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Perceived Stress in Risky Pregnancy: A Scale Development Study

Year 2023, , 67 - 75, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.5152/JANHS.2023.22291

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to develop a valid and reliable scale based on Neuman Systems Model to measure perceived stress in risky pregnancies.

Methods: This research was carried out with a methodological method. The study was carried out with the participation of 201 pregnant women who were followed in a hospital and whose pregnancy was at risk. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences V23 program was used for data analysis. Within the scope of validity analysis for the development of the scale, (1) content validity with expert opinions and Davis technique, (2) Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) coefficient, Barlett sphericity test, construct validity with explanatory factor analysis, (3) readability with Ateşman readability formula (for Turkish) analysis was made. Within the scope of reliability analysis, (1) Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient and item total statistics and internal consistency, (2) Comparisons of lower and upper groups were analyzed.

Results: As a result of the analysis, the KMO value of the Perceived Stress in Risky Pregnancies Scale based on the Neuman Systems Model developed by the researchers was obtained as 0.805 and the Bartlett test statistic as 2346,678 (P < .001). The total variance disclosure rate of the three-factor scale was determined as 40.15%. After the analysis, 5 items were removed from the scale and the Cronbach alpha value was found to be .87. In the scale consisting of three subdimensions and 34 statements, the highest Alpha reliability coefficient was determined as .86 in the Psychological domain sub-dimension. Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of Physiological and Sociocultural/ Developmental/ Spiritual domain sub-dimensions, respectively; It was determined as .67 and .73.

Conclusion: The scale based on the vital areas of the Neuman systems model was found to be a valid and reliable measurement tool for measuring perceived stress in risky pregnancies.

References

  • 1. Ölçer Z, Oskay Ü. Yüksek riskli gebelerin yaşadığı stresörler ve stresle baş etme yöntemleri. Hemşirelikte Eğitim Araştırma Derg. 2015;12(2):85-92.
  • 2. Jonsdottir SS, Thome M, Steingrimsdottir T, et al. Partner relationship, social support and perinatal distress among pregnant Icelandic women. Women Birth. 2017;30(1):e46-e55. [CrossRef]
  • 3. Glover V. Maternal depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy and child outcome; what needs to be done. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28(1):25-35. [CrossRef]
  • 4. Rice F, Harold GT, Boivin J, Van Den Bree M, Hay DF, Thapar A. The links between prenatal stress and offspring development and psychopathology: disentangling environmental and inherited influences. Psychol Med. 2010;40(2):335-345. [CrossRef]
  • 5. Teckenberg-Jansson P, Turunen S, Pölkki T, et al. Effects of live music therapy on heart rate variability and self-reported stress and anxiety among hospitalized pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. Nord J Music Ther. 2019;28(1):7-26. [CrossRef]
  • 6. Calderon-Margalit R, Qiu C, Ornoy A, Siscovick DS, Williams MA. Risk of preterm delivery and other adverse perinatal outcomes in relation to maternal use of psychotropic medications during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(6):e1-e579. [CrossRef]
  • 7. Arnon S. Music therapy for hospitalized pregnant women–the way to go forward. Nord J Music Ther. 2019;28(1):4-6. [CrossRef]
  • 8. Yu X, Liu Y, Huang Y, Zeng T. The effect of nonpharmacological interventions on the mental health of high-risk pregnant women: a systematic review. Complement Ther Med. 2022;64:102799. [CrossRef]
  • 9. Arslan S, Okcu G, Coşkun A, Temiz F. Women’s perception of pregnancy and the affecting factors. Arch Health Sci Res. 2019;6(1):179-192.
  • 10. Fawcett J. Contemporary nursing knowledge: analysis and evaluation of nursing models and theories. 2nd ed. Fa Davis; 2006.
  • 11. Neuman B, Reed KS. A Neuman systems model perspective on nursing in 2050. Nurs Sci Q. 2007;20(2):111-113. [CrossRef].
  • 12. Tomey AM, Alligood MR. Nursing theorists and their work. Mosby Elsevier; 2006.
  • 13. Masters K. Nursing theories: a framework for professional practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2014.
  • 14. Yost B, Abbott C, Thompson-Buckland S, Whitmoyer M, Miller K. Psychological stress and birth outcomes in Amish Women before and after the Nickel Mines shooting. J Amish Plain Anabaptist Stud. 2020;8(1):75-84.
  • 15. Bussières E-L, Tarabulsy GM, Pearson J, Tessier R, Forest J-C, Giguère Y. Maternal prenatal stress and infant birth weight and gestational age: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Dev Rev. 2015;36:179-199. [CrossRef]
  • 16. Esfandiari M, Faramarzi M, Nasiri-Amiri F, et al. Effect of supportive counseling on pregnancy-specific stress, general stress, and prenatal health behaviors: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns. 2020;103(11):2297-2304. [CrossRef]
  • 17. Gourounti K, Karpathiotaki N, Karapanou V, Antzaklis P, Daskalakis G. Validation of the High-Risk Pregnancy Stress Scale in a sample of hospitalized Greek high-risk pregnant women. Women Health. 2016;56(6):680-694. [CrossRef]
  • 18. Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Perra O, Alderdice F, et al. Psychometric validation of the Prenatal Distress Questionnaire (PDQ) in pregnant women in Spain. Women Health. 2019;59(8):937-952. [CrossRef]
  • 19. Alpar R. Applied Statistics and Validity-Reliability. Ankara: Detay Publishing; 2012.
  • 20. Tavşancıl E. Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS Ile Veri Analizi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık; 2018.
  • 21. Holness N. High-risk pregnancy. Nurs Clin North Am. Nursing Clinics. 2018;53(2):241-251. [CrossRef]
  • 22. RodriguesARM, RodriguesDP, VianaAB, Cabral LDS, da Silveira MAM. Nursing care in high-risk pregnancies: an integrative review. Online Braz J Nurs. 2016;15(3):472-483. [CrossRef]
  • 23. de Oliveira Azevedo R, Silvino ZR, Ferreira HC. Nursing guidelines with regard to high-risk pregnancy: a descriptive study. Online Braz J Nurs. 2013;12:623-625.
  • 24. Mercer RT, Ferketich SL, DeJoseph J, May KA, Sollid D. Effect of stress on family functioning during pregnancy. Nurs Res. 1988;37(5):268-275. [CrossRef]
  • 25. Davis LL. Instrument review: getting the most from a panel of experts. Appl Nurs Res. 1992;5(4):194-197. [CrossRef]
  • 26. George D, Mallery P. SPSS for windows. Needham Heights, MA: A Pearson Education; 2001.
  • 27. Karakoç A, Dönmez PDL. Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında temel ilkeler. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası. 2014;13(40):39-49. [CrossRef]
  • 28. Özdamar K. Ölçek ve test geliştirme yapısal eşitlik modellemesi IBM SPSS, IBM SPSS AMOS ve MINTAB uygulamalı. Eskişehir: Nisan Kitabevi; 2017:78-79.
  • 29. Çolakoğlu ÖM, Büyükekşi C. Açımlayıcı faktör analiz sürecini etkileyen unsurların değerlendirilmesi. Karaelmas Eğitim Bilimleri Derg. 2014;2(1):56-64.
  • 30. Hasançebi B, Terzi Y, Küçük Z. Madde güçlük indeksi ve madde ayırt edicilik indeksine dayalı çeldirici analizi. Gümüşhane Univ Fen Bilimleri Derg. 2020;10(1):224-240.
  • 31. Esin M. Data collection methods and tools & reliability and validity of data collection tools. Research Process in Nursing, Application and Critical İstanbul, Turkey: Nobel Medicine Book Houses. 2014:193-233.
  • 32. Yeşilyurt S, Çapraz C. Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında kullanılan kapsam geçerliği için bir yol haritası. Erzincan Univ Eğitim Fak Derg. 2018;20(1):251-264.
  • 33. Grove SK, Burns. The Practice of Nursing Research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Sounder & Elsevier; 2012.
  • 34. Ateşman E. Türkçe'de okunabilirliğin ölçülmesi. Dil Derg. 1997;58:(71-74).
  • 35. Atasever İ, Sis Çelik A. The validity and reliability of the Antenatal Perceived Stress Inventory Turkish version: a methodological study (Turkish version). Health Care Women Int. 2018;39(10):1140-1157. [CrossRef].
  • 36. Yaşlıoğlu MM. Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. Istanb Univ İşletme Fak Derg. 2017;46:74-85.
  • 37. Williams B, Onsman A, Brown T. Exploratory factor analysis: a fivestep guide for novices. Australas J Paramedicine. 2010;8(3).
  • 38. Samuels P. Advice on exploratory factor analysis; 2017.
  • 39. Scherer RF, Wiebe FA, Luther DC, Adams JS. Dimensionality of coping: factor stability using the ways of coping questionnaire. Psychol Rep. 1988;62(3):763-770. [CrossRef]
  • 40. Büyüköztürk Ş. Data analysis handbook for social sciences statistics, research pattern SPSS applications and interpretation. Pegem Academy; 2020.
  • 41. Çapık C, Gözüm S, Aksayan S. Intercultural scale adaptation stages, language and culture adaptation: updated guideline. Florence Nightingale J Nurs-Florence Nightingale Hemsirelik Derg. 2018;26(3):199-210. [CrossRef]
  • 42. Bujang MA, Omar ED, Baharum NA. A review on sample size determination for Cronbach’s alpha test: a simple guide for researchers. Malays J Med Sci MJMS. 2018;25(6):85-99. [CrossRef

Riskli Gebeliklerde Algılanan Stres: Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması

Year 2023, , 67 - 75, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.5152/JANHS.2023.22291

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı riskli gebeliklerde algılanan stresi ölçmede kullanmak üzere Neuman Sistemler Modeli’ne temellendirilmiş geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirmektir.

Yöntem: Bu araştırma metodolojik yöntemle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma bir hastanede takip edilen ve gebeliğinde risk bulunan 201 gebenin katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin analizi için SPSS V23 programından yararlanılmıştır. Ölçeğin geliştirilmesi için geçerlik analizleri kapsamında; (1) uzman görüşleri ve Davis tekniği ile kapsam geçerliği, (2) Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) katsayısı, Barlett küresellik testi, açıklayıcı faktör analizi ile yapı geçerliği, (3) Ateşman okunabilirlik formülü (Türkçe için) ile okunabilirlik analizi yapılmıştır. Güvenirlik analizleri kapsamında; (1) Cronbach alfa güvenirlik katsayısı ve madde toplam istatistikleri ile iç tutarlılık, (2) Alt ve üst grupların karşılaştırmaları analizleri yapılmıştır.

Bulgular: Analiz sonucunda araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen Neuman Sistemler Modeli’ne temellenen Riskli Gebeliklerde Algılanan Stres Ölçeğinin KMO değeri 0,805 ve Bartlett test istatistiği 2346,678 (P < ,001) olarak elde edilmiştir. Üç faktörlü olarak oluşturulan ölçeğin toplam varyansı açıklanma oranı %40,15 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan analiz sonrası ölçekten 5 madde çıkarılmış ve Cronbach alfa değeri ,87 olarak bulunmuştur. Üç alt boyut ve 34 ifadeden oluşan ölçekte Alfa güvenirlik katsayısı en yüksek ,86 olarak Psikolojik alan alt boyutunda belirlenmiştir. Fizyolojik ve Sosyokültürel/ Gelişimsel/ Spritüel alan alt boyutlarının Cronbach Alfa güvenirlik katsayısı sırasıyla; ,67 ve ,73 olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Sonuç: Neuman Sistemler Modeli’nin yaşamsal alanlarına temellendirilen ölçeğin riskli gebeliklerde algılanan stresi ölçmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğu saptanmıştır

References

  • 1. Ölçer Z, Oskay Ü. Yüksek riskli gebelerin yaşadığı stresörler ve stresle baş etme yöntemleri. Hemşirelikte Eğitim Araştırma Derg. 2015;12(2):85-92.
  • 2. Jonsdottir SS, Thome M, Steingrimsdottir T, et al. Partner relationship, social support and perinatal distress among pregnant Icelandic women. Women Birth. 2017;30(1):e46-e55. [CrossRef]
  • 3. Glover V. Maternal depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy and child outcome; what needs to be done. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28(1):25-35. [CrossRef]
  • 4. Rice F, Harold GT, Boivin J, Van Den Bree M, Hay DF, Thapar A. The links between prenatal stress and offspring development and psychopathology: disentangling environmental and inherited influences. Psychol Med. 2010;40(2):335-345. [CrossRef]
  • 5. Teckenberg-Jansson P, Turunen S, Pölkki T, et al. Effects of live music therapy on heart rate variability and self-reported stress and anxiety among hospitalized pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. Nord J Music Ther. 2019;28(1):7-26. [CrossRef]
  • 6. Calderon-Margalit R, Qiu C, Ornoy A, Siscovick DS, Williams MA. Risk of preterm delivery and other adverse perinatal outcomes in relation to maternal use of psychotropic medications during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(6):e1-e579. [CrossRef]
  • 7. Arnon S. Music therapy for hospitalized pregnant women–the way to go forward. Nord J Music Ther. 2019;28(1):4-6. [CrossRef]
  • 8. Yu X, Liu Y, Huang Y, Zeng T. The effect of nonpharmacological interventions on the mental health of high-risk pregnant women: a systematic review. Complement Ther Med. 2022;64:102799. [CrossRef]
  • 9. Arslan S, Okcu G, Coşkun A, Temiz F. Women’s perception of pregnancy and the affecting factors. Arch Health Sci Res. 2019;6(1):179-192.
  • 10. Fawcett J. Contemporary nursing knowledge: analysis and evaluation of nursing models and theories. 2nd ed. Fa Davis; 2006.
  • 11. Neuman B, Reed KS. A Neuman systems model perspective on nursing in 2050. Nurs Sci Q. 2007;20(2):111-113. [CrossRef].
  • 12. Tomey AM, Alligood MR. Nursing theorists and their work. Mosby Elsevier; 2006.
  • 13. Masters K. Nursing theories: a framework for professional practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2014.
  • 14. Yost B, Abbott C, Thompson-Buckland S, Whitmoyer M, Miller K. Psychological stress and birth outcomes in Amish Women before and after the Nickel Mines shooting. J Amish Plain Anabaptist Stud. 2020;8(1):75-84.
  • 15. Bussières E-L, Tarabulsy GM, Pearson J, Tessier R, Forest J-C, Giguère Y. Maternal prenatal stress and infant birth weight and gestational age: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Dev Rev. 2015;36:179-199. [CrossRef]
  • 16. Esfandiari M, Faramarzi M, Nasiri-Amiri F, et al. Effect of supportive counseling on pregnancy-specific stress, general stress, and prenatal health behaviors: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns. 2020;103(11):2297-2304. [CrossRef]
  • 17. Gourounti K, Karpathiotaki N, Karapanou V, Antzaklis P, Daskalakis G. Validation of the High-Risk Pregnancy Stress Scale in a sample of hospitalized Greek high-risk pregnant women. Women Health. 2016;56(6):680-694. [CrossRef]
  • 18. Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Perra O, Alderdice F, et al. Psychometric validation of the Prenatal Distress Questionnaire (PDQ) in pregnant women in Spain. Women Health. 2019;59(8):937-952. [CrossRef]
  • 19. Alpar R. Applied Statistics and Validity-Reliability. Ankara: Detay Publishing; 2012.
  • 20. Tavşancıl E. Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS Ile Veri Analizi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık; 2018.
  • 21. Holness N. High-risk pregnancy. Nurs Clin North Am. Nursing Clinics. 2018;53(2):241-251. [CrossRef]
  • 22. RodriguesARM, RodriguesDP, VianaAB, Cabral LDS, da Silveira MAM. Nursing care in high-risk pregnancies: an integrative review. Online Braz J Nurs. 2016;15(3):472-483. [CrossRef]
  • 23. de Oliveira Azevedo R, Silvino ZR, Ferreira HC. Nursing guidelines with regard to high-risk pregnancy: a descriptive study. Online Braz J Nurs. 2013;12:623-625.
  • 24. Mercer RT, Ferketich SL, DeJoseph J, May KA, Sollid D. Effect of stress on family functioning during pregnancy. Nurs Res. 1988;37(5):268-275. [CrossRef]
  • 25. Davis LL. Instrument review: getting the most from a panel of experts. Appl Nurs Res. 1992;5(4):194-197. [CrossRef]
  • 26. George D, Mallery P. SPSS for windows. Needham Heights, MA: A Pearson Education; 2001.
  • 27. Karakoç A, Dönmez PDL. Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında temel ilkeler. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası. 2014;13(40):39-49. [CrossRef]
  • 28. Özdamar K. Ölçek ve test geliştirme yapısal eşitlik modellemesi IBM SPSS, IBM SPSS AMOS ve MINTAB uygulamalı. Eskişehir: Nisan Kitabevi; 2017:78-79.
  • 29. Çolakoğlu ÖM, Büyükekşi C. Açımlayıcı faktör analiz sürecini etkileyen unsurların değerlendirilmesi. Karaelmas Eğitim Bilimleri Derg. 2014;2(1):56-64.
  • 30. Hasançebi B, Terzi Y, Küçük Z. Madde güçlük indeksi ve madde ayırt edicilik indeksine dayalı çeldirici analizi. Gümüşhane Univ Fen Bilimleri Derg. 2020;10(1):224-240.
  • 31. Esin M. Data collection methods and tools & reliability and validity of data collection tools. Research Process in Nursing, Application and Critical İstanbul, Turkey: Nobel Medicine Book Houses. 2014:193-233.
  • 32. Yeşilyurt S, Çapraz C. Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında kullanılan kapsam geçerliği için bir yol haritası. Erzincan Univ Eğitim Fak Derg. 2018;20(1):251-264.
  • 33. Grove SK, Burns. The Practice of Nursing Research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Sounder & Elsevier; 2012.
  • 34. Ateşman E. Türkçe'de okunabilirliğin ölçülmesi. Dil Derg. 1997;58:(71-74).
  • 35. Atasever İ, Sis Çelik A. The validity and reliability of the Antenatal Perceived Stress Inventory Turkish version: a methodological study (Turkish version). Health Care Women Int. 2018;39(10):1140-1157. [CrossRef].
  • 36. Yaşlıoğlu MM. Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. Istanb Univ İşletme Fak Derg. 2017;46:74-85.
  • 37. Williams B, Onsman A, Brown T. Exploratory factor analysis: a fivestep guide for novices. Australas J Paramedicine. 2010;8(3).
  • 38. Samuels P. Advice on exploratory factor analysis; 2017.
  • 39. Scherer RF, Wiebe FA, Luther DC, Adams JS. Dimensionality of coping: factor stability using the ways of coping questionnaire. Psychol Rep. 1988;62(3):763-770. [CrossRef]
  • 40. Büyüköztürk Ş. Data analysis handbook for social sciences statistics, research pattern SPSS applications and interpretation. Pegem Academy; 2020.
  • 41. Çapık C, Gözüm S, Aksayan S. Intercultural scale adaptation stages, language and culture adaptation: updated guideline. Florence Nightingale J Nurs-Florence Nightingale Hemsirelik Derg. 2018;26(3):199-210. [CrossRef]
  • 42. Bujang MA, Omar ED, Baharum NA. A review on sample size determination for Cronbach’s alpha test: a simple guide for researchers. Malays J Med Sci MJMS. 2018;25(6):85-99. [CrossRef
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Nursing, Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ayşe Metin This is me 0000-0003-2261-4364

Özen Kulakaç This is me 0000-0002-3578-1244

Publication Date March 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

AMA Metin A, Kulakaç Ö. Riskli Gebeliklerde Algılanan Stres: Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması. Journal of Nursology. March 2023;26(1):67-75. doi:10.5152/JANHS.2023.22291

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