Evaluating correlation of the native Inaba strain with the dominant isolated strains in outbreaks occurred in Iran at 2013 by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis

Year 2016, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 184 - 189, 01.12.2016

Massoud Hajia Hajia

https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.328934

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the isolated cholera strains at outbreak 2013 for studying the their
similarity and compare their homology in order to find out the route of infection either emerge from abroad or reemerge
from inside native strains.
Methods: All diagnosed V. cholerae isolates were entered to the study after re-identification at referral laboratory of
Health Ministry based on standard procedures. These specimens were examined for specific serogroups by O1 polyvalent
and Ogawa/Inaba nonspecific antisera and tested by MIC Test Strip Method against Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic Acid,
Cefixime, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, and Erythromycin.
Results: A total of 257 clinical Vibrio cholerae was isolated in an outbreak of Iran at 2013. The dominant causative type
was Inaba. In Antibiotic susceptibility test isolates were 100% resistant to all except Erythromycin that just 23% of strains
were sensitive. Homology of isolates was investigated through genotyping by PFGE method and their clonality was
compared with previous isolated Iranian native strain. Overall 92% of analyzed strains showed a homolog pattern. These
strains were located in 8 clusters. Although isolated strains at 2011 had 80 % homology with recent isolates, located in
complete distinct cluster than all strains isolated at 2013. PFGE analysis revealed no dissimilarity between those stains
resistant and sensitive to Erythromycin.
Conclusion: This study confirmed that isolated Inaba strains at 2013 had different clonality pattern in PFGE than previously
identified, suggested have foreign route from the neighboring countries. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2016;6(4): 184-189  

Keywords

Vibrio cholera, Outbreak, Inaba, PFGE

References

• 1. World Health Organization. Cholera (South-East Asia Region). Available at http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/about/en/index.html. 2012.
• 2. Mukhopadhyay AK, Takeda Y, Balakrish Nair G. Cholera outbreaks in the El Tor biotype era and the impact of the new El Tor variants. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 379:17-47
• 3. Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK. Cholera. Lancet 2004; 363 (9404):223-33.
• 4. Emch M, Feldacker C, Islam MS, et al. Seasonality of cholera from 1974 to 2005: a review of global patterns. Int J Health Geogr 2008; 7:31.
• 5. Rahim M, Kazi BM, Bile KM, Munir M. The impact of the disease early warning system in responding to natural disasters and conflict crises in Pakistan. East Mediterr Heal 2010; 16:S114-S121.
• 6. Bakhshi B, Pourshafie MR, Assessing clonality of Vibrio cholerae strains isolated during four consecutive years (2004– 2007) in Iran. Scand J Infect Dis 2009; 41:256–262.
• 7. Aliabad NH, Bakhshi B, Pourshafie MR, Sharifnia A. Molecular diversity of CTX prophage inVibrio cholerae. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 55:27–32.
• 8. Bakhshi B, Pourshafie MR, Navabakbar F, Tavakoli A, Genomic organisation of the CTX element among toxigenic Vibrio cholerae isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14(6): 562–568.
• 9. Hajia M, Rahbar M, Farzami MR, et al. Assessing clonal correlation of epidemic Vibrio cholerae isolates during 2011 in 16 provinces of Iran. Curr Microbiol 2015; 70:408-14.
• 10. Bhowmick TS, Das M, Roy N, Sarkar BL. Phenotypic and molecular typing of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 isolates from India. J Infect 2007; 54: 475-82.
• 11. Leal NC, Sobreira M, Leal-Balbino TC, de Almeida AM, de Silva MJ, Mello DM. Evaluation of a RAPD-based typing scheme in molecular epidemiology study of Vibrio cholerae O1, Brazil J Appl Microbiol. 2004; 96(3):447-454.
• 12. Zhou HJ, Diao BW, Cui ZG, Pang B, Zhang LJ, Kan B, Comparison of automated ribotyping and PFGE for subtyping of Vibrio cholerae. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 48 (6):726-731.
• 13. Arakawa E, Murase T, Matsushita S, et al. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis-based molecular comparison of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates from domestic and imported cases of cholera in Japan. J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38: 424-6.
• 14. Cooper KL, Luey CK, Bird M, Terajima J, Nair GB, Development and validation of a PulseNet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for subtyping of Vibrio cholerae. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2006; 3(1):51-8.
• 15. Mahon C, Manuselis G, Lehman D. Textbook of diagnostic microbiology. 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia 2006.
• 16. Cheryl A, Allen A, Joy G. Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Epidemic Dysentery and Cholera Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta 1999:115.
• 17. WHO/CDC CSP/EDC/99.8. Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of epidemic dysentery and cholera. Centers for disease control and prevension. Atlanta, Georgia. 1999:41-51.
• 18. WHO. Guidance on regulations for the Transport of Infectious Substances. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/biosafety/WHO_CDS_EPR_ 2007.
• 19. Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 16th informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S11, Wayne, PA 2011.
• 20. Standard Operating Procedure for PulseNet PFGE of Vibrio cholera and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. PNL06. 2013. http:// www.cdc.gov/pulsenet/PDF/vibrio_pfge_protocol-508c.pdf.
• 21. Mafi M, Hajia M, Goya MM. A five years study on the epidemiological approaches of Cholera in Iran. Casp J of inter Med. 2016; 7(3):162-167.
• 22. Hajia M, Rahbar M, Saburian R, Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of isolated Vibrio cholera Strains during 2011 till 2013. Intern J of Enteric Path. 2016; 4(1): e31719.
• 23. Bakhshi B, Salimi-Khorashad A. Clonal Dissemination of a Single Vibrio cholera O1 Biotype El Tor Strain in Sistan Baluchestan Province of Iran During 2013. Curr Microbiol 2015;71(2):163-169.
• 24. Chomvarin C, Jumroenjit W, Wongboot W, et al. Molecular Analysis and antimicrobial resistant of V. cholera O1 in northeasdtern of Tailand. Souhteast Asia J Trop Med Public Health. 2012; 43(6):1437-1446.
• 25. Sherestha UT, Adhikari N, Maharjan R,et al. Multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 from clinical and environmental samples in Kathmandu city. BMC Infect Dis. 2015; 15:1-7.