Preparedness of European Countries in Terms of Marine Pollution by Hazardous and Noxious Substances

Abstract

Various pollutants cause marine pollution which produces multi-layered problems. Besides other hazardous substances, pollution from hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) threat marine ecosystems seriously. Therefore, prevention and emergency response to this kind of pollution become important. The aim of this study is to determine the preparedness and capability of European countries in case of marine pollution caused by HNS. In this context, emergency response plans of the countries were investigated, the data presented via tables and a comparative view was provided.

Keywords

• Harmful and Noxious Substances (HNS)
• Marine Pollution
• European Waters
• HNS Spill Preparedness
• Pollution Management

Avrupa Ülkelerinin Tehlikeli ve Zararlı Kimyasal Maddelerden Kaynaklı Deniz Kirliliğine Hazırlıklı Olma Durumları

Abstract

Deniz kaynaklarının çeşitli kirletici maddelerle kirletilmesi çok katmanlı sorunlar ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Diğer zararlı maddelerin yanı sıra, tehlikeli ve zararlı kimyasal maddelerden (TZKM) kaynaklanan kirlilikler deniz ekosistemlerini ciddi biçimde tehdit etmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu tür kirliliklerin önlenmesi ve acil müdahale yöntemleri önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Avrupa ülkelerinin TZKM kaynaklı deniz kirliliği durumlarında mevcut acil müdahale konusundaki yeterliliklerinin belirlenmesidir. Bu kapsamda, ülkelerin acil müdahale planları ile ilgili doküman incelemesi yapılmıştır. Ülkelerin TZKM kirlilikleri ile mücadele durumları ile ilgili elde edilen veriler tablolaştırılmış ve karşılaştırmalı bir bakış sağlanmıştır.

Keywords

• Tehlikeli ve Zararlı Kimyasal Madde
• Deniz Kirliliği
• Avrupa Denizleri
• HNS Kirliliğine Hazır Olma
• Kirlilik Yönetimi

References

1. Cunha, I., Moreira, S. ve Santos, M.M., (2015), Review on hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) involved in marine spill incidents—An online database, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 285, 509-516.
2. Çiçek, K. (2018), International Convention On Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response And Co-Operation (Oprc) 1990 And Its Applications Related With Oil Spill In Turkey. Oil Spill Along The Turkish Straits Sea Area; Accidents, Environmental Pollution, Socio-Economic Impacts And Protection. Ed. Ünlü, S., Alpar. B. veÖztürk, B. Turkish Marine Research Foundation: İstanbul.
3. Danish Maritime Authority (2009) Implementation of the OPRC-HNS Protocol Pollution Incident Emergency Plan (PIEP), https://www.dma.dk/SynRegistrering/Syn/Cirkulaerer/Cirklulaerer3/DMA%20010%20ver%2001%20-%20Implementation%20of%20the%20OPRC-HNS%20Protocol.pdf#search=piep, Accessed 22 February2019.
4. EMSA (European Maritime Safety Agency), (2013), Inventory of EU Member States’ Policies and Operational Response Capacities for Hazardous and Noxious Substances Marine Pollution, Lisbon.
5. Hänninen, S., & Rytkönen, J. (2006). Transportation of liquid bulk chemicals by tankers in the Baltic Sea. VTT.
6. IMO (International Maritime Organization), (2019), Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (OPRC-HNS Protocol), http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOf Conventions/Pages/Protocol-on-Preparedness,-Response-and-Co-operation-to-pollution-Incidents-by-Hazardous-and-Noxious-Substances-(OPRC-HNS-Pr.aspx; Access Date: 09.08.2019.
7. ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation), (2018a), https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/countries-territories-regions/countries/estonia/ , Accessed 21.01.2019.
8. ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation), (2018b), https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/countries-territories-regions/countries/finland/, Accessed 21.01.2019.

9. ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation), (2018c), https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/countries-territories-regions/countries/france/ , Accessed 21.01.2019.
10. ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation), (2018d), https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/countries-territories-regions/countries/germany/ , Accessed 23.01.2019.
11. ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation), (2018e), https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/countries-territories-regions/countries/iceland/ , Accessed 23.01.2019.
12. ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation), (2018f), https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/countries-territories-regions/countries/latvia/ , Accessed 23.01.2019.
13. ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation), (2018g), https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/countries-territories-regions/countries/poland/ ,Accessed 27.01.2019.
14. ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation), (2018h), https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/countries-territories-regions/countries/romania/, Accessed 28.01.2019.
15. ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation), (2018i), https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/countries-territories-regions/countries/slovenia/, Accessed 30.01.2019.
16. ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation), (2018j), https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/countries-territories-regions/countries/sweden/, Accessed 30.01.2019.
17. ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation), (2018k), https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/countries-territories-regions/countries/sweden/, Accessed 30.01.2019.
18. ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation), (2018m), https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/countries-territories-regions/countries/united-kingdom/, Accessed 21.01.2019
19. KEGM (2019), Kıyı Emniyeti Genel Müdürlüğü, Konuşlandırılması Düşünülenn Acl Durum İstasyonları, https://www.kiyiemniyeti.gov.tr/acil_mudahale, Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2020.
20. Neuparth T., Moreira, S., Santos, M.M. & Reis-Henriques, M.A. (2011) Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) in the marine environment: Prioritizing HNS that pose major risk in a European context. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(1),21-28.
21. Neuparth, T., Capela, R., Rey-Salgueiro, L., Moreira, S., Santos, M.M& Reis-Henriques M.A. (2013) Simulation of a Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) spill in the marine environment: Lethal and sublethal effects of acrylonitrile to the European seabass, Chemosphere, 93(6), 978-985.
22. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), (2007a), Environmental Performance Reviews – Belguim, USA: OECD
23. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), (2007b), Environmental Performance Reviews – Denmark, USA: OECD
24. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), (2009), Environmental Performance Reviews – Greece, USA: OECD
25. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), (2010), Environmental Performance Reviews – Ireland, USA: OECD
26. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), (2011), Environmental Performance Reviews – Portugal, USA: OECD
27. Oral, N. (2013). Regional co-operation and protection of the marine environment under international law: the Black Sea. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
28. Sormunen, O. V. E., Goerlandt, F., Häkkinen, J., Posti, A., Hänninen, M., Montewka, J., ... & Kujala, P. (2015). Uncertainty in maritime risk analysis: Extended case study on chemical tanker collisions. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, 229(3), 303-320.