect Dev Ctries 2008; 4:289-294. 10. Mirza SH, Khan MA. Low -level quinolone resistance in multi-drug resistant typhoid. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2008; 1:13-16. 11. Qamar FN, Azmatullah A, Kazi AM, Khan E, Zaidi AK. A three-year review of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A in Pakistan. J Infect Dev Ctries 2014; 8:981-986. 12. Saha SK, Talukder SY, Islam M, Saha S. A highly ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella typhi in Bangladesh. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999 Apr; 18(4):387. 13. Lakshmi V, Ashok R, Susmita J, Shailaja VV. Changing trends in the anti-biograms of Salmonella isolates at a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad. Indian J Med Microbiol 2006; 1:45-48. 14. Bhattacharya SS, Das U, Choudhury BK. Occurrence & antibiogram of Salmonella typhi & S. Paratyphi A isolated from Rourkela, Orissa. Indian J Med Res 2011; 133:431-433. 15. Yousufzai MT, Qamar FN, Shakoor S, et al. Ceftriaxone-resistance Salmonella typhi Outbreak in Hyderabad City of Sindh, Pakistan: High Time for the Introduction of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine. Clin Inf Dis 2019; 68(S1):S16-21. 16. Federal Disease Surveillance and Response Unit, National Institute of Health, Islamabad. Weekly field epidemiology report 2019 Mar 25-31; 2(13):1-8. Available: https://www.nih.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/FELTP-Pakistan-Weekly-Epidemiological-Report-March-25-31-2019.pdf. 17. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fifth Informational Supplement. CLSI document 2015 M100-S25. 18. Mutai WC, Muigai AWT, Waiyaki P, Kariuki S. Multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Kenya. BMC Microbiology 2018; 18:187. 19. Qamar FN, Yousafzai MT, Sultana S, Baig A, Shakoor S, Hirani F et al. A retrospective study of laboratory-based enteric fever surveillance, Pakistan, 2012–2014. J Infect Dis. 2018 Nov 10;218(suppl_4):S201-S205. doi: 10.1093/ infdis/jiy205. 20. Lin FY, Vo AH, Phan VB, et al. The epidemiology of typhoid fever in the Dong Thap Province, Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 62: 644-648. 21. Klemm EJ, Shakoor S, Page AJ, et al. Emergence of an extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi clone harboring a promiscuous plasmid encoding resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins. mBio 9. 2018. doi:10.1128/mBio.00105-18.

Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Extensive-Drug Resistance Salmonella typhi Isolates

Year 2020, , 68 - 74, 29.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.748642

Abstract

ABSTRACT
Objectives: Extensive drug resistance (XDR) typhoid fever, caused by resistance strain of Salmonella typhi, is an emerging public health concern in Pakistan. XDR typhoid fever severely limits the therapeutic options in outbreak cities of Pakistan. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance has been carried out at study hospital in Karachi and here reporting the 15 months surveillance data.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 969 Salmonella typhi isolates obtained from the blood culture samples of suspected typhoid fever cases at Kharadar General Hospital (KGH) from Jan 2018 to Mar 2019. Isolates were tested against 8 antimicrobial agents by quality controlled disk diffusion technique. Salmonella typhi Isolates resistance to first- line drugs; ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole referred as Multi-drug resistant (MDR), Whereas first-line, second-line drug (Ciprofloxacin) and third generation Cephalosporin (Ceftriaxone) resistance were considered as XDR.
Results: Of total 969 isolates, 777 (80%) were MDR showed resistance to all three first-line antibiotics and 517 (53%) were XDR resistant to five antibiotics (Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Co-trimoxazole, Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone). Azithromycin and Imipenem were seen sensitive to all Salmonella typhi isolates (100%) among tested antibiotics. More than half of study S. typhi isolates 513 (53%) came from children under five years of age, among them 284 (55%) were XDR.
Conclusions: A large proportion of S. typhi isolates showed XDR-ST strain. Only Azithromycin and Imipenem were sensitive against XDR-ST strain. Current limited antibiotic option poses a serious threat of complete antibiotic failure in future against rapidly changing strain of S. typhi. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 10(2):68-74.

References

  • 1. Stanaway JD, Reiner RC, Blacker BF, et al. The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Infect Dis 2019 Apr; 19(4):369-381. 2. Ochiai RL, Acosta CJ, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Baiqing D, Bhattacharya SK. A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86:260-268. 3. Azmatullah A, Qamar FN, Thaver D, Zaidi AK, Bhutta ZA. Systematic review of the global epidemiology, clinical and laboratory profile of enteric fever. J Glob Health 2015; 5(2):020407. 4. Chau TT, Campbell JI, Galindo CM, et al. Antimicrobial drug resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Asia and molecular mechanism of reduced susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones. Anti Microb Agents Chemother 2007; 51:4315-23. 5. Parry CM. The treatment of multidrug-resistant and nalidixic acid-resistant typhoid fever in Viet Nam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004; 7:413-422. 6. Hasan R, Cooke FJ, Nair S, Harish BN, Wain J. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Lancet 2005; 9497:1603-04. 7. Capoor MR, Nair D, Deb M, Aggarwal P. Enteric fever perspective in India: emergence of high-level ciprofloxacin resistance and rising MIC to cephalosporins. J Med Microbiol 2007; 8:1131-32. 8. Raveendran R, Wattal C, Sharma A, Oberoi JK, Prasad KJ, Datta S. High level ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella enterica isolated from blood. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008; 1:50-53. 9. Hasan R, Zafar A, Abbas Z, Mahraj V, Malik F, Zaidi A. Antibiotic resistance among Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A in Pakistan (2001-2006). J Infect Dev Ctries 2008; 4:289-294. 10. Mirza SH, Khan MA. Low -level quinolone resistance in multi-drug resistant typhoid. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2008; 1:13-16. 11. Qamar FN, Azmatullah A, Kazi AM, Khan E, Zaidi AK. A three-year review of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A in Pakistan. J Infect Dev Ctries 2014; 8:981-986. 12. Saha SK, Talukder SY, Islam M, Saha S. A highly ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella typhi in Bangladesh. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999 Apr; 18(4):387. 13. Lakshmi V, Ashok R, Susmita J, Shailaja VV. Changing trends in the anti-biograms of Salmonella isolates at a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad. Indian J Med Microbiol 2006; 1:45-48. 14. Bhattacharya SS, Das U, Choudhury BK. Occurrence & antibiogram of Salmonella typhi & S. Paratyphi A isolated from Rourkela, Orissa. Indian J Med Res 2011; 133:431-433. 15. Yousufzai MT, Qamar FN, Shakoor S, et al. Ceftriaxone-resistance Salmonella typhi Outbreak in Hyderabad City of Sindh, Pakistan: High Time for the Introduction of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine. Clin Inf Dis 2019; 68(S1):S16-21. 16. Federal Disease Surveillance and Response Unit, National Institute of Health, Islamabad. Weekly field epidemiology report 2019 Mar 25-31; 2(13):1-8. Available: https://www.nih.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/FELTP-Pakistan-Weekly-Epidemiological-Report-March-25-31-2019.pdf. 17. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fifth Informational Supplement. CLSI document 2015 M100-S25. 18. Mutai WC, Muigai AWT, Waiyaki P, Kariuki S. Multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Kenya. BMC Microbiology 2018; 18:187. 19. Qamar FN, Yousafzai MT, Sultana S, Baig A, Shakoor S, Hirani F et al. A retrospective study of laboratory-based enteric fever surveillance, Pakistan, 2012–2014. J Infect Dis. 2018 Nov 10;218(suppl_4):S201-S205. doi: 10.1093/ infdis/jiy205. 20. Lin FY, Vo AH, Phan VB, et al. The epidemiology of typhoid fever in the Dong Thap Province, Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 62: 644-648. 21. Klemm EJ, Shakoor S, Page AJ, et al. Emergence of an extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi clone harboring a promiscuous plasmid encoding resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins. mBio 9. 2018. doi:10.1128/mBio.00105-18.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ashraf Memon This is me

Mubashir Ahmed This is me

Khalid Iqbal This is me

Publication Date November 29, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Memon, A., Ahmed, M., & Iqbal, K. (2020). Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Extensive-Drug Resistance Salmonella typhi Isolates. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 10(02), 68-74. https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.748642
AMA Memon A, Ahmed M, Iqbal K. Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Extensive-Drug Resistance Salmonella typhi Isolates. J Microbil Infect Dis. November 2020;10(02):68-74. doi:10.5799/jmid.748642
Chicago Memon, Ashraf, Mubashir Ahmed, and Khalid Iqbal. “Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Extensive-Drug Resistance Salmonella Typhi Isolates”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 10, no. 02 (November 2020): 68-74. https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.748642.
EndNote Memon A, Ahmed M, Iqbal K (November 1, 2020) Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Extensive-Drug Resistance Salmonella typhi Isolates. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 10 02 68–74.
IEEE A. Memon, M. Ahmed, and K. Iqbal, “Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Extensive-Drug Resistance Salmonella typhi Isolates”, J Microbil Infect Dis, vol. 10, no. 02, pp. 68–74, 2020, doi: 10.5799/jmid.748642.
ISNAD Memon, Ashraf et al. “Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Extensive-Drug Resistance Salmonella Typhi Isolates”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 10/02 (November 2020), 68-74. https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.748642.
JAMA Memon A, Ahmed M, Iqbal K. Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Extensive-Drug Resistance Salmonella typhi Isolates. J Microbil Infect Dis. 2020;10:68–74.
MLA Memon, Ashraf et al. “Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Extensive-Drug Resistance Salmonella Typhi Isolates”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, vol. 10, no. 02, 2020, pp. 68-74, doi:10.5799/jmid.748642.
Vancouver Memon A, Ahmed M, Iqbal K. Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Extensive-Drug Resistance Salmonella typhi Isolates. J Microbil Infect Dis. 2020;10(02):68-74.