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Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among secondary school students at Duhok City-Iraq

Year 2014, Volume: 4 Issue: 02, 59 - 63, 01.06.2014
https://doi.org/10.5799/ahinjs.02.2014.02.0128

Abstract

Objective: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) widely distributed in hospitals around the world. There is strong relationship between disease development and S. aureus nasal carriage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and epidemiology of nasal colonization with S. aureus and MRSA in the community of Duhok city, Iraq. Methods: 489 students aged 16 to18 years were included. Nasal swab samples were collected followed by antimicrobial susceptibility test. MRSA isolates were selected and investigated for the mecA gene. Also the prevalence of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) gene was also studied. Results: A total of 90 (18.4%) out of 489 (18.4%) of the students were found to be colonized by S. aureus. Only 10 (2.04%) of the students were found to be MRSA carrier. All MRSA isolates were sensitive to Vancomycin. PLV gene was detected in one MRSA strain. Conclusion: This is the first study investigating S. aureus colonization in students in the Duhok city. Nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA is comparable with reports from elsewhere. Fortunately, all trains included in our study were sensitive to vancomycin. Further research is needed to examine the SCCmec elements and the evolution of MRSA over the time.

References

  • Wertheim HF, Melles DC, Vos MC, et al. The role of nasal car- riage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:751-762.
  • Gerard JT, Berdell RF, and Christine LC. Microbiology: An Introduction with MasteringMicrobiology. 10th ed. San Fran- cisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings; 2010.
  • Jevons MP. “Celbenin”-resistant staphylococci. BMJ 1961;1:124-125.
  • Onanuga A and Temedie TC. Nasal carriage of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus in healthy inhabitants of Amassoma in Niger delta region of Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2011;11:176-181.
  • Rim JY and Bacon AE, 3rd. Prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in a random sample of healthy individuals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:1044-1046.
  • Conly JM and Johnston BL. The emergence of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a community-acquired pathogen in Canada. Can J Infect Dis 2003;14:249-251.
  • Adwan K, Jarrar N, Abu-Hijleh A, et al. Molecular analysis and susceptibility patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains causing community- and health care-asso- ciated infections in the northern region of Palestine. Am J Infect Control 2013;41:195-198.
  • Kuehnert MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Hill HA, et al. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in the United States, 2001-2002. J Infect Dis 2006;193:172-179.
  • Hidron AI, Kourbatova EV, Halvosa JS, et al. Risk factors for colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients admitted to an urban hospital: emer- gence of community-associated MRSA nasal carriage. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:159-166.
  • Hassan AN, Hashim EA, Musa OH, and Elsayed DE. Staphy- lococcus aureus nasal carriage among surgical personnel in National Ribat University Teaching Hospital-Khartoum- Sudan. Sudan Journal of Medical Science 2008;3:281-284.
  • Gorwitz RJ, Kruszon-Moran D, McAllister SK, et al. Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization with Staphylococ- cus aureus in the United States, 2001-2004. J Infect Dis 2008;197:1226-1234.
  • Syafinaz AM, Nur Ain NZ, Nadzirahi SN, Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers among medical students in a medical school. Med J Malaysia 2012;67:636-638.
  • Yassin NA and Hassan AO. Nasal carriage of methicillin – re- sistant / sensitive Staphylococcus aureus among students in faculty of medical sciences, Duhok univesity. Advance Tropi- cal Medicine and Public Health International 2013;3:65-72.
  • Morita JE, Fujioka RS, Tice AD, et al. Survey of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in healthy college students, Hawai’i. Hawaii Med J 2007;66:213-215.
  • Uzma Â.Z, Leonard Â.B, Johnson A, et al. Prevalence of na- sal colonization among patients with community associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection and their household contacts. Infection Control and Hospital Epi- demiology 2007;28:966-969.
  • Morrison MA, Hageman JC, and Klevens RM. Case definition for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococ- cus aureus. J Hosp Infect 2006;62:241.
  • Murakami K, Minamide W, Wada K, et al. Identification of methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:2240-2244.
  • Weller TM, Crook DW, Crow MR, et al. Methicillin suscepti- bility testing of staphylococci by Etest and comparison with agar dilution and mecA detection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;39:251-253.
  • McClure JA, Conly JM, Lau V, et al. Novel multiplex PCR assay for detection of the staphylococcal virulence marker Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes and simultaneous dis- crimination of methicillin-susceptible from -resistant staphy- lococci. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:1141-1144.
  • von Eiff C, Becker K, Machka K, et al. Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Study group. N Engl J Med 2001;344:11-16.
  • Eriksen NH, Espersen F, Rosdahl VT, and Jensen K. Car- riage of Staphylococcus aureus among 104 healthy persons during a 19-month period. Epidemiol Infect 1995;115:51-60.
  • Chen CS, Chen CY, and Huang YC. Nasal carriage rate and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococ- cus aureus among medical students at a Taiwanese univer- sity. Int J Infect Dis 2012;16:799-803.
  • Kokoglu OF, Geyik MF, Ayaz C, et al. Investigation of nasal carriage rates and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylo- coccus aureus in health-care workers and hemodialysis pa- tients in dicle university hospital. Turk J Infect 2003;17:443- 446.
  • NNIS. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, Data Summary from January 1992-June 2001, Issued August 2001. American journal of infection con- trol 2001;29:404-421.
  • Vinodhkumaradithyaa A, Uma A, Shirivasan M, et al. and Thi- rumalaikolundusubramanian P. Nasal carriage of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus among surgical unit staff. Jpn J Infect Dis 2009;62:228-229.
  • Prates KA, Torres AM, Garcia LB, et al. Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in university stu- dents. Braz J Infect Dis 2009;14:316-318.
  • Akhtar N. Staphylococcal nasal carriage of health care work- ers. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2010;20:439-443.
  • Fatholahzadeh B, Emaneini M, Gilbert G, et al. Staphylo- coccal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in Tehran, Iran. Mi- crob Drug Resist 2008;14:217-220.
  • Cribier B, Prevost G, Couppie P, et al. Staphylococcus au- reus leukocidin: a new virulence factor in cutaneous infec- tions? An epidemiological and experimental study. Dermatol- ogy 1992;185:175-180.
  • Boyle-Vavra S and Daum RS. Community-acquired methi- cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the role of Panton- Valentine leukocidin. Lab Invest 2007;87:3-9.
  • Daum RS, Ito T, Hiramatsu K, et al. A novel methicillin-re- sistance cassette in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates of diverse genetic back- grounds. J Infect Dis 2002;186:1344-1347.
  • Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright MC, et al. Community-ac- quired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:978-984.
  • Boyle-Vavra S, Ereshefsky B, Wang CC, Daum RS. Success- ful multiresistant community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineage from Taipei, Taiwan, that car- ries either the novel Staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) type VT or SCCmec type IV. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:4719-4730.

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among secondary school students at Duhok City-Iraq

Year 2014, Volume: 4 Issue: 02, 59 - 63, 01.06.2014
https://doi.org/10.5799/ahinjs.02.2014.02.0128

Abstract

Amaç: Metisiline dirençli Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) tüm dünyada hastanelerde ve yoğun bakım ünitelerinde yaygın şekilde bulunmaktadır. Burunda taşıyıcılık ile MRSA’ya bağlı hastalık gelişmesi arasında belirgin bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı Irak’ın Duhok şehrinde toplumda S. aureus ve MRSA burun kolonizasyonunun prevalansını ve epidemiyolojik özelliklerini belirlemektir. Yöntemler: Çalışmaya yaşları 16-18 arasında değişen 489 öğrenci dahil edildi. Burun sürüntü kültürleri alındı ve antimikrobiyal duyarlılık testleri yapıldı. MRSA izolatları seçilerek bunlarda mecA geninin varlığı araştırıldı. Yanısıra bu izolatlarda Panton-Valentin Lökosidin (PVL) geninin varlığı da araştırıldı.Bulgular: Çalışmayan alınan 489 öğrenciden 90’ında (% 18,4) S. aureus ile kolonizasyon saptandı. Bunlardan sadece 10’unda (% 2,04) MRSA taşıyıcılığı belirlendi. Tüm MRSA izolatları vankomisine duyarlı idi. PLV geni sadece bir MRSA izolatında belirlendi.Sonuçlar: Bu çalışma Duhok şehrinde öğrencilerde S. aureus kolonizasyonunu araştıran ilk çalışmadır. Burunda S. aureus taşıyıcılığı ve MRSA oranları farklı merkezlerle benzer oranda bulunmuştur. SCCmec öğelerini araştırmak ve zaman içerisinde MRSA yayılımını araştırmak için ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu görülmektedir

References

  • Wertheim HF, Melles DC, Vos MC, et al. The role of nasal car- riage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:751-762.
  • Gerard JT, Berdell RF, and Christine LC. Microbiology: An Introduction with MasteringMicrobiology. 10th ed. San Fran- cisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings; 2010.
  • Jevons MP. “Celbenin”-resistant staphylococci. BMJ 1961;1:124-125.
  • Onanuga A and Temedie TC. Nasal carriage of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus in healthy inhabitants of Amassoma in Niger delta region of Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2011;11:176-181.
  • Rim JY and Bacon AE, 3rd. Prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in a random sample of healthy individuals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:1044-1046.
  • Conly JM and Johnston BL. The emergence of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a community-acquired pathogen in Canada. Can J Infect Dis 2003;14:249-251.
  • Adwan K, Jarrar N, Abu-Hijleh A, et al. Molecular analysis and susceptibility patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains causing community- and health care-asso- ciated infections in the northern region of Palestine. Am J Infect Control 2013;41:195-198.
  • Kuehnert MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Hill HA, et al. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in the United States, 2001-2002. J Infect Dis 2006;193:172-179.
  • Hidron AI, Kourbatova EV, Halvosa JS, et al. Risk factors for colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients admitted to an urban hospital: emer- gence of community-associated MRSA nasal carriage. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:159-166.
  • Hassan AN, Hashim EA, Musa OH, and Elsayed DE. Staphy- lococcus aureus nasal carriage among surgical personnel in National Ribat University Teaching Hospital-Khartoum- Sudan. Sudan Journal of Medical Science 2008;3:281-284.
  • Gorwitz RJ, Kruszon-Moran D, McAllister SK, et al. Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization with Staphylococ- cus aureus in the United States, 2001-2004. J Infect Dis 2008;197:1226-1234.
  • Syafinaz AM, Nur Ain NZ, Nadzirahi SN, Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers among medical students in a medical school. Med J Malaysia 2012;67:636-638.
  • Yassin NA and Hassan AO. Nasal carriage of methicillin – re- sistant / sensitive Staphylococcus aureus among students in faculty of medical sciences, Duhok univesity. Advance Tropi- cal Medicine and Public Health International 2013;3:65-72.
  • Morita JE, Fujioka RS, Tice AD, et al. Survey of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in healthy college students, Hawai’i. Hawaii Med J 2007;66:213-215.
  • Uzma Â.Z, Leonard Â.B, Johnson A, et al. Prevalence of na- sal colonization among patients with community associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection and their household contacts. Infection Control and Hospital Epi- demiology 2007;28:966-969.
  • Morrison MA, Hageman JC, and Klevens RM. Case definition for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococ- cus aureus. J Hosp Infect 2006;62:241.
  • Murakami K, Minamide W, Wada K, et al. Identification of methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:2240-2244.
  • Weller TM, Crook DW, Crow MR, et al. Methicillin suscepti- bility testing of staphylococci by Etest and comparison with agar dilution and mecA detection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;39:251-253.
  • McClure JA, Conly JM, Lau V, et al. Novel multiplex PCR assay for detection of the staphylococcal virulence marker Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes and simultaneous dis- crimination of methicillin-susceptible from -resistant staphy- lococci. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:1141-1144.
  • von Eiff C, Becker K, Machka K, et al. Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Study group. N Engl J Med 2001;344:11-16.
  • Eriksen NH, Espersen F, Rosdahl VT, and Jensen K. Car- riage of Staphylococcus aureus among 104 healthy persons during a 19-month period. Epidemiol Infect 1995;115:51-60.
  • Chen CS, Chen CY, and Huang YC. Nasal carriage rate and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococ- cus aureus among medical students at a Taiwanese univer- sity. Int J Infect Dis 2012;16:799-803.
  • Kokoglu OF, Geyik MF, Ayaz C, et al. Investigation of nasal carriage rates and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylo- coccus aureus in health-care workers and hemodialysis pa- tients in dicle university hospital. Turk J Infect 2003;17:443- 446.
  • NNIS. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, Data Summary from January 1992-June 2001, Issued August 2001. American journal of infection con- trol 2001;29:404-421.
  • Vinodhkumaradithyaa A, Uma A, Shirivasan M, et al. and Thi- rumalaikolundusubramanian P. Nasal carriage of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus among surgical unit staff. Jpn J Infect Dis 2009;62:228-229.
  • Prates KA, Torres AM, Garcia LB, et al. Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in university stu- dents. Braz J Infect Dis 2009;14:316-318.
  • Akhtar N. Staphylococcal nasal carriage of health care work- ers. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2010;20:439-443.
  • Fatholahzadeh B, Emaneini M, Gilbert G, et al. Staphylo- coccal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in Tehran, Iran. Mi- crob Drug Resist 2008;14:217-220.
  • Cribier B, Prevost G, Couppie P, et al. Staphylococcus au- reus leukocidin: a new virulence factor in cutaneous infec- tions? An epidemiological and experimental study. Dermatol- ogy 1992;185:175-180.
  • Boyle-Vavra S and Daum RS. Community-acquired methi- cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the role of Panton- Valentine leukocidin. Lab Invest 2007;87:3-9.
  • Daum RS, Ito T, Hiramatsu K, et al. A novel methicillin-re- sistance cassette in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates of diverse genetic back- grounds. J Infect Dis 2002;186:1344-1347.
  • Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright MC, et al. Community-ac- quired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:978-984.
  • Boyle-Vavra S, Ereshefsky B, Wang CC, Daum RS. Success- ful multiresistant community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineage from Taipei, Taiwan, that car- ries either the novel Staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) type VT or SCCmec type IV. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:4719-4730.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section ART
Authors

Ary Habeeb This is me

Nawfal Rasheed Hussein This is me

Mahde Saleh Assafi This is me

Samim A. Al-dabbagh This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 4 Issue: 02

Cite

APA Habeeb, A., Hussein, N. R., Assafi, M. S., Al-dabbagh, S. A. (2014). Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among secondary school students at Duhok City-Iraq. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 4(02), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.5799/ahinjs.02.2014.02.0128
AMA Habeeb A, Hussein NR, Assafi MS, Al-dabbagh SA. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among secondary school students at Duhok City-Iraq. J Microbil Infect Dis. June 2014;4(02):59-63. doi:10.5799/ahinjs.02.2014.02.0128
Chicago Habeeb, Ary, Nawfal Rasheed Hussein, Mahde Saleh Assafi, and Samim A. Al-dabbagh. “Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Nasal Colonization Among Secondary School Students at Duhok City-Iraq”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 4, no. 02 (June 2014): 59-63. https://doi.org/10.5799/ahinjs.02.2014.02.0128.
EndNote Habeeb A, Hussein NR, Assafi MS, Al-dabbagh SA (June 1, 2014) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among secondary school students at Duhok City-Iraq. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 4 02 59–63.
IEEE A. Habeeb, N. R. Hussein, M. S. Assafi, and S. A. Al-dabbagh, “Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among secondary school students at Duhok City-Iraq”, J Microbil Infect Dis, vol. 4, no. 02, pp. 59–63, 2014, doi: 10.5799/ahinjs.02.2014.02.0128.
ISNAD Habeeb, Ary et al. “Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Nasal Colonization Among Secondary School Students at Duhok City-Iraq”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 4/02 (June 2014), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.5799/ahinjs.02.2014.02.0128.
JAMA Habeeb A, Hussein NR, Assafi MS, Al-dabbagh SA. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among secondary school students at Duhok City-Iraq. J Microbil Infect Dis. 2014;4:59–63.
MLA Habeeb, Ary et al. “Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Nasal Colonization Among Secondary School Students at Duhok City-Iraq”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, vol. 4, no. 02, 2014, pp. 59-63, doi:10.5799/ahinjs.02.2014.02.0128.
Vancouver Habeeb A, Hussein NR, Assafi MS, Al-dabbagh SA. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among secondary school students at Duhok City-Iraq. J Microbil Infect Dis. 2014;4(02):59-63.

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