Maruz Kalma Süresinin Fonksiyonu Olarak MSLA 3B Yazdırmada Fonksiyonel Olarak Derecelendirilmiş Malzemelerin Çekme Özellikleri

Öz

İşlevsel olarak derecelendirilmiş eklemeli imalat (FGAM), İşlevsel Olarak Derecelendirilmiş Malzemelerin eklemeli imalata entegrasyonundan ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma, çekme numunelerinin hem dış hem de iç bölgelerinin özelliklerini değiştirmek için FGAM numunelerinin üretimini içermektedir. Bu, ek maliyet veya ekipman olmadan maruz kalma süresinin ayarlanmasıyla yapılmıştır. Değerlendirme sırasında, çekme numunesi üç bölgeye ayrılmıştır. Dış katmanlar başlangıçta 3 saniyelik pozlama süresiyle, ardından 15 saniyelik pozlama süresiyle iç katmanlar oluşturulmuştur. Daha sonra, dış katmanlar 15 saniye ve iç katmanlar 3 saniye maruz bırakılarak işlem tersine çevrilmiştir. Daha sonra, tüm katmanlar herhangi bir değişiklik yapılmadan sırasıyla 3 saniye ve 15 saniye maruz kalma süreleri kullanılarak oluşturulmuş ve toplam 4 farklı numune elde edilmiştir. Sertlik ve çekme testleri, son kürlemenin etkisini değerlendirmek amacıyla hem son kürlemeden sonra hem de son kürleme yapılmadan tüm numuneler üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular, son kürleme işlemi ilerledikçe sertlik ve maksimum çekme mukavemeti seviyelerinin arttığını, ancak uzama kabiliyetinin azaldığını göstermektedir. Son kürleme ile 15 saniye maruz kalma süresinden sonra elde edilen en yüksek nihai çekme mukavemeti 46.46 ± 0.9 MPa olarak ölçülmüştür. Yeşil FGAM numuneleri, 15-3-15 saniyelik bir maruz kalma süresiyle oluşturulduğunda daha yüksek bir nihai gerilme mukavemetine (35,85 ± 0,4 MPa) sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, 3-15-3 saniyelik bir maruz kalma süresiyle üretilen numune, son kürlemenin ardından daha yüksek bir nihai gerilme mukavemeti (38,77 ± 0,7 MPa) göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fonksiyonel olarak derecelendirilmiş malzeme
• eklemeli imalat
• 3B yazdırma
• SLA yazıcı.

The Tensile Properties of Functionally Graded Materials in MSLA 3D Printing as a Function of Exposure Time

Abstract

Functionally graded additive manufacturing (FGAM) emerged from the combination of Functionally Graded Materials into additive manufacturing. This work involved the production of FGAM specimens to alter the characteristics of both the outer and inner zones of tensile specimens. This was achieved by adjusting the exposure time without additional costs or equipment. During the assessment, the tensile specimen was separated into three zones. The exterior layers were initially created with a 3-second exposure time, followed by the interior layers with a 15-second exposure time. Then, the process was reversed, with the outer layers exposed for 15 seconds and the inner layers exposed for 3 seconds. Subsequently, all layers were generated using exposure durations of 3 seconds and 15 seconds, respectively, without any alterations, resulting in a total of 4 distinct samples. The hardness and tensile tests were conducted on all specimens, both with and without post-curing, in order to assess the impact of post-curing. The outcomes indicate that the levels of hardness and maximum tensile strength rise as the final curing process progresses, but the elongation capability diminishes. The highest ultimate tensile strength, achieved after 15 seconds of exposure time with post cure, was measured at 46.46 ± 0.9 MPa. The green FGAM specimens have a greater ultimate tensile strength (35.85 ± 0.4 MPa) when created with an exposure time of 15-3-15 s. However, the specimen produced with an exposure time of 3-15-3 s demonstrates a higher ultimate tensile strength (38.77 ± 0.7 MPa) following post curing.

Keywords

• MSLA printer
• 3D printing
• functionally graded material
• additive manufacturing

References

1. Alshaikh, A. A., Khattar, A., Almindil, I. A., Alsaif, M. H., Akhtar, S., Khan, S. Q., Gad, M. M., 3d-Printed Nanocomposite Denture-Base Resins: Effect of ZrO2 Nanoparticles on the Mechanical and Surface Properties in Vitro. Nanomaterials 12(14), 2451, 2022.
2. Ambrosio, D., Gabrion, X., Malécot, P., Amiot, F., Thibaud, S., Influence of manufacturing parameters on the mechanical properties of projection stereolithography–manufactured specimens. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 106(1), 265–277, 2020.
3. Anonymous, 2022. ASTM, I. Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics. https://doi.org/10.1520/D0638-14.
4. Bayraklilar, M. S., Kuncan, M., Buldu, A., Koçak, M. T., Ülki̇r, O., Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Samples Fabricated by Stereolithography and Fused Deposition Modelling. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A 4(2), 4(2), 475-491, 2023.
5. Bazyar, M. M., Tabary, S. A. A. B., Rahmatabdi, D., Mohammadi, K., Hashemi, R. A novel practical method for the production of Functionally Graded Materials by varying exposure time via photo-curing 3D printing. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 103, 136–143, 2023.
6. Bonada, J., Muguruza, A., Fernández-Francos, X., Ramis, X. Influence of exposure time on mechanical properties and photocuring conversion ratios for photosensitive materials used in Additive Manufacturing. Procedia Manufacturing 13, 762–769, 2017.
7. Borra, N. D., & Neigapula, V. S. N. (2022). Parametric optimization for dimensional correctness of 3D printed part using masked stereolithography: Taguchi method. Rapid Prototyping Journal 29(1), 166–184, 2022.
8. Carraturo, M., Rocca, E., Bonetti, E., Hömberg, D., Reali, A., Auricchio, F. Graded-Material Design Based on Phase-Field and Topology Optimization. Computational Mechanics 64, 1589-1600, 2019.

9. Chmelko, V., Šulko, M., Škriniarová, J., Margetin, M., Gašparík, M., Koščo, T., Semeš, M. Strength and Cyclic Properties of Additive vs. Conventionally Produced Material AlSi10Mg. Materials 16(7), 2598, 2023.
10. Clarke-Hicks, J., Ochoa, I., Correa, D. Harnessing Plastic Deformation in Porous 3D Printed Ceramic Light Screens. Architecture Structures and Construction 3(2), 193-204, 2022.
11. Demir, S., Temiz, A., Pehlivan, F.. The investigation of printing parameters effect on tensile characteristics for triply periodic minimal surface designs by Taguchi. Polymer Engineering & Science, 2023.
12. González, P., Schwarzer, E., Scheithauer, U., Kooijmans, N., Moritz, T. Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography. Journal of Visualized Experiments (143), e57943, 2019.
13. Güdür, C., Türkoğlu, T., & Eren, İ. (2023). Effect of Lattice Design and Process Parameters on the Properties of PLA, ABS AND PETG Polymers Produced by Fused Deposition Modelling. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A 4(2), 561-570, 2023.
14. Hisham, M., Saravana Kumar, G., Deshpande, A. P. Process optimization and optimal tolerancing to improve dimensional accuracy of vat-photopolymerized functionally graded hydrogels. Results in Engineering 14, 100442, 2022.
15. Kaya, Z., Aksoy, B., Özsoy, K. Eklemeli İmalat Yöntemiyle Üretilen Altı Eksenli Robot Kol ile Görüntü İşleme ve Yapay Zeka Tabanlı Ürünlerin Tasniflemesi. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A 4(1), 4(1), 193-210, 2023.
16. Loh, G. H., Pei, E., Harrison, D., Monzón, M. An Overview of Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing. Additive Manufacturing 23, 34-44, 2018.
17. Lucon, E., Hrabe, N. Instrumented Impact Testing of Miniaturized Charpy Specimens of AM Ti-6Al-4v. Materials Performance and Characterization 7, 2018.
18. Nohut, S., Schwentenwein, M. Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Materials: A Review. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 6(1), 17, 2022.
19. Rahman, A., Hall, E., Gibbon, L., Islam, Md. Z., Ulven, C. A., La Scala, J. J. A Mechanical Performance Study of Dual Cured Thermoset Resin Systems 3d-Printed With Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforcement. Polymers 15(6), 1384, 2023.
20. Ren, L., Song, Z., Liu, H., Han, Q., Zhao, C., Derby, B., Liu, Q., Ren, L. 3D Printing of Materials With Spatially Non-Linearly Varying Properties. Materials & Design. 156, 470-479, 2018.
21. Riccio, C., Civera, M., Grimaldo Ruiz, O., Pedullà, P., Rodriguez Reinoso, M., Tommasi, G., Vollaro, M., Burgio, V., Surace, C. Effects of Curing on Photosensitive Resins in SLA Additive Manufacturing. Applied Mechanics 2(4), 2021.
22. Rouf, S., Malik, A., Raina, A., Ul Haq, M. I., Naveed, N., Zolfagharian, A., Bodaghi, M. Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing for Orthopedic Applications. Journal of Orthopaedics 33, 70-80, 2022.
23. Schneck, M., Horn, M., Schindler, M., Seidel, C. Capability of Multi-Material Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion—Development and Analysis of a Prototype Large Bore Engine Component. Metals 12(1), 44, 2021.
24. Seprianto, D., Sugiantoro, R., Siproni, Yahya, Erwin, M. The Effect of Rectangular Parallel Key Manufacturing Process Parameters Made with Stereolithography DLP 3D Printer Technology Against Impact Strength. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1500(1), 012028, 2020.
25. Temiz, A. The Effects of Process Parameters on Tensile Characteristics and Printing Time for Masked Stereolithography Components, Analyzed Using the Response Surface Method. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 1-10, 2023.
26. Torabian, M., Khalili, S. M. R. Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Cu–Fe Functionally Graded Beam Subjected to Tensile Loading. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234(19), 3837-3845, 2020.
27. Vasques, M. T., Mulder, J. N., Machado, D. S., Lagana, D. C. The influence of the post-processing method on knoop hardness of photosensitive resins for 3D SLA printer used in Dentistry. Clinical and Laboratorial Research in Dentistry 2019.
28. Wada, J., Wada, K., Gibreel, M., Wakabayashi, N., Iwamoto, T., Vallittu, P. K., Lassila, L. Effect of Nitrogen Gas Post-Curing and Printer Type on the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Hard Occlusal Splint Material. Polymers 14(19), 2022.
29. Xiao, K., Wu, J., Chen, K., Zhao, Z., Ding, Z., Hu, F., Fang, D., Hu, Q. Grayscale Digital Light Processing 3D Printing for Highly Functionally Graded Materials. Science Advances 5(5), eaav5790, 2019.
30. Yao, M., Duan, Y., Wang, B., Hong, X., Zhang, X.-H. A Novel Route to Fabricate High-Performance 3D Printed Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Polymer Composites. Materials 12(9), 1369, 2019.