Security-Welfare Dilemma From Strategic Management Perspective: Albanian Case

Year 2016, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 67 - 78, 08.02.2016

Nizamettin Dogar

Abstract

Relations between security expenditures and welfare is a frequently questioned and discussed subject. However, the subject has not been discussed from a strategic management perspective. The common perception is that there is and there must be a balance between two expenditures and increasing one of these effects the other in opposite direction. As it is called a security-welfare dilemma, the aim of this paper is to focus on this dilemma in the Albanian case, and indicate solutions with the aid of strategic management. The selected Albania case is a concrete and recognized example demonstrating Balkan differentialism. An attempt is made to answer to question: “What if Albania implemented a reasonable and balanced policy of these two expenditures?” The results demonstrate that as a unique example (a part of Balkans but always have different results), Albania is generally on the opposite edges of these expenditures and has not a balance between two that is showing lack of strategic management perspective.

Keywords

Strategic Management, Defence, Security, Welfare, Albania, Security expenditure

References

• Aktan, Coşkun Can, (2008). Stratejik Yönetim ve Stratejik Planlama, Çimento İşveren, Temmuz –Ağustos 2008, ss.4-21.
• Aslan, M.H. (1998). Hizmet Ekonomisi. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınevi, pp.249-250.
• Babin, Nehame Ella, (1986). The Impact of Military Expenditures on Economic Growth and Development in the Less Developed Countries, Ph.D. Dissertation, College Park, MD: University of Maryland.
• Başar, S. & Künü, S. (2012). Savunma Harcamalarının İktisadi Büyümeye Etkisi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı 10, Sonbahar 2012, pp.1-30.
• Barry, B.W., (1986). “Strategic Planning Workbook for Public and Nonprofit Organizations, St. Paul: Amherst Wilder Foundation.
• Benoit, Emile. (1973). Defense and Growth in Developing Countries. Boston MA: Heath, Lexington Books.
• Bilgin, H., & Goztepe, K. (2013). Strategic Utility Analysis of Special Operations Forces Applying Game Theory. Journal of Military and Information Science, 1(1), 14-25.
• Castillo J., Lowell J., Tellis A.J., Munoz J. & Zycher B. (2001). Militaray Expenditures and Economic Growth, RAND, p.5.
• Chowdhury, Abdur R. (March 1991). A Causal Analysis of Defense Spending and Economic Growth, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 35, No.1, pp.80-97.
• Conetta, C. (2002). The Pentagon’s New Budget, New Strategy, and New War, Projecton Defense Alternatives Briefing Report #12. Cambridge, MA: Commonwealth Institute
• Danopoulos, C.P. & Skandalis, K.S. (2011). The Military and Its Role in Albania’s Democratization, Armed Forces & Society, 37(3) 399-417, The Author(s) 2011 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0095327X11404131 http://afs.sagepub.com., pp.404-405.
• Değer, S. & Sen, S. (1995). Military Expenditure and Developing Countries, Handbook of Defense Economics I, (Ed: Keith Hartley and Todd Sandler), Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V., pp. 275-307.
• Dunne, P. & Willett, S. (1992). Disarming The UK: The Economics of Conversion, Discussion Paper No.2. Centre for Industrial Policy and Performance, University of Leeds.
• Dunnigan, J.F. (1996). Digital Soldiers: The Evaluation of High-tech Weapons and Tomorrow’s Brave New Battlefield. New York: Saint Martin’s Press.
• Dülger, M. (2004). Türkiye'de Güvenlik Sektörü Gözetimi Siyasetinin Parlamenter Boyutu, Güvenlik Sektörünün Parlamenter Gözetimi, Kitap Tanıtım Toplantısı, Ankara.
• Eren, E., (2006). Stratejik Yönetim, T.C. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayım Nu.149 (Ed.Necdet Timur), Eskişehir, Ağustus 2006.
• Fukuyama, F. (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. Free Press.ISBN 10-02-910975-2.
• Fukuyama, F. (Ed.). (2007). Blindside: How to Anticipate Forcing Events and Wild Cards in Global Politics, An American Interest Book, Brookings Institution Press, 2007, Washington, D.C., pp.58-59.
• Giray, F. (2004). Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme, C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 1, ss.181-199. (http://www.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/edergi/ makale/865.pdf. Erişim Tarihi:30.08.2015).
• Hasani, P. (2012). Organization of The Regular Albanian Army in The Years 1927-1939, International Conference, The Decleration of Independence of Albania and The International Enviroment, Training and Doctrine Command Albanian Armed Forces Academy, Tirana, December 2012, p.77.
• Korkmazyürek, H. (2009). Stratejik Savunma Yönetimi Ders Notları, Kara Harp Okulu Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Savunma Yönetimi Doktora Programı.
• Kusi, Newman Kwado. (March 1994). Economic Growth and defense Spending in Developing Countries: A Causal Analysis, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.38, No.1, pp.152-159.
• Lane, D. (1998). ‘‘Albania, March 1997: The Disintegration of the Albanian Military,’’Mediterranean Quarterly 9, p.19.
• Limaj, H. (2014). Ankara-Tiran Arasında: 1990-2000 Bir Askeri Ataşenin Hatıraları, Emal yayınevi, Tiran 2014, s.76.
• Looney, R. E. (1994). The Economics of Third World Defense Expenditures, London: Jaı Press, Inc., pp.63-64.
• Nelson, D.N. (2001). Beyond Defense Planning. Defense Studies, Ağustos, Cilt 1, Sayı.3, pp.25-36.
• Pano, N.C. (1968). The People’s Republic of Albania, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, p.89.
• Perlmutter, A. & Leogrande, W. (1982). The Party in Uniform: Toward a Theory of Civil-Military Relations in Communist Political Systems, The American Political Science Review 76, p.784.
• Peterson, R.S. and Tiebout, C.M. (1964). Measuring the Impact of Regional Defense Space Expenditures, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 46 (4), pp.421-428.
• Prifti, P.R. (1978). Socialist Albania Since 1944: Domestic and Foreign Developments Cambridge, MA: The MIT University Press, pp.200-202.
• Ram, R. (1995), “Defense Expenditures and Economics Growth”, Handbook of Defense Economics I, (Ed: Keith Hartley and Todd Sandler), Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V., pp.251-273.
• Smith, A. (1776). An Inquiry Into The Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations, Original Published: 1776, pp.250-251, Source: http://www.ifaarchive.com/pdf/smith-an_inquiry_into_the_nature_ and_causes_of_the_wealth_of_nations[1].pdf, Retrived on 12 September 2015.
• Sköns, E. (2005). Military Expenditure, Disarmament Forum, Three, Investıng in Security.
• Taner, M. (2006). Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı Savunma Sanayi Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu, Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı.
• Topcu, M.K. (2010). Savunma Planlamasinin Ekonomiye Etkileri ve Savunma Bütçeleri, Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı 1, p.77.
• http://www.aaf.mil.al/, Retrived on 9 September 2015.
• http://aaf.mil.al/english/index.php/historiku, Retrieved on 12 September 2015.
• http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php (Top List TIV Tables-SIPRI. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved on 26 September 2015.)
• http://www.globalfirepower.com/defense-spending-budget.asp, Retrived on 12 September 2015.
• http://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.asp, Retrived on 12 September 2015.
• http://www.ifaarchive.com/pdf/smith_-_an_inquiry_into_the_nature_and_causes_of_the_wealth_of_nations%5B1%5D.pdf, Retrieved on 28 September 2015.
• http://www.mod.gov.al/eng/index.php/newsroom/399-minister-kodheli-s-speech-at-the-albanian-parliament-on-2015-s-defence-draft-budget, Retrived on 29 October 2015.
• http://www.providingforpeacekeeping.org/2015/03/30/peacekeeping-contributor-profile-albania/, Retrived on 29 October 2015.
• http://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/safak/2006/ 08/21/ roma_nin_cokusu), Retrived on 05 September 2015 (http://www.amazon. com/The-Fall-Roman-Empire-Barbarians/ dp/ 0195325419).
• http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/research/armaments/milex/ milex_database, Retrived on 30 October 2015.
• http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/production/recent-trends-in-arms-industry/Fact%20Sheet%20Top100%20 2013.pdf ("The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing and military services companies, 2013". SIPRI Fact Sheet December 2014, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved on 26 September 2015.)
• http://www.tradingeconomics.com/albania/military-expenditure-percent-of-gdp-wb-data.html, Retrived on 29 October 2015.
• http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/21/september11.usa13, Retrieved on 05 September 2015.