Research Article
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The Effect of a Musical Toy on Preschool Children’s Pain and Anxiety During Blood Collection

Year 2023, Volume: 26 Issue: 3, 219 - 225, 11.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.5152/JANHS.2023.23340

Abstract

Objective: This study examined the effect of providing a lighted, rotating musical toy on preschool children’s pain and anxiety during a blood collection procedure.
Methods: The randomized controlled study was conducted on a sample of children aged 4-6 years who applied to the blood collection unit of a state hospital in Turkey from July 1 through August 1, 2022. The data were obtained from 95 children who met the research criteria (48 in the control group and 47 in the intervention group). Stratification and block randomization methods were used to determine the experimental and control groups. The variables of gender and fear of interference were used in the stratification of the children. The Family and Child Information Form, Child Fear and Anxiety Inventory, and Wong–Baker Facial Expression Rating Scale were used to collect the data.
Results: The pain scores of the children in the experimental group were found to be lower (1.42 ± 1.05) than those in the control group (2.81 ± 1.23), and the result was statistically significant (P < .001). During the procedure, the mean Child Fear and Anxiety Inventory score of the children in the experimental group (1.21 ± 0.97) was lower than that of the control group (2.72 ± 1.10), and the difference was statistically significant (P < .001).
Conclusion: This study found that providing a lighted, rotating musical toy to children aged 4-6 during blood collection effectively reduced their pain and anxiety. In line with these results, it is recommended that nurses and parents use such a toy in blood collection units to reduce pain and anxiety in children.

References

  • 1. Eldridge C, Kennedy R. Nonpharmacologic techniques for distress reduction during emergency medical care: a review. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2010;11(4):244-250. [CrossRef]
  • 2. Kennedy RM, Luhmann J, Zempsky WT. Clinical implications of unmanaged needle-insertion pain and distress in children. Pediat- rics. 2008;122(suppl 3):S130-133. [CrossRef]
  • 3. Cohen LL. Behavioral approaches to anxiety and pain management for pediatric venous access. Pediatrics. 2008;122(suppl 3):S134-S139. [CrossRef]
  • 4. Monroe RA. Health promotion of the preschooler and family. Wong’s Essentials Pediatr Nurs. 2009:437-452.
  • 5. Arıkan A, Esenay FI. Active and passive distraction interventions in a pediatric emergency department to reduce the pain and anxiety during venous blood sampling: a randomized clinical trial. J Emerg Nurs. 2020;46(6):779-790. [CrossRef]
  • 6. Karaca TN, Cevik Guner U. The effect of music-moving toys to reduce fear and anxiety in preschool children undergoing intravenous insertion in a pediatric emergency department: a randomized clinical trial. J Emerg Nurs. 2022;48(1):32-44. [CrossRef]
  • 7. Williams A, Ishimine P. Non-pharmacologic management of pain and anxiety in the pediatric patient. Curr Emerg Hosp Med Rep. 2016;4(1):26-31. [CrossRef]
  • 8. Bice AA, Wyatt TH. Holistic comfort interventions for pediatric nursing procedures: a systematic review. J Holist Nurs. 2017;35(3):280- 295. [CrossRef]
  • 9. Koller D, Goldman RD. Distraction techniques for children undergoing procedures: a critical review of pediatric research. J Pediatr Nurs.2012;27(6):652-681. [CrossRef]
  • 10. Chen YJ, Cheng SF, Lee PC, Lai CH, Hou IC, Chen CW. Distraction using virtual reality for children during intravenous injections in an emergency department: a randomised trial. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29(3-4):503-510. [CrossRef]
  • 11. Van Der Heijden MJE, Mevius H, Van Der Heijde N, Van Rosmalen J, van As S, Van, van Dijk M. Children listening to music or watching cartoons during ER procedures: a RCT. J Pediatr Psychol. 2019; 44(10):1151-1162. [CrossRef]
  • 12. Inan G, Inal S. The impact of 3 different distraction techniques on the pain and anxiety levels of children during venipuncture: a clinical trial. Clin J Pain. 2019;35(2):140-147. [CrossRef]
  • 13. Erdogan B, Aytekin Ozdemir A. The effect of three different methods on venipuncture pain and anxiety in children: distraction cards, virtual reality, and Buzzy® (randomized controlled trial). J Pediatr Nurs. 2021;58:e54-e62. [CrossRef]
  • 14. Sarman A, Sarman E. A magical touch in pediatric nursing-ventriloquism as a distraction and play method and its effect on hospitalised children. Ordu Univ J Nurs Stud. 2022;5(1):125-131. [CrossRef]
  • 15. Wong CL, Ip WY, Kwok BMC, Choi KC, Ng BKW, Chan CWH. Effects of therapeutic play on children undergoing cast-removal procedures: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2018;8(7):e021071. [CrossRef]
  • 16. Delfini G, Pereira RROO de, Melo LL, Garcia APRF. The act of playing as a signifier for the application of the dramatic Therapeutic Toy performed by the nurse: theoretical reflection. Rev Bras Enferm. 2021;75(2):e20210062. [CrossRef]
  • 17. Da Silva JRS, Pizzoli LML, Amorim ARdo P, et al. Using therapeutic toys to facilitate venipuncture procedure in preschool children. Pediatr Nurs. 2016;42(2):61-68.
  • 18. Hillgrove-Stuart J, Pillai Riddell RP, Horton R, Greenberg S. Toy-mediated distraction: clarifying the role of distraction agent and preneedle distress in toddlers. Pain Res Manag. 2013;18(4):197-202.[CrossRef]
  • 19. Ullán AM, Belver MH, Fernández E, Lorente F, Badía M, Fernández B. The effect of a program to promote play to reduce children’s post-surgical pain: with plush toys, it hurts less. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014;15(1):273-282. [CrossRef]
  • 20. Çapık C. Statistical power analysis and it’s use in nursing studies: basic information. J Nursology. 2014;17:268-274.
  • 21. Shields BJ, Palermo TM, Powers JD, Grewe SD, Smith GA. Predictors of a child’s ability to use a visual analogue scale. Child Care Health Dev. 2003;29(4):281-290. [CrossRef]
  • 22. Wong DL, Baker CM. Pain in children: comparison of assessment scales. Pediatr Nurs. 1988;14(1):9-17.
  • 23. Ersig AL, Kleiber C, McCarthy AM, Hanrahan K. Validation of a clinically useful measure of children’s state anxiety before medical procedures. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2013;18(4):311-319. [CrossRef]
  • 24. McMurtry CM, Noel M, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ. Children’s fear during procedural pain: preliminary investigation of the Children’s Fear Scale. Health Psychol. 2011;30(6):780-788. [CrossRef]
  • 25. Gerçeker GÖ, Dijle AYAR, Özdemir Z, Bektaş M. Gaining of children’s state anxiety and children’s fear scale to Turkish language. E-J Dokuz Eylul Univ Nurs Fac. 2018;11(1):9-13.
  • 26. Lilik Lestari MP, Wanda D, Hayati H. The effectiveness of distraction (cartoon-patterned clothes and bubble-blowing) on pain and anxiety in preschool children during venipuncture in the emergency department. Compr Child Adolesc Nurs. 2017;40(sup1):22-28. [CrossRef]
  • 27. Koç Özkan T, Polat F. The effect of virtual reality and kaleidoscope on pain and anxiety levels during venipuncture in children. J Perianesth Nurs. 2020;35(2):206-211. [CrossRef]
  • 28. Bergomi P, Scudeller L, Pintaldi S, Dal Molin AD. Efficacy of non-pharmacological methods of pain management in children undergoing venipuncture in a pediatric outpatient clinic: a randomized controlled trial of audiovisual distraction and external cold and vibration. J Pediatr Nurs. 2018;42:e66-e72. [CrossRef]
  • 29. Gates M, Hartling L, Shulhan-Kilroy J et al. Digital technology distraction for acute pain in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2020; 145(2). [CrossRef]
  • 30. Gao XL, Liu Y, Tian S, Zhang DQ, Wu QP. Effect of interesting games on relief of preoperative anxiety in preschool children. Int J Nurs Sci. 2014;1(1):89-92. [CrossRef]
  • 31. García-Aracil N, Ramos-Pichardo JD, Castejón-De La Encina ME, José-Alcaide L, Juliá-Sanchís R, Sanjuan-Quiles Á. Effectiveness of non-pharmacological measures for reducing pain and fear in children during venipuncture in the emergency department: a vibrating cold devices versus distraction. Emergencias. 2018;30(3):182-185.
  • 32. Gerçeker GÖ, Binay Ş, Bilsin E, Kahraman A, Yılmaz HB. Effects of virtual reality and external cold and vibration on pain in 7- to 12-year old children during phlebotomy: a randomized controlled trial. J Perianesth Nurs. 2018;33(6):981-989. [CrossRef]

Okul Öncesi Dönem Çocuklarında Kan Alma İşlemi Sırasında Işıklı Dönen Müzikli Oyuncağın Ağrı ve Anksiyeteye Etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 26 Issue: 3, 219 - 225, 11.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.5152/JANHS.2023.23340

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırma, okul öncesi dönem çocuklarında kan alma işlemi sırasında uygulanan ışıklı dönen müzikli oyuncağın ağrı ve anksiyete üzerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Yöntemler: Araştırma randomize kontrollü olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın evrenini 1 Temmuz- 1 Ağustos 2022 tarihleri arasında Türkiye’de bir devlet hastanesinde, kan alma birimine
başvuran 4-6 yaş arası çocuklar oluşturmuştur. Örneklemini ise belirtilen tarihler arasında kan alma birimine başvuran ve araştırma kriterlerine uyan 95 çocuk oluşturmuştur. Veriler 95 çocuk-
tan (kontrol grubunda 48, ışıklı dönen müzikli oyuncak grubu 47) elde edilmiştir. Deney ve kontrol grupların belirlenmesinde “tabakalandırma ve bloklu randomizasyon yöntemleri” kullanılmıştır.
Çocukların tabakalandırılmasında cinsiyet ve girişimden korkma durumu değişkeni kullanılmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında, Aile ve Çocuk Bilgi Formu, Çocuk Korku ve Anksiyete Ölçeği ve Wong-
Baker Yüz İfadelerini Derecelendirme Ölçeği kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Araştırmada işlem sırasında deney grubundaki çocukların ağrı puan ortalamaları (1,42 ± 1,05) kontrol grubuna göre (2,81 ± 1,23) düşük ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (P <,001). İşlem sırasında deney grubundaki çocukların Çocuk Korku ve Anksiyete Ölçeği puan ortalaması (1,21 ± 0,97) kontrol grubuna göre (2,72 ± 1,10) düşük ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (P <,001).
Sonuç: Bu araştırma sonucunda kan alma işlemi sırasında 4-6 yaş grubu çocuklarında uygulanan ışıklı dönen müzikli oyuncağın çocuklarda ağrı ve anksiyetenin azalmasında etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda, kan alma birimlerinde çocuklarda ağrı ve anksiyeteyi azaltmak için hemşireler ve ebeveynler tarafından ışıklı müzikli dönen oyuncağın kullanılması önerilmektedir.

References

  • 1. Eldridge C, Kennedy R. Nonpharmacologic techniques for distress reduction during emergency medical care: a review. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2010;11(4):244-250. [CrossRef]
  • 2. Kennedy RM, Luhmann J, Zempsky WT. Clinical implications of unmanaged needle-insertion pain and distress in children. Pediat- rics. 2008;122(suppl 3):S130-133. [CrossRef]
  • 3. Cohen LL. Behavioral approaches to anxiety and pain management for pediatric venous access. Pediatrics. 2008;122(suppl 3):S134-S139. [CrossRef]
  • 4. Monroe RA. Health promotion of the preschooler and family. Wong’s Essentials Pediatr Nurs. 2009:437-452.
  • 5. Arıkan A, Esenay FI. Active and passive distraction interventions in a pediatric emergency department to reduce the pain and anxiety during venous blood sampling: a randomized clinical trial. J Emerg Nurs. 2020;46(6):779-790. [CrossRef]
  • 6. Karaca TN, Cevik Guner U. The effect of music-moving toys to reduce fear and anxiety in preschool children undergoing intravenous insertion in a pediatric emergency department: a randomized clinical trial. J Emerg Nurs. 2022;48(1):32-44. [CrossRef]
  • 7. Williams A, Ishimine P. Non-pharmacologic management of pain and anxiety in the pediatric patient. Curr Emerg Hosp Med Rep. 2016;4(1):26-31. [CrossRef]
  • 8. Bice AA, Wyatt TH. Holistic comfort interventions for pediatric nursing procedures: a systematic review. J Holist Nurs. 2017;35(3):280- 295. [CrossRef]
  • 9. Koller D, Goldman RD. Distraction techniques for children undergoing procedures: a critical review of pediatric research. J Pediatr Nurs.2012;27(6):652-681. [CrossRef]
  • 10. Chen YJ, Cheng SF, Lee PC, Lai CH, Hou IC, Chen CW. Distraction using virtual reality for children during intravenous injections in an emergency department: a randomised trial. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29(3-4):503-510. [CrossRef]
  • 11. Van Der Heijden MJE, Mevius H, Van Der Heijde N, Van Rosmalen J, van As S, Van, van Dijk M. Children listening to music or watching cartoons during ER procedures: a RCT. J Pediatr Psychol. 2019; 44(10):1151-1162. [CrossRef]
  • 12. Inan G, Inal S. The impact of 3 different distraction techniques on the pain and anxiety levels of children during venipuncture: a clinical trial. Clin J Pain. 2019;35(2):140-147. [CrossRef]
  • 13. Erdogan B, Aytekin Ozdemir A. The effect of three different methods on venipuncture pain and anxiety in children: distraction cards, virtual reality, and Buzzy® (randomized controlled trial). J Pediatr Nurs. 2021;58:e54-e62. [CrossRef]
  • 14. Sarman A, Sarman E. A magical touch in pediatric nursing-ventriloquism as a distraction and play method and its effect on hospitalised children. Ordu Univ J Nurs Stud. 2022;5(1):125-131. [CrossRef]
  • 15. Wong CL, Ip WY, Kwok BMC, Choi KC, Ng BKW, Chan CWH. Effects of therapeutic play on children undergoing cast-removal procedures: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2018;8(7):e021071. [CrossRef]
  • 16. Delfini G, Pereira RROO de, Melo LL, Garcia APRF. The act of playing as a signifier for the application of the dramatic Therapeutic Toy performed by the nurse: theoretical reflection. Rev Bras Enferm. 2021;75(2):e20210062. [CrossRef]
  • 17. Da Silva JRS, Pizzoli LML, Amorim ARdo P, et al. Using therapeutic toys to facilitate venipuncture procedure in preschool children. Pediatr Nurs. 2016;42(2):61-68.
  • 18. Hillgrove-Stuart J, Pillai Riddell RP, Horton R, Greenberg S. Toy-mediated distraction: clarifying the role of distraction agent and preneedle distress in toddlers. Pain Res Manag. 2013;18(4):197-202.[CrossRef]
  • 19. Ullán AM, Belver MH, Fernández E, Lorente F, Badía M, Fernández B. The effect of a program to promote play to reduce children’s post-surgical pain: with plush toys, it hurts less. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014;15(1):273-282. [CrossRef]
  • 20. Çapık C. Statistical power analysis and it’s use in nursing studies: basic information. J Nursology. 2014;17:268-274.
  • 21. Shields BJ, Palermo TM, Powers JD, Grewe SD, Smith GA. Predictors of a child’s ability to use a visual analogue scale. Child Care Health Dev. 2003;29(4):281-290. [CrossRef]
  • 22. Wong DL, Baker CM. Pain in children: comparison of assessment scales. Pediatr Nurs. 1988;14(1):9-17.
  • 23. Ersig AL, Kleiber C, McCarthy AM, Hanrahan K. Validation of a clinically useful measure of children’s state anxiety before medical procedures. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2013;18(4):311-319. [CrossRef]
  • 24. McMurtry CM, Noel M, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ. Children’s fear during procedural pain: preliminary investigation of the Children’s Fear Scale. Health Psychol. 2011;30(6):780-788. [CrossRef]
  • 25. Gerçeker GÖ, Dijle AYAR, Özdemir Z, Bektaş M. Gaining of children’s state anxiety and children’s fear scale to Turkish language. E-J Dokuz Eylul Univ Nurs Fac. 2018;11(1):9-13.
  • 26. Lilik Lestari MP, Wanda D, Hayati H. The effectiveness of distraction (cartoon-patterned clothes and bubble-blowing) on pain and anxiety in preschool children during venipuncture in the emergency department. Compr Child Adolesc Nurs. 2017;40(sup1):22-28. [CrossRef]
  • 27. Koç Özkan T, Polat F. The effect of virtual reality and kaleidoscope on pain and anxiety levels during venipuncture in children. J Perianesth Nurs. 2020;35(2):206-211. [CrossRef]
  • 28. Bergomi P, Scudeller L, Pintaldi S, Dal Molin AD. Efficacy of non-pharmacological methods of pain management in children undergoing venipuncture in a pediatric outpatient clinic: a randomized controlled trial of audiovisual distraction and external cold and vibration. J Pediatr Nurs. 2018;42:e66-e72. [CrossRef]
  • 29. Gates M, Hartling L, Shulhan-Kilroy J et al. Digital technology distraction for acute pain in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2020; 145(2). [CrossRef]
  • 30. Gao XL, Liu Y, Tian S, Zhang DQ, Wu QP. Effect of interesting games on relief of preoperative anxiety in preschool children. Int J Nurs Sci. 2014;1(1):89-92. [CrossRef]
  • 31. García-Aracil N, Ramos-Pichardo JD, Castejón-De La Encina ME, José-Alcaide L, Juliá-Sanchís R, Sanjuan-Quiles Á. Effectiveness of non-pharmacological measures for reducing pain and fear in children during venipuncture in the emergency department: a vibrating cold devices versus distraction. Emergencias. 2018;30(3):182-185.
  • 32. Gerçeker GÖ, Binay Ş, Bilsin E, Kahraman A, Yılmaz HB. Effects of virtual reality and external cold and vibration on pain in 7- to 12-year old children during phlebotomy: a randomized controlled trial. J Perianesth Nurs. 2018;33(6):981-989. [CrossRef]
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pediatric Health and Illnesses Nursing, Nursing (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Fatma Kurudirek 0000-0002-5829-2400

Zeynep Demir İmamoğlu 0000-0002-4586-7455

Sümeyye Ekici 0000-0001-5007-695X

Early Pub Date September 21, 2023
Publication Date September 11, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 26 Issue: 3

Cite

AMA Kurudirek F, Demir İmamoğlu Z, Ekici S. The Effect of a Musical Toy on Preschool Children’s Pain and Anxiety During Blood Collection. Journal of Nursology. September 2023;26(3):219-225. doi:10.5152/JANHS.2023.23340

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