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Demographic Features of COVID-19 in Two Waves in A Single Center

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 04, 174 - 182, 15.12.2021

Rishav Mukherjee Dharitri Chaudhuri Arup Kumar Mitra Partha Guchhait Subhrojyoti Bhowmik Satadal Das Bhaskar Narayan Chaudhuri

https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.1036705

Abstract

Objectives: This study was undertaken to understand commonly affected age groups, the prevalence of asymptomatic cases, and vaccine efficacy in Kolkata-centric COVID-19 patients.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of COVID-19 patients’ data from May 2020 to July 2021 from Peerless Hospitex Hospital & Research Center Ltd., a tertiary care private hospital of Kolkata, West Bengal, was done.
Results: A total of 67,121 samples were tested for COVID-19 between May 2020 and July 2021, with the COVID-19 positivity rate of 23.8 % noted over this period. A direct correlation was found between the number of tests conducted and the positivity. The first wave of the pandemic was observed to be from May to December 2020, while the second wave began from April 2021 and declined by July 2021. This correlated with the first and second waves observed in India. The first wave mainly affected the elderly population, while the second wave more affected the younger and middle-aged population. The percentage of asymptomatic patients increased during the second wave compared to the first wave. By comparing the percentage of vaccinated individuals who tested COVID-19 positive following Covaxin vs. Covishield vaccination, although after the first dose, Covishield was observed to be more effective than Covaxin, after the second dose, efficacies of Covaxin and Covishield were not found to differ significantly.
Conclusion: The pattern of COVID-19 cases in Kolkata is similar to the National pattern; however, in the second wave, younger and middle-aged persons, females, and asymptomatic cases were significantly more than the first wave. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(4):174-182.

Keywords

COVID-19 demography vaccine efficacy

References

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  • 2. Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Peret T, Emery S et al. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(20):1953-66.
  • 3. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 2020;181(2): 271–280.
  • 4. Mao R, Qiu Y, He JS, Yu TJ, Hua LX, Liang J et al. Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5(7):667-678.
  • 5. Felsenstein S, Herbert, J A, McNamara P S, Hedrich C M. COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.Clin Immunol 2020; 215:108448.
  • 6. Andrews M A, Areekal B, Rajesh K R, Krishnan J, Suryakala R, et al. First confirmed case of COVID-19 infection in India: A case report. The Indian Journal of Medical Research 2020; 151(5), 490–492.
  • 7. INSACOG: Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium.
  • 8. Planas D., Veyer D, Baidaliuk A. Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization. Nature 2021; 596, 276–280.
  • 9. Sharma N, Sharma P, Basu S, Bakshi R, Gupta E, Agarwal R et al., Second wave of the Covid-19 pandemic in Delhi, India: high seroprevalence not a deterrent? med Rxiv 2021; 09.09.21263331.
  • 10. Sahoo JP, Mishra AP, Samal KC. Triple Mutant Bengal Strain (B. 1.618) of Coronavirus and the Worst COVID Outbreak in India. Biotica Research Today 2021;3 (4):261-5.
  • 11. Vakili S, Savardashtaki A, Sheida J, Tabrizi R, Nematollahi M H, Jafarini M et al., Laboratory Findings of COVID-19 Infection are Conflicting in Different Age Groups and Pregnant Women: A Literature Review. Arch Med Res 2020; 51(7):603-607.
  • 12. Bonanad C, Garcia-Blas S, Tarazona-Santabalbina F, Sanchis J, Bertomeu-Gonzalez V, Facila L et al. The Effect of Age on Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis with 611,583 Subjects. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 21(7):915-918.
  • 13. Parthymou A, Habeos E, Habeos G I, Deligakis A, Livieratos E, Marangos M et al., Sars-Cov-2 antibody titer 3 months post-vaccination is affected by age, gender, smoking and vitamin D. med Rxiv 2021; 09.01.21262913.
  • 14. Han Y, Luo Z, Zhai W, Zheng Y, Liu H, Wang Y, et al. Comparison of the clinical manifestations between different age groups of patients with overseas imported COVID-19. PLoS ONE 2020; 15(12): e0243347
  • 15. Jin JM, Bai P, He W, Wu F, Liu XF, Han DM, et al. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality. Front Public Health 2020; 8:152.
  • 16. Mukherjee, S., Pahan, K. Is COVID-19 Gender-sensitive?. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16, 38–47.
  • 17. Cai G, Bosse Y, Xiao F, Kheradmand F, Amos CI Tobacco smoking increases the lung gene expression of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2.2020, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021;1557–1559.
  • 18. Gargaglioni LH, Marques DA, Let’s talk about sex in the context of COVID-19. J Appl Physiol 2020; 128:1533-1538.
  • 19. Ruggieri A, Anticoli S, D’Ambrosio A, Giordani L, Viora M ,The influence of sex and gender on immunity, infection and vaccination. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2016; 52:198–204.
  • 20. Fish E N. The X-files in immunity: sex-based differences predispose immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:737–744.
  • 21. Pinchoff J, Santhya K, White C, Rampal S, Acharya R, Ngo TD, Gender specific differences in COVID-19 knowledge, behavior and health effects among adolescents and young adults in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India. PLoS ONE 2020; 15(12): e0244053.
  • 22. Chua G, Chih Wang JS, LAM I et al., Clinical characteristics and transmission of COVID-19 in children and youths during 3 waves of outbreaks in Hong Kong. JAMA 2021; 4(5):e218824.
  • 23. Mukherjee A, Anand T, Agarwal Anup. SARS-CoV-2 re-infection: development of an epidemiological definition from India. Epidemiol. Infect 2021; 149.
  • 24. Philomina J B, Jolly B, John N, Bhoyar RC, Majeed N, Senthivel V,N et al. Genomic survey of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections in healthcare workers from Kerala, India. J Infect 2021; 83(2):237-279.
  • 25. Hacisuleyman E, Hale C, Saito Y. Vaccine Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:2212.
  • 26. Singh U B, Rophina M, Chaudhry R, Senthivel V, Bala K, Bhoyar R C et al. Variants of Concern responsible for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections from India. J Med Virology 2021; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmv.27461
  • 27. Singh A K, Phatak S P, Singh R, Bhattacharjee K, Singh NK, Gupta A et al. Antibody Response after First-dose of ChAdOx1-nCOV (Covishield TM®)and BBV-152 (Covaxin TM®) amongst Health Care Workers in India: Preliminary Results of Cross-sectional Coronavirus Vaccine-induced Antibody Titre (COVAT) study. med Rxiv 2021; 06.02.21258242
  • 28. Singh A K, Phatak S P, Singh R, Bhattacharjee K, Singh NK, Gupta A et al.; Antibody Response after Second-dose of ChAdOx1-nCOV (Covishield TM®) and BBV-152 (Covaxin TM®) among Health Care Workers in India: Final Results of Cross-sectional Coronavirus Vaccine-induced Antibody Titre (COVAT) study. med Rxiv 2021; 06.02.21258242

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 04, 174 - 182, 15.12.2021

Rishav Mukherjee Dharitri Chaudhuri Arup Kumar Mitra Partha Guchhait Subhrojyoti Bhowmik Satadal Das Bhaskar Narayan Chaudhuri

https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.1036705

Abstract

References

  • REFERENCES 1. Singhal T A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87(4):281–286.
  • 2. Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Peret T, Emery S et al. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(20):1953-66.
  • 3. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 2020;181(2): 271–280.
  • 4. Mao R, Qiu Y, He JS, Yu TJ, Hua LX, Liang J et al. Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5(7):667-678.
  • 5. Felsenstein S, Herbert, J A, McNamara P S, Hedrich C M. COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.Clin Immunol 2020; 215:108448.
  • 6. Andrews M A, Areekal B, Rajesh K R, Krishnan J, Suryakala R, et al. First confirmed case of COVID-19 infection in India: A case report. The Indian Journal of Medical Research 2020; 151(5), 490–492.
  • 7. INSACOG: Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium.
  • 8. Planas D., Veyer D, Baidaliuk A. Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization. Nature 2021; 596, 276–280.
  • 9. Sharma N, Sharma P, Basu S, Bakshi R, Gupta E, Agarwal R et al., Second wave of the Covid-19 pandemic in Delhi, India: high seroprevalence not a deterrent? med Rxiv 2021; 09.09.21263331.
  • 10. Sahoo JP, Mishra AP, Samal KC. Triple Mutant Bengal Strain (B. 1.618) of Coronavirus and the Worst COVID Outbreak in India. Biotica Research Today 2021;3 (4):261-5.
  • 11. Vakili S, Savardashtaki A, Sheida J, Tabrizi R, Nematollahi M H, Jafarini M et al., Laboratory Findings of COVID-19 Infection are Conflicting in Different Age Groups and Pregnant Women: A Literature Review. Arch Med Res 2020; 51(7):603-607.
  • 12. Bonanad C, Garcia-Blas S, Tarazona-Santabalbina F, Sanchis J, Bertomeu-Gonzalez V, Facila L et al. The Effect of Age on Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis with 611,583 Subjects. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 21(7):915-918.
  • 13. Parthymou A, Habeos E, Habeos G I, Deligakis A, Livieratos E, Marangos M et al., Sars-Cov-2 antibody titer 3 months post-vaccination is affected by age, gender, smoking and vitamin D. med Rxiv 2021; 09.01.21262913.
  • 14. Han Y, Luo Z, Zhai W, Zheng Y, Liu H, Wang Y, et al. Comparison of the clinical manifestations between different age groups of patients with overseas imported COVID-19. PLoS ONE 2020; 15(12): e0243347
  • 15. Jin JM, Bai P, He W, Wu F, Liu XF, Han DM, et al. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality. Front Public Health 2020; 8:152.
  • 16. Mukherjee, S., Pahan, K. Is COVID-19 Gender-sensitive?. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16, 38–47.
  • 17. Cai G, Bosse Y, Xiao F, Kheradmand F, Amos CI Tobacco smoking increases the lung gene expression of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2.2020, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021;1557–1559.
  • 18. Gargaglioni LH, Marques DA, Let’s talk about sex in the context of COVID-19. J Appl Physiol 2020; 128:1533-1538.
  • 19. Ruggieri A, Anticoli S, D’Ambrosio A, Giordani L, Viora M ,The influence of sex and gender on immunity, infection and vaccination. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2016; 52:198–204.
  • 20. Fish E N. The X-files in immunity: sex-based differences predispose immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:737–744.
  • 21. Pinchoff J, Santhya K, White C, Rampal S, Acharya R, Ngo TD, Gender specific differences in COVID-19 knowledge, behavior and health effects among adolescents and young adults in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India. PLoS ONE 2020; 15(12): e0244053.
  • 22. Chua G, Chih Wang JS, LAM I et al., Clinical characteristics and transmission of COVID-19 in children and youths during 3 waves of outbreaks in Hong Kong. JAMA 2021; 4(5):e218824.
  • 23. Mukherjee A, Anand T, Agarwal Anup. SARS-CoV-2 re-infection: development of an epidemiological definition from India. Epidemiol. Infect 2021; 149.
  • 24. Philomina J B, Jolly B, John N, Bhoyar RC, Majeed N, Senthivel V,N et al. Genomic survey of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections in healthcare workers from Kerala, India. J Infect 2021; 83(2):237-279.
  • 25. Hacisuleyman E, Hale C, Saito Y. Vaccine Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:2212.
  • 26. Singh U B, Rophina M, Chaudhry R, Senthivel V, Bala K, Bhoyar R C et al. Variants of Concern responsible for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections from India. J Med Virology 2021; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmv.27461
  • 27. Singh A K, Phatak S P, Singh R, Bhattacharjee K, Singh NK, Gupta A et al. Antibody Response after First-dose of ChAdOx1-nCOV (Covishield TM®)and BBV-152 (Covaxin TM®) amongst Health Care Workers in India: Preliminary Results of Cross-sectional Coronavirus Vaccine-induced Antibody Titre (COVAT) study. med Rxiv 2021; 06.02.21258242
  • 28. Singh A K, Phatak S P, Singh R, Bhattacharjee K, Singh NK, Gupta A et al.; Antibody Response after Second-dose of ChAdOx1-nCOV (Covishield TM®) and BBV-152 (Covaxin TM®) among Health Care Workers in India: Final Results of Cross-sectional Coronavirus Vaccine-induced Antibody Titre (COVAT) study. med Rxiv 2021; 06.02.21258242
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Rishav Mukherjee This is me

Dharitri Chaudhuri This is me

Arup Kumar Mitra This is me

Partha Guchhait This is me

Subhrojyoti Bhowmik This is me

Satadal Das This is me

Bhaskar Narayan Chaudhuri This is me

Publication Date December 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 04

Cite

APA Mukherjee, R., Chaudhuri, D., Mitra, A. K., Guchhait, P., et al. (2021). Demographic Features of COVID-19 in Two Waves in A Single Center. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 11(04), 174-182. https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.1036705
AMA Mukherjee R, Chaudhuri D, Mitra AK, Guchhait P, Bhowmik S, Das S, Chaudhuri BN. Demographic Features of COVID-19 in Two Waves in A Single Center. J Microbil Infect Dis. December 2021;11(04):174-182. doi:10.5799/jmid.1036705
Chicago Mukherjee, Rishav, Dharitri Chaudhuri, Arup Kumar Mitra, Partha Guchhait, Subhrojyoti Bhowmik, Satadal Das, and Bhaskar Narayan Chaudhuri. “Demographic Features of COVID-19 in Two Waves in A Single Center”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 11, no. 04 (December 2021): 174-82. https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.1036705.
EndNote Mukherjee R, Chaudhuri D, Mitra AK, Guchhait P, Bhowmik S, Das S, Chaudhuri BN (December 1, 2021) Demographic Features of COVID-19 in Two Waves in A Single Center. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 11 04 174–182.
IEEE R. Mukherjee, “Demographic Features of COVID-19 in Two Waves in A Single Center”, J Microbil Infect Dis, vol. 11, no. 04, pp. 174–182, 2021, doi: 10.5799/jmid.1036705.
ISNAD Mukherjee, Rishav et al. “Demographic Features of COVID-19 in Two Waves in A Single Center”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 11/04 (December 2021), 174-182. https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.1036705.
JAMA Mukherjee R, Chaudhuri D, Mitra AK, Guchhait P, Bhowmik S, Das S, Chaudhuri BN. Demographic Features of COVID-19 in Two Waves in A Single Center. J Microbil Infect Dis. 2021;11:174–182.
MLA Mukherjee, Rishav et al. “Demographic Features of COVID-19 in Two Waves in A Single Center”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, vol. 11, no. 04, 2021, pp. 174-82, doi:10.5799/jmid.1036705.
Vancouver Mukherjee R, Chaudhuri D, Mitra AK, Guchhait P, Bhowmik S, Das S, Chaudhuri BN. Demographic Features of COVID-19 in Two Waves in A Single Center. J Microbil Infect Dis. 2021;11(04):174-82.