Characteristics and Corrosion Behavior of Sinter-Aluminized P/M Steels

Year 2022, , 179 - 193, 18.12.2022

Selvin Turgut

https://doi.org/10.55546/jmm.1129943

Abstract

In this study, the effects of different cold pressing pressures and sintering mediums on microstructure, micro hardness, and corrosion behavior of steels produced by powder metallurgy (PM) method from Distaloy SA powders, were examined. The PM samples were first subjected to two different cold pressing pressures being 150 MPa and 200 MPa, then to the sintering process in two different sintering mediums as aluminum and argon, for 5 hours at 1000°C. The densities and surface roughness of sinter-aluminized and only sintered samples were measured, and it was determined that their densities were increasing by the increase of cold pressing pressure and that their roughness was decreasing by the increase of cold pressing pressure. The determination of microstructural characteristics of PM samples was performed by the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) devices. Corrosion tests were electrochemically conducted in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. It was determined that sinter-aluminized samples showed higher corrosion resistance than samples sintered in argon medium depending on the FexAly phases forming on the sinter-aluminized samples. Thus, the sinter-aluminizing process is promising for using PM materials in corrosive environments.

Keywords

Powder metallurgy, X-ray diffraction, Sinter-aluminized, Corrosion

Sinter-Alüminize T/M Çeliklerin Özellikleri ve Korozyon Davranışı

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Distaloy SA tozlarından toz metalurjisi (P/M) yöntemiyle üretilen çeliklerin farklı soğuk presleme basıncı ve sinterleme ortamının mikroyapı, mikrosertlik ve korozyon davranışlarına etkisi incelenmiştir. P/M numuneler; 150 MPa ve 200 MPa olmak üzere iki farklı soğuk presleme basıncıyla presleme işlemi sonrası; alüminyum ile argon olmak üzere iki farklı sinterleme ortamında 1000 °C'de 5 saat sinterleme işlemine tabi tutulmuştur. Sinter-alüminyumlanmış ve sadece sinterlenmiş örneklerin yoğunluk ve yüzey pürüzlülükleri ölçülmüş olup yoğunluklarının soğuk presleme basıncının artmasıyla arttığı yüzey pürüzlülüğünün ise azaldığı belirlenmiştir. P/M numunelerin mikroyapısal özelliklerinin belirleme işlemi X- ışını kırınımı difraksiyonu (XRD), taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ve enerji dağılımlı X-ışını spektroskopisi (EDS) cihazları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Korozyon deneyleri elektrokimyasal olarak %3,5 NaCl çözeltisinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sinter-alüminyumlanmış numunelerin yüzeyinde oluşan FexAly fazlarına bağlı olarak argon ortamında sinterlenmiş numunelere göre daha yüksek korozyon direnci gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla sinter-alüminyumlama işlemi P/M malzemelerin korozitif ortamlardaki kullanımları için umut vadetmektedir.

Keywords

Toz metalurjisi, X-ışını difraksiyonu, Sinter alüminyumlama, Korozyon

References

• Alshammari Y., Yang F., Bolzoni L., Low-cost powder metallurgy Ti-Cu alloys as a potential antibacterial material. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 95, 232-239, 2019.
• Bagliuk G., Properties and structure of sintered boron containing carbon steels. Sintering–Methods and Products 12, 249-266, 2012.
• Callister W. D., Materials science and engineering: an introduction (2nd edition). Materials & Design, 1991, https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-3069(91)90101-9.
• Chávez J., Alemán O. J., Martínez M. F., Vergara-Hernández H. J., Olmos L., Garnica-González P., Bouvard D., Characterization of Ti6Al4V–Ti6Al4V/30Ta bilayer components processed by powder metallurgy for biomedical applications. Metals and Materials International 26(2), 205-220, 2020.
• Chen X. H., Dong J. H., Han E. H., Ke W., Effect of Al alloying on corrosion performance of steel. Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 42(3), 224-231, 2007.
• Choy K. L., Chemical vapor deposition of coatings. Progress in Materials Science 48, 57–170, 2003.
• Çavdar P. S., Çavdar U., The evaluation of different environments in ultra-high frequency induction sintered powder metal compacts. Revista de Metalurgia 51(1), e036, 2015.
• Dubiel B., Moskalewicz T., Swadzba L., Czyrska-Filemonowicz A., Analytical TEM and SEM characterization of aluminide coatings on nickel based superalloy CMSX-4. Surface Engineering 24(5), 327-333, 2008.
• Erdogan A., Kursuncu B., Günen A., Kalkandelen M., Gok M. S., A new approach to sintering and boriding of steels “Boro-sintering”: Formation, microstructure and wear behaviors. Surface and Coatings Technology 386, 125482, 2020.
• German R. M., Powder metallurgy of iron and steel. New York: John! Wiley & Sons Inc, 1998.
• Grabke H. J., Schutze M., Oxidation of Intermetallics. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH: Berlin, Germany, 1998.
• Gökmeşe H., Bostan B., The Effects of Pressing and Sintering on Pore Morphology and Microstructural Properties in AA 2014 Alloy. Gazi University Journal of Science Part C: Design and Technology 1(1), 1-8, 2013.
• Günen A., Kurt B., Somunkιran İ., Kanca E., Orhan N., The effect of process conditions in heat-assisted boronizing treatment on the tensile and bending strength characteristics of the AISI-304 austenitic stainless steel. Physics of Metals and Metallography 116(9), 896-907, 2015.
• Heakal F. E. T., Tantawy N. S., Shehta O. S., Influence of chloride ion concentration on the corrosion behavior of Al-bearing TRIP steels. Materials Chemistry and Physics 130(1-2), 743-749, 2011.
• Kayali, Y., Investigation of the diffusion kinetics of borided stainless steels. Physics of Metals and Metallography 114, 1061-1068, 2013.
• Ladd M., Ladd M. F. C., Crystal Structures: Lattices and Solids in Stereoview. Horwood Series in Chemical Science; Elsevier: Chichester, UK, 1999.
• Li G. J., Wang J., Li C., Peng Q., Gao J., Shen B. L., Microstructure and dry-sliding wear properties of DC plasma nitrided 17-4 PH stainless steel. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 266(9), 1964-1970, 2008.
• Liu X. M., Yi D. W., Liu B., Ma Z. W., Wang G. W., Current status and application of hot-dip aluminizing technique. Materials Protection-Wuhan 41(4), 47, 2008.
• Lu C. H., Feng C., Han L. H., Feng J., Zhu L. J., Jiang L., Feng Y. R., Corrosion Behavior Research of Aluminized N80 Tubing in Water Injection Well. Materials Science Forum 944, 1035-1039, 2019.
• Maki J., Corrosion Behavior of Aluminized Steel Sheets in 50-Year Outdoor Exposure Test. ISIJ International 59(10), 1870-1877, 2019.
• Martinez M., Virguer B., Maugis P., Lacaze J., Relation Between Composition Microstructure and Oxidation in Iron Aluminidies. Intermetallics 14(10-11), 1214-1220, 2006.
• Medvedovski E., Formation of corrosion-resistant thermal diffusion boride coatings. Advanced Engineering Materials 18, 11–33, 2016.
• Mittemeijer E. J., Somers M. A. J., Thermochemical Surface Engineering of Steels. 1st ed. Elsevier-Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2014.
• Mojaddami M., Rastegari S., Arabi H., Rafiee H., Effect of heat treatment on coating microstructure applied by high activity diffusion process on IN738L. Surface Engineering 28(10),772-777, 2012.
• Öztekin K., Çinko Kaplanmış Karbon Çeliğinin Na-okzalat ve Na-tartarat Ortamlarında Polianilin ve Poli o-anisidin ile Kaplanarak Korozyon Direncinin Geliştirilmesi, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü,Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Basılmış), 2014.
• Pérez F. J., Pedraza F., Hierro M. P., Balmain J., Bonnet G., Comparison of the high-temperature oxidation of uncoated and CVD–FBR aluminized AISI-304 stainless steel. Oxidation of Metals 58(5), 563-588, 2002.
• Sharma B. P., Rao G. S., Vates U. K., Powder Metallurgy Processing and Mechanical Characterization of Iron-Based Composite Reinforced. Advances in Industrial and Production Engineering: Select Proceedings of FLAME 2018 303, 2019.
• Sundaram M. V., Surreddi K. B., Hryha E., Veiga A., Berg S., Castro F., Nyborg L., Enhanced densification of PM steels by liquid phase sintering with boron-containing master alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 49(1), 255-263, 2018.
• Triani R. M., Gomes L. F. D. A., Aureliano R. J. T., Neto A. L., Totten G. E., Casteletti L. C., Production of aluminide layers on AISI 304 stainless steel at low temperatures using the slurry process. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 29(6), 3568-3574, 2020.
• Turgut S., Günen A., Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Borosintered Distaloy Steels. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 29(11), 6997-7010, 2020.
• Wang X. Y., Du J. J., Ma Z. W., A One-Step Pack Cementation Method for Preparing AlN/Aluminizing Coating with Good Corrosion Resistance. Solid State Phenomena, 295, 3-8, 2019.
• Wu J., Ma B., Li H., Stanciulescu I., The running-in micro-mechanism and efficient work conditions of Cu-based friction material against 65Mn steel. Experimental Techniques 43(6), 667-676, 2019.
• Xiang Z. D., Datta P. K., Relationship between pack chemistry and aluminide coating formation for low-temperature aluminisation of alloy steels. Acta Materialia 54(17), 4453-4463, 2006.
• Xiao-Su Y., Shanyi D., Litong Zhang Editors, Composite Materials Engineering. Volume 1, Fundamentals of Composite Materials, 2017.
• Yazici A., Çavdar U., A study of soil tillage tools from boronized sintered iron. Metal Science and Heat Treatment 58(11-12), 753-757, 2017.