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Doğum Korkusu Yaşayan Annelerin Doğum Deneyimleri: Fenomenolojik Bir Çalışma

Year 2023, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 34 - 42, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.5152/JANHS.2023.138236

Abstract

Amaç: Her gebeye pozitif bir doğum deneyimi sunabilmek için kadınların doğum sürecine yönelik endişelerini, korkularını açığa çıkarmak ve bu doğrultuda bakım vermek önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı doğum endişesi yüksek olan kadınların doğum deneyimlerini açığa çıkarmaktır.

Yöntemler: Bu çalışma fenomenolojik yaklaşımla yürütülmüş nitel bir çalışmadır. Veriler Birey Tanıtım Formu, Oxford Doğum Endişesi Ölçeği ve Yarı Yapılandırılmış Derinlemesine Görüşme Formu kullanılarak, bireysel derinlemesine görüşme yöntemi ile İzmir’de bir eğitim araştırma hastanesinin kadın doğum kliniğinde toplanmıştır. Çalışmaya 18 yaş ve üzerinde olan, Türkçe konuşabilen ve anlayabilen, primipar, 37 42. gebelik haftası aralığında canlı vajinal doğum yapan, Oxford Doğum Endişesi Ölçeğinden 30 puanın altında puan almış olan anneler (24,00 ± 3,10) dâhil edilmiştir. Görüşmelere veri doygunluğuna ulaşılana kadar devam edilmiş olup, 13 anne ile çalışma tamamlanmıştır. Veri analizi için geleneksel içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır.

Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan kadınların yaş ortalaması 23,54 ± 4,03 yıldır. Kadınların hiçbirinin doğuma hazırlık sınıfına katılmadığı, ortalama doğum süresinin 7,46 ± 3,84 saat olduğu, %61,5’ine indüksiyon, tümüne ise epizyotomi uygulandığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada nitel verilerin içerik analizi sonucunda ‘Etkileyen Faktörler’, ‘Ambivalan Duygular’, ‘Akılda Kalanlar’ ve ‘Tercihler/Talepler’ olmak üzere dört ana ve sekiz alt tema belirlenmiştir. Katılımcılarda doğum deneyimini fiziksel ortam, bilgi düzeyi, doğuma ilişkin beklenti ve duyumlar gibi birçok faktörün etkilediği, doğum sürecinde ambivalan duyguların hâkim olduğu bulunmuştur. Kadınların çoğu bebeğine kavuşma anı ve doğum ağrısının aklında yer ettiğini, yanlarında eşlerinin olmasını istediğini ve tüm zorluklara rağmen ileride tekrar vajinal doğum yapmak istediklerini ifade etmiştir.

Sonuç: Çalışma sonucunda doğum deneyimini etkileyen faktörler göz önünde bulundurularak kadınların pozitif bir doğum deneyimi için antenatal dönemde doğuma hazırlık sınıflarına katılmaları yönünde teşvik edilmelidir.

References

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  • 22. Baltacı A. Nitel araştırma süreci: Nitel bir araştırma nasıl yapılır? AHI Evran Univ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Derg. 2019;5(2):426-438. [CrossRef]
  • 23. Tekindal M, Nitel UArsu Ş. Araştırma yöntemi olarak fenomenolojik yaklaşımın kapsamı ve sürecine yönelik bir derleme. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Derg. 2020;20(1):153-172.
  • 24. Suwanrath C, Chunuan S, Matemanosak P, Pinjaroen S. Why do pregnant women prefer cesarean birth? A qualitative study in a tertiary care center in Southern Thailand. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):1-6. [CrossRef]
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  • 27. Temizkan E, Mete S. Determination of the factors affecting the birth style preferences of primiparas. J Educ Res Nurs. 2020;17(2):112-119. [CrossRef]
  • 28. Aktaş S, Erkek Yılar Z Annelerin vajinal doğumu tercih etme nedenlerinin incelenmesi: Bir nitel araştırma örneği. Gümüşhane Univ Sağlık Bilimleri Derg . 2018;7(1):111-124.
  • 29. Akalin A, Şahin S. Nulliparous women’s birth perceptions and experiences for mode of birth preference: a qualitative descriptive study. Int J Caring Sci. 2021;14(2):1000-1008.
  • 30. Coates D, Thirukumar P, Spear V, Brown G, Henry A. What are women’s mode of birth preferences and why? A systematic scoping review. Women Birth. 2020;33(4):323-333. [CrossRef]
  • 31. Dogra P, Sharma R. Preferences of pregnant women regarding mode of delivery: a questionnaire based study. Int J Sci Rep. 2017;3(11):292- 295. [CrossRef]
  • 32. Rahnama P, Mohammadi K, Montazeri A. Salient beliefs towards vaginal delivery in pregnant women: a qualitative study from Iran. Reprod Health. 2016;13(1):1-8. [CrossRef]
  • 33. Serçekuş P, Egelioglu Cetisli N, İnci FH. Birth preferences by nulliparous women and their partners in Turkey. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2015;6(3):182-185. [CrossRef]
  • 34. Mukamurigo JU, Berg M, Ntaganira J, Nyirazinyoye L, Dencker A. Associations between perceptions of care and women’s childbirth experience: a population-based cross-sectional study in Rwanda. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):181. [CrossRef]
  • 35. Hosseini Tabaghdehi M, Keramat A, Kolahdozan S, Shahhosseini Z, Moosazadeh M, Motaghi Z. Positive childbirth experience: a qualitative study. Nurs Open. 2020;7(4):1233-1238. [CrossRef]
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Birth Experiences of the Mothers Who Have Fear of Birth: A Phenomenological Study

Year 2023, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 34 - 42, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.5152/JANHS.2023.138236

Abstract

Objective: In order to provide a positive birth experience to every pregnant woman, it is important to reveal women’s concerns and fears about the birth process and to provide care in this direction. The purpose of this study is to reveal the birth experiences of women who have high birth anxiety.

Methods: This study is a qualitative study conducted with a phenomenological approach. Data were collected in the obstetrics clinic of a training and research hospital in Izmir by individual in-depth interview method using the Individual Description Form, Oxford Worries About Labour Scale, and Semi-Structured In-depth Interview Form. Mothers who were 18 years of age and older could speak and understand Turkish, were primiparous, had a live vaginal delivery between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation, and scored less than 30 (24.00 ± 3.10) on the Oxford Worries About Labour Scale were included in the study. Interviews continued until data saturation was reached, and the study was completed with 13 mothers. Traditional content analysis method was used for data analysis.

Results: The mean age of the women participating in the study was 23.54 ± 4.03 years. It was determined that none of the women attended the childbirth preparation class, the mean delivery time was 7.46 ± 3.84 hours, and induction was applied to 61.5% and episiotomy was applied to all of them. In this study, as a result of the content analysis of the qualitative data obtained from the study, 4 main themes were determined as “Influencing Factors,” “Ambivalent Emotions,” “Memorables,” and “Preferences/Demands” and 8 sub-themes were determined. It was found that many factors such as physical environment, level of knowledge, expectation, and sensations about birth affect the birth experience of the participants, and ambivalent emotions dominate during the birth process. Most of the women stated that moment of reunion with their baby and the pain of childbirth are on their minds, they wanted their husbands with them, and they wanted to have a vaginal birth again in the future despite all the difficulties.

Conclusion: Considering the factors affecting the birth experience as a result of the study, women should be encouraged to attend antenatal preparation classes for a positive birth experience.

References

  • 1. Mortazavi F, Akaberi A. Worries of pregnant women: testing the Farsi Cambridge worry Scale. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016:5791560. [CrossRef]
  • 2. Aguilera-Martín Á, Gálvez-Lara M, Blanco-Ruiz M, García-Torres F. Psychological, educational, and alternative interventions for reducing fear of childbirth in pregnant women: a systematic review. J Clin Psychol. 2021;77(3):525-555. [CrossRef]
  • 3. O’Connell MA, Khashan AS, Leahy-Warren P, Stewart F, O’Neill SM. Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;7(7):CD013321. [CrossRef]
  • 4. Nilsson C, Hessman E, Sjöblom H, et al. Definitions, measurements and prevalence of fear of childbirth: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):1-15. [CrossRef]
  • 5. Ternström E, Hildingsson I, Haines H, Rubertsson C. Pregnant women’s thoughts when assessing fear of birth on the Fear of Birth Scale. Women Birth. 2016;29(3):e44-e49. [CrossRef]
  • 6. Wigert H, Nilsson C, Dencker A, et al. Women’s experiences of fear of childbirth: a metasynthesis of qualitative studies. Int J Qual Stud Health Well Being. 2020;15(1):1704484. [CrossRef]
  • 7. Hildingsson I, Rubertsson C. Childbirth experiences among women with fear of birth randomized to internet-based cognitive therapy or midwife counseling. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;41(3):205-214. [CrossRef]
  • 8. Çankaya S, Şimşek B. Effects of antenatal education on fear of birth,ndepression, anxiety, childbirth self-efficacy, and mode of delivery in primiparous pregnant women: a prospective randomized controlled study. Clin Nurs Res. 2021;30(6):818-829. [CrossRef]
  • 9. Junge C, von Soest T, Weidner K, Seidler A, Eberhard-Gran M, Garthus-Niegel S. Labor pain in women with and without severe fear of childbirth: a population-based, longitudinal study. Birth. 2018;45(4):469-477. [CrossRef]
  • 10. DenckerA, Nilsson C, Begley C, et al. Causes and outcomes in studies of fear of childbirth: a systematic review. Women Birth. 2019;32(2):99-111. [CrossRef]
  • 11. Johansson C, Finnbogadóttir H. First-time mothers’ satisfaction with their birth experience - a cross-sectional study. Midwifery. 2019;79:102540. [CrossRef]
  • 12. McKelvin G, Thomson G, Downe S. The childbirth experience: a systematic review of predictors and outcomes. Women Birth. 2021;34(5):407-416. [CrossRef]
  • 13. Miller YD, Danoy-Monet M. Reproducing fear: the effect of birth stories on nulligravid women’s birth preferences. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):1-13. [CrossRef]
  • 14. Golmakani N, Gholami M, Shaghaghi F, Safinejad H, Kamali Z, Mohebbi-Dehnavi Z. Relationship between fear of childbirth and the sense of cohesion with the attachment of pregnant mothers to the fetus. J Educ Health Promot. 2020;9(1):261. [CrossRef]
  • 15. Aslan Ş. Doğum yapmak için hastaneye başvuran primipar kadınların beklentileri ve doğum sürecinde yaşadıkları; 2016. https://acikerisim. medipol.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12511/6908. Accessed October 3, 2022.
  • 16. Barut S, Uçar T. Gebelerde doğum öz yeterlilik algısının doğum korkusu ile ilişkisi. Mersin Univ Sağlık Bilimleri Derg. 2018:107-115. [CrossRef]
  • 17. Yılmaz S. Doğum beklentisi ile yaşanılan doğum deneyimi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi; 2017. Available at: http://aba kus.inonu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11616/8641. Accessed October 3, 2022.
  • 18. Kızılkaya S. Sezaryen ya da normal spontan doğum yapan primiparlarda doğum deneyiminin doğum sonu yaşam kalitesine etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi; 2013.
  • 19. Redshaw M, Martin C, Rowe R, Hockley C. The Oxford Worries about Labour Scale: women’s experience and measurement characteristics of a measure of maternal concern about labour and birth. Psychol Health Med. 2009;14(3):354-366. [CrossRef]
  • 20. Aksoy YE, Özentürk MG. Oxford Doğum Endişesi Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Geçerlilik Güvenirliliği. Turk Klin J Health Sci. 2016;1(3):170-183. [CrossRef]
  • 21. Yıldırım A, Şimşek H. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. 12th ed. Yıldırım A, Şimşek H, eds. Seçkin Yayıncılık; 2021.
  • 22. Baltacı A. Nitel araştırma süreci: Nitel bir araştırma nasıl yapılır? AHI Evran Univ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Derg. 2019;5(2):426-438. [CrossRef]
  • 23. Tekindal M, Nitel UArsu Ş. Araştırma yöntemi olarak fenomenolojik yaklaşımın kapsamı ve sürecine yönelik bir derleme. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Derg. 2020;20(1):153-172.
  • 24. Suwanrath C, Chunuan S, Matemanosak P, Pinjaroen S. Why do pregnant women prefer cesarean birth? A qualitative study in a tertiary care center in Southern Thailand. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):1-6. [CrossRef]
  • 25. Larsson B, Karlström A, Rubertsson C, et al. Birth preference in women undergoing treatment for childbirth fear: A randomised controlled trial. Women Birth. 2017;30(6):460-467. [CrossRef]
  • 26. Ryding EL, Lukasse M, Parys AS van, et al. Fear of childbirth and risk of cesarean delivery: a cohort study in six European countries. Birth. 2015;42(1):48-55. [CrossRef]
  • 27. Temizkan E, Mete S. Determination of the factors affecting the birth style preferences of primiparas. J Educ Res Nurs. 2020;17(2):112-119. [CrossRef]
  • 28. Aktaş S, Erkek Yılar Z Annelerin vajinal doğumu tercih etme nedenlerinin incelenmesi: Bir nitel araştırma örneği. Gümüşhane Univ Sağlık Bilimleri Derg . 2018;7(1):111-124.
  • 29. Akalin A, Şahin S. Nulliparous women’s birth perceptions and experiences for mode of birth preference: a qualitative descriptive study. Int J Caring Sci. 2021;14(2):1000-1008.
  • 30. Coates D, Thirukumar P, Spear V, Brown G, Henry A. What are women’s mode of birth preferences and why? A systematic scoping review. Women Birth. 2020;33(4):323-333. [CrossRef]
  • 31. Dogra P, Sharma R. Preferences of pregnant women regarding mode of delivery: a questionnaire based study. Int J Sci Rep. 2017;3(11):292- 295. [CrossRef]
  • 32. Rahnama P, Mohammadi K, Montazeri A. Salient beliefs towards vaginal delivery in pregnant women: a qualitative study from Iran. Reprod Health. 2016;13(1):1-8. [CrossRef]
  • 33. Serçekuş P, Egelioglu Cetisli N, İnci FH. Birth preferences by nulliparous women and their partners in Turkey. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2015;6(3):182-185. [CrossRef]
  • 34. Mukamurigo JU, Berg M, Ntaganira J, Nyirazinyoye L, Dencker A. Associations between perceptions of care and women’s childbirth experience: a population-based cross-sectional study in Rwanda. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):181. [CrossRef]
  • 35. Hosseini Tabaghdehi M, Keramat A, Kolahdozan S, Shahhosseini Z, Moosazadeh M, Motaghi Z. Positive childbirth experience: a qualitative study. Nurs Open. 2020;7(4):1233-1238. [CrossRef]
  • 36. Emelonye AU, Pitkäaho T, Aregbesola A, Vehviläinen-Julkunen K. Women’s perceptions of spousal relevance in childbirth pain relief in four Nigerian hospitals. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2017;12:128-132. [CrossRef]
  • 37. Henriksen L, Grimsrud E, Schei B, Lukasse M, Bidens Study Group. Factors related to a negative birth experience - A mixed methods study. Midwifery. 2017;51:33-39. [CrossRef]
  • 38. Timur Taşhan S, Duru Y. Views on spousal support during delivery: a Turkey experience. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):1-6. [CrossRef]
  • 39. World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience; 2018. Accessed October 3, 2022. Available at: https://books.google.com/bookshl=tr&lr=&id=hHOyDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=WHO+recommendations+Intrapartum+care+for+a+positive+childbirth+experience&ots=edCo_iGATf&sig=VK7-nPH36e8GnbK7IvT1Gl78vdY.
  • 40. Gao LL, Liu XJ, Fu BL, Xie W. Predictors of childbirth fear among pregnant Chinese women: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Midwifery. 2015;31(9):865-870. [CrossRef]
  • 41. Serçekuş P, Vardar O, Özkan S. Fear of childbirth among pregnant women and their partners in Turkey. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2020;24:100501. [CrossRef]
  • 42. Şahin S, GülerDS, Özdemir K, Ünsal A. Gebelerde Doğum ile ilgili Bilgi Düzeyi ve Doğum Korkusunun Değerlendirilmesi. Bakırköy Tıp Derg. 2019;15(1):5-14.
  • 43. Tok A, Sakallıoğlu H. Is pregnant schools an effective application in reducing fear of birth? Kafkas J Med Sci. 2021;11(1):52-56. [CrossRef]
  • 44. Hansen ML, Lorentzen IP, Andersen CS, et al. The effect on the birth experience of women and partners of giving birth in a “birth environment room”: A secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2022;112:103424. [CrossRef]
  • 45. Mondy T, Fenwick J, Leap N, Foureur M. How domesticity dictates behaviour in the birth space: lessons for designing birth environments in institutions wanting to promote a positive experience of birth. Midwifery. 2016;43:37-47. [CrossRef]
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There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Nursing, Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Seda Çetin Avcı 0000-0002-3099-4953

Gülşen Işık This is me 0000-0002-0270-2415

Nuray Egelioğlu Cetişli This is me 0000-0001-6194-3131

Publication Date March 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 26 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Çetin Avcı S, Işık G, Egelioğlu Cetişli N. Doğum Korkusu Yaşayan Annelerin Doğum Deneyimleri: Fenomenolojik Bir Çalışma. Journal of Nursology. March 2023;26(1):34-42. doi:10.5152/JANHS.2023.138236

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