Toxoplasmosis: The value of molecular methods in diagnosis compared to conventional methods

Year 2013, Volume: 3 Issue: 02, 93 - 99, 01.06.2013

Zineb Tlamcani Zohra Lemkhenete Badre Eddine Lmimouni

https://doi.org/10.5799/ahinjs.02.2013.02.0089

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Zineb Tlamcani, Zohra Lemkhenete, Badre Eddine Lmimouni Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection due to Toxoplasma gondii an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite. It is con­siderate one of the most common parasite worldwide. The contamination of the parasite is generally occurred via con­sumption of infected food or water or, undercooked contaminated meat. Toxoplasma gondii infection may lead to seri­ous illness when the organism is contracted while pregnancy or when it is reactivated in immune-suppressed persons. Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in humans is elaborated using various techniques such as detection of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies, mouse inoculation, histological revelation of tachyzoites in tissue sections or smears of body fluid, but the detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA by molecular methods has revolutionized prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxo­plasmosis and in immunocompromised patients. In this paper we will discuss the parasite and different methods of diagnosis including the usefulness of molecular methods.

Keywords

Toxoplamosis, Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasmosis: The value of molecular methods in diagnosis compared to conventional methods

Abstract

Toksoplazmoz, zorunlu hücre içi bir protozoan parazit olan Toxoplasma gondii’nin etken olduğu bir parazit enfeksiyonudur. Dünyada en yaygın parazitlerden bir olarak kabul edilir. Parazitin bulaşması genellikle enfekte yiyecek/su tüketimi veya az pişmiş kontamine et ile elde olmaktadır. Toxoplasma gondii enfeksiyonu hamilelik döneminde geçirilirse veya bağışıklığı bastırılmış kişilerde alevlenirse ciddi bir hastalık tablosuna yol açabilir. Insanlarda toksoplazmozis tanısı; anti-Toxoplasma antikorlarının saptanmasıyla, fare inokülasyon deneyiyle, doku kesitlerinden histolojik değerlendirmeyle veya vücut sıvılarından hazırlanan yaymalarda takizoitlerin araştırılması ile konabilir. Öte yandan Toxoplasma gondii DNA’sının moleküler yöntemlerle tespiti konjenital toksoplazmozun prenatal tanısında ve immün sistemi baskılanmış hastaların tanısında devrime yola açtı. Bu yazıda paraziti ve moleküler yöntemler dahil değişik tanı yöntemlerinin kullanışlılığını tartıştık

Keywords

Toksoplazma, Toxoplasma gondii, tanı

References

• Ferguson DJ. Toxoplasma gondii: 1908-2008, homage to Nicolle, Manceaux and Splendore. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009;104:33-48.
• Nagaraja B, Ramana BV, Murty DS, Naidu BHV, Kailasanath Reddy B. Prevalence of toxoplasmosis among antenatal women with bad obstetric history. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 2012;1:222-227.
• Furtado JM, Winthrop KL, Butler NJ, Smith JR. Ocular toxo- plasmosis I: parasitology, epidemiology and public health. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2012;41:82-94.
• Black MW, Boothroyd JC. Lytic cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000;64:607-623.
• Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Speer CA. Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biol- ogy and evelopment of tissue cysts. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998;11:267-299.
• Galván-Ramirez ML, Sánchez G, Vielma M, Soto Mancilla JL. Presence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in humans and their cats the urban zone of Guadalajara. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1999;32:483-488.
• Meerburg BG, Kijlstra A .Changing climate changing patho- gens: Toxoplasma gondii in North-Western Europe. Parasitol Res 2009;105:17-24.
• Jones JL, Kruszon-Moran D, Wilson M, McQuillan G, Navin T,McAuley JB. Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the United States: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:357-365.
• Blackwell M. Parasitic infections. Am J Transplant 2004;4:142- 155.
• Mastrobuoni S, Dell’Aquila A, Herreros J. Fatal Toxoplasma gondii dissemination in a heart transplant recipient: Descrip- tion of a case. Case Rep Transplant 2012;524279.
• Holland GN. Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment. Part I: epidemiology and course of disease. Am J Ophthal- mol 2003;136:973-988.
• Kodjikian L. Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2010;33:362-7. (French)
• Robert-Gangneux F, Gavinet MF, Ancelle T, Raymond J, Tourte-Schaefer C, Dupouy-Camet J. Value of prenatal diag- nosis and early postnatal diagnosis of congenital Toxoplas- mosis: Retrospective study of 110 cases. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:2893-2898.
• Kamani J, Mani AU, Egwu GO, Kumshe HA. Seroprevalence of human infection with Toxoplasma gondii and the associ- ated risk factors, in Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2009;103:317-321.
• Mohanad M, Shehab A, Abudalla H. Seroprevalence of Toxo- plasma gondii in couples in Ramadi City using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IJMMS 2012;4:55-59.
• Khurana S, Bagga R, Agrawal A, et al. Serological screen- ing for antenatal toxoplasma infection in India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2010;28:143-146.
• Fromont EG, Riche B, Rabilloud M. Toxoplasma in a rural population in France: detection of a household effect. BMC Infect Dis 2009;9:76.
• Efe Ş, Kurdoglu Z, Korkmaz G. Seroprevalance of cytomega- lovirus, rubella and toxoplasma antibodies in pregnant wom- en of Van region. Medical J Van 2009;16:6-9.
• Tekay F, Özbek E. The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in women from Sanliurfa, a province with a high raw meatball consumption. Acta Parasitologica Turcica 2007;31:176-179.
• Yilmazer M, Altindiş M, Cevrioğlu S, Fenkci V, Aktepe O, Sirthan E. Afyon bölgesinde yaşayan gebe kadinlarda tok- soplazma, sitomegalo-virus, rubella, hepatt B, hepatit C se- ropozitiflik oranlari. Medical J Kocatepe 2004;5:49-53. (Turk- ish)
• Bakici MZ, Nefesoglu N, Erandaç M. Results of screening for TORCH of blood samples collected in a microbiology labora- tory. Medical J Cumhuriyet 2002;24:5-8.
• Jones JL, Kruszon-Moran D, Wilson M. Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States, 1999-2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1371-1374.
• Boyer KM, Holfels E, Roizen N, et al. Risk factors for Toxo- plasma gondii infection in mothers of infants with congenital toxoplasmosis: implications for prenatal management and screening. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:564-571.
• Garweg JG, Scherrer J, Wallon M, Kodjikian L, Peyron F. Re- activation of ocular toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. BJOG 2005;112:241-242.
• Remington JS, McLeod R, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. In: Remington JS, Klein J, eds. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn. 4th Edn. Pennsylvania: WB Saunders 1995:140-267.
• Guerina NG, Hsu HW, Meissner HC et al. Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. The New England Regional Toxoplasma Working Group. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1858-1863.
• Conyn-van-Spaedonck MAE. Prevention of Congenital Toxo- plasmosis in the Netherlands (Thesis). National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (Netherlands), ISBN 909004179-6.1991.
• Sáfadi MA, Berezin EN, Farhat CK, Carvalho ES. Clinical presentation and follow up of children with congenital toxo- plasmosis in Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2003;7:325-331.
• Serranti D, Buonsenso D, Valentini P. Congenital toxoplas- mosis treatment. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2011;15:193- 198.
• Mohanty S, Shah I, Bhatnagar S. Neonatal Hepatitis with Toxoplasmosis. J Clin Neonatol 2012;1:96-97.
• Remington JS, McLeod R, Thulliez P, Desmonts G.Klein J. Toxoplasmosis. In:Infectious diseases of the fetus and new- born infant. 5th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders 2001:205- 346.
• Udonsom R, Buddhirongawatr R,Sukthana Y. Sabin-Feld- man Dye Test using T. gondii tachyzoite from animal inocu- lation still the best method for detecting Toxoplasma gon- dii antibodies?. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Puplic Health 2010;41:1059-1064.
• Jose G. Montoya, Jack S. Remington,Management of Toxo- plasma gondii Infection during Pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:554-66.
• Tekkesin N, Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: a re- view. HOAJ Biology 2012; 1:1-8.
• Duffy IMT, Wharton P J, Johnson JD, New L, Holliman R E. Assessment of immunoglobulin-M immunosorbent aggluti- nation assay (ISAGA) for detecting toxoplasma specific IgM. J Clin Pathol 1989;42:1291-1295.
• Montoya JG, Remington JS. Mandel GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Toxoplasma gondii. In: ’Principles and Practice of Infec- tious Diseases, 5th Ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone 2000:2858-2888.
• Rodrigues IMX, Castro AM, Gomes MBF, Amaral WN, Aveli- no MM. Congenital toxoplasmosis: evaluation of serological methods for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgA antibodies. Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009;104:434-440.
• Liesenfeld O, Press C, Flanders R, Ramirez R, Remington JS. Study of Abbott Toxo IMx system for detection of immu- noglobulin G and immunoglobulin M toxoplasma antibodies: value of confirmatory testing for diagnosis of acute toxoplas- mosis, J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:2526-2530.
• Desmonts G, Remington JS .Direct agglutination test for di- agnosis of Toxoplasma infection: method for increasing sen- sitivity and specificity. J Clin Microbiol 1980;11:562-568.
• Jose G. Montoya, Andrew Berry, Fernando Rosso, Jack S. Remington. The Differential Agglutination Test as a Diagnos- tic Aid in Cases of Toxoplasmic Lymphadenitis. J Clin Micro- biol 2007;45:1463-1468.
• Rahbari AH, Keshavarz H , Shojaee S , Mohebali M and Rezaeian M . IgG Avidity ELISA Test for Diagnosis of Acute Toxoplasmosis in Humans.Korean J Parasitol 2012;50: 99- 102.
• Jenum PA, Stray-Pedersen B, Gundersen AG .Improved di- agnosis of primary Toxoplasma gondii infection in early preg- nancy by determination of antitoxoplasma immunoglobulin G avidity. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:1972-1977.
• Liesenfeld O, Montoya JG, Kinney S, Press C and Remington JS. Effect of Testing for IgG Avidity in the Diagnosis of Toxo- plasma gondii Infection in Pregnant Women: Experience in a US Reference Laboratory. J Infect Dis 2001;183:1248-1253.
• Jose G. Montoya. Laboratory Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gon- dii Infection and Toxoplasmosis. Jour Inf Dis 2002;185:73-82.
• Francis JM, Joynson DH. Duration of specific immunoglobu- lin A antibody following acute toxoplasmosis as determined by enzyme immunoassay and immunosorbent agglutination assay. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993;12:556-559.
• Dperouin F, Mazeron MC, Garin YJF. Comparative Study of Tissue Culture and Mouse Inoculation Methods for Dem- onstration of Toxoplasma gondii. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:1597-1600.
• Jones FE, Eyles DE, Coleman N, Gibson CL. A comparison of methods for the isolation of Toxoplasma from suspected hosts. Am J Trop. Med. Hyg 1958;7:531-535.
• Ivovic V, Vujanic M, Zivkovic T, Klun I, Djurkovic-Djakovic O. Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from clinical samples, Toxoplasmosis-Recent Advances, Dr. Olgica Djurković Djaković, Eds. 2012, ISBN: 978-953-51- 0746-0:103-120.
• Su C, Shwab EK, Zhou P, Zhu XQ, Dubey JP. Moving towards an integrated approach to molecular detection and identifica- tion of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology 2010;137:1-11.
• Homan WL, Vercammen M, De Braekeleer J, Verschueren H .Identification of a 200- to 300-fold repetitive 529 bp DNA fragment in Toxoplasma gondii, and its use for diagnostic and quantitative PCR. Int J Parasitol 2000;30:69-75.
• Reischl U, Bretagne S, Kruger D, Ernault P, Costa JM. Com- parison of two DNA targets for the diagnosis of Toxoplasmo- sis by real-time PCR using fluorescence resonance energy transfer hybridization probes. BMC Infect Dis 2003;3-7.doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-3-7.
• Kasper DC, Sadeghi K, Prusa AR, et al. Quantitative real- time polymerase chain reaction for the accurate detection of Toxoplasma gondii in amniotic fluid. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;63:10-15.
• Thulliez P, Daffos F, Forestier F. Diagnosis of Toxoplasma in- fection in the pregnant woman and the unborn child: current problems. Scand J Infect Dis 1992;84:18-22.
• Foulon W, Pinon JM, Stray-Pedersen B, et al. Prenatal di- agnosis of congenitaltoxoplasmosis: a multicenter evalua- tion of different diagnostic parameters. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:843-847.
• Menotti J, Garin YJ, Thulliez P, et al. Evaluation of a new 5’-nuclease real-time PCR assay targeting the Toxoplas- ma gondii AF146527 genomic repeat. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;16:363-368.
• Wallon M, Franck J, Thulliez P, et al. Accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction for Toxoplasma gondii in amniotic fluid. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115:727-733.
• Villard O, Filisetti D, Roch-Deries F, Garweg J, Flament J, Candolfi E. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, and PCR for diagnosis of toxoplas- mic chorioretinitis. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:3537-3541.
• Talabani H, Asseraf M, Yera H, et al. Contributions of immu- noblotting, real-time PCR, and the Goldmann-Witmer coef- ficient to diagnosis of atypical toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:2131-2135.
• Okhravi N, Jones CD, Carroll N, Adamson P, Luthert P, Light- man S. Use of PCR to diagnose Toxoplasma gondii chorio- retinitis in eyes with severe vitritis. Clin Experiment Ophthal- mol 2005;33:184-187.
• Vidal JE, Colombo FA, de Oliveira AC, Focaccia R, Pereira- hioccola VL. PCR assay using cerebrospinal fluid for diag- nosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in Brazilian AIDS patients. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:4765-4768.
• Mesquita RT, Ziegler AP, Hiramoto RM, Vidal JE, Pereira- Chioccola VL. Real-time quantitative PCR in cerebral toxo- plasmosis diagnosis of Brazilian human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Med Microbiol 2010;59:641-647.
• Romand S, Wallon M, Franck J, Thulliez P, Peyron F, Dumon H .Prenatal diagnosis using polymerase chain reaction on amniotic fluid for congenital toxoplasmosis. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:296-300.