Türkiye’de emekli bireylerin iş yaşamlarına yeniden dönmelerine ilişkin sosyoekonomik nedenler

Serdar Çakan; Benan Gök

Research Article

Socioeconomic reasons for the return of retired individuals to their working lives in Türkiye

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 97 - 110, 31.07.2022

Serdar Çakan , Benan Gök

Abstract

Due to longer life expectancies and lower fertility rates, many different countries face the financial and psychologi-cal concerns and limited demand of workforce problems due to having an aging population. The desire of older individuals to continue their working life after retirement is seen as an important way to combat these difficulties. In recent years, organizations have begun to realize that it is necessary to adjust workplace practices to be more inclusive in order for retired individuals to continue their working lives. However, there are relatively few empiri-cal studies investigating the effects on older people’s intention to rework after retirement. The findings of the few empirical studies in the literature lead to determining which factors are effective in encouraging retirees to conti-nue working. The aim of this research is to determine what factors affect the decisions of indefinite participation in the labor force of elderly individuals who return to occupational life. The sample of this research consists of participants who are living in the cities of Istanbul, Sakarya and Kocaeli and continuing to work after retirement. It is aimed to reach empirical findings by evaluating the collected data with descriptive and content analysis. With this research, effective results were obtained through sub-themes titled “perceptions related to career/age relations-hip”, “loss of income/purchasing power”, “social status/reputation” and “personal physical and mental health”. It is expected that the obtained results will contribute to improvements in the relevant labor law and Social Security Institution (SGK) legislation.

Keywords

Senior workforce, aging workforce, pension, qualitative research

References

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ARMSTRONG‐STASSEN, M. & URSEL, N.D. (2009). Perceived Organizational Support, Career Satisfaction, and The Retention of Older Workers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 82(1), 201-220.
ARMSTRONG-STASSEN, M. (2008). Organisational Practices and The Post-Retirement Employment Experience of Older Workers. Human Resource Management Journal. 18(1), 36-53.
BAL, P.M. & VISSER, M.S. (2011). When Are Teachers Motivated to Work beyond Retirement Age? The Importance of Support, Change of Work Role and Money. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. 39(5), 590-602.
BARBOSA, L.M., MONTEİRO, B. & MURTA, S.G. (2016). Retirement Adjustment Predictors: A Systematic Review. Work, Aging and Retirement. 2(2), 262-219.
BEEHR, T.A. (1986). The Process of Retirement: A Review and Recommendation for Future Investigation. Personnel Psychology. 39, 31-55.
BEEHR, T.A., GLAZER, S., NIELSON, N.L. & FARMER, S.J. (2000). Work and Nonwork Predictors of Employees’ Retirement Ages. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 57, 206-225.
BROOKE, L. & TAYLOR, P. (2005). Older Workers and Employment: Managing Age Relations. Ageing and Society. 25(3), 415-29.
BROWN, M.T., FUKUNAGA, C., UMEMOTO, D. & WICKER, L. (1996). Annual Review, 1990-1996: Social Class, Work and Retirement Behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 49, 159-189.
BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Ş., KILIÇ ÇAKMAK, E., AKGÜN, Ö. E., KARADENİZ, S. ve DEMİREL, F. (2010). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 6. Basım, Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
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KOOIJ, D.T., JANSEN, P.G., DIKKERS, J.S. & DE LANGE, A.H. (2010). The Influence of Age on The Associations Between HR Practices and Both Affective Commitment and Job Satisfaction: A Metaanalysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 31(8), 1111-1136.
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MOFFATT, S., & HEAVEN, B. E. N. (2017). Planning for uncertainty: narratives on retirement transition experiences. Ageing & Society, 37(5), 879-898.
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NOONE, J.H., STEPHENS, C. & ALPASS, F.M. (2009). Preretirement Planning and Well-Being in Later Life: A Prospective Study. Research on Aging. 31, 295-317.
ONYX, J. &BAKER, E. (2006). Retirement Expectations: Gender Differences and Partner Effects an Australian Employer-Funded Sample. Australasian Journal on Ageing. 25(2), 80-83.
PARRY, J. & TAYLOR, R.F. (2007). Orientation, Opportunity and Autonomy: Why People Work After State Pension Age in Three Areas of England. Ageing and Society. 27(4), 579-598.
PETKOSKA, J. & EARL, J.K. (2009). Understanding The Influence of Demographic and Psychological Variables on Retirement Planning. Psychology and Aging. 24, 245-251.
REITZES, D.C., MUTRAN, E.J. & FERNANDEZ, M.E. (1996). Does Retirement Hurt Well-Being? Factors Influencing Self-Esteem and Depression Among Retires and Workers. The Gerontologist. 36, 649-656.
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Türkiye’de emekli bireylerin iş yaşamlarına yeniden dönmelerine ilişkin sosyoekonomik nedenler

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 97 - 110, 31.07.2022

Serdar Çakan , Benan Gök

Abstract

Daha uzun yaşam beklentileri ve daha düşük doğurganlık oranları ile birçok ülke, yaşlanan bir nüfusa sahip olmanın getirdiği finansal ve psikolojik sorunlar ile işgücü arzı problemleriyle karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. İleri yaştaki bireylerin emekli olduktan sonra tekrar çalışma yaşamlarını devam ettirmek istemeleri, bu zorluklarla mücadelenin önemli bir yolu olarak görülmektedir. Son yıllarda örgütler, daha ileri yaştaki emekli bireylerin çalışma yaşamlarını devam ettirmeleri için işyeri uygulamalarını daha kapsayıcı olacak şekilde ayarlama gerektiğini anlamaya başlamaktadırlar. Bununla birlikte, daha ileri yaştaki bireylerin emeklilik sonrası yeniden çalışmaya devam etme niyetleri üzerindeki etkilerini araştıran nispeten az sayıda ampirik çalışma bulunmaktadır. Literatürdeki bu az sayıdaki ampirik çalışma bulguları, hangi faktörlerin ileri yaştaki emekli bireylerin çalışmaya devam etmeye teşvik etmede etkili olduğunu belirlemeye yönlendirmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, emekli olduktan sonra tekrar iş yaşantısına dönen ileri yaştaki bireylerin işgücüne sürekli katılım kararlarını etkileyen faktörlerin neler olduğunu belirlemektir. Bu araştırmanın örneklemi, İstanbul, Sakarya ve Kocaeli illerinde yaşayan ve emeklilik sonrası çalışmaya devam eden katılımcılardan oluşmaktadır. Toplanan verilerin, betimsel ve içerik analizleri ile değerlendirilerek ampirik bulgulara ulaşılması hedeflenmektedir. Araştırma sayesinde “kariyer/yaş ilişkisine bağlı algılar”, “gelir kaybı/alım gücü”, “toplumsal statü/itibar” ve “kişisel beden ve ruh sağlığı” başlıklı alt temalar üzerinden etkili sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçların ilgili iş kanunlarında ve SGK mevzuatında iyileştirmeler yapılmasına katkı sağlayacağı umulmaktadır.

Keywords

Kıdemli işgücü, yaşlanan işgücü, emeklilik, nitel araştırma

References

ADAMS, G.A. (1999). Career-related Variables and Planned Retirement Age: An Extension of Beehr’s Model. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 55, 221-235.
ARMSTRONG‐STASSEN, M. & URSEL, N.D. (2009). Perceived Organizational Support, Career Satisfaction, and The Retention of Older Workers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 82(1), 201-220.
ARMSTRONG-STASSEN, M. (2008). Organisational Practices and The Post-Retirement Employment Experience of Older Workers. Human Resource Management Journal. 18(1), 36-53.
BAL, P.M. & VISSER, M.S. (2011). When Are Teachers Motivated to Work beyond Retirement Age? The Importance of Support, Change of Work Role and Money. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. 39(5), 590-602.
BARBOSA, L.M., MONTEİRO, B. & MURTA, S.G. (2016). Retirement Adjustment Predictors: A Systematic Review. Work, Aging and Retirement. 2(2), 262-219.
BEEHR, T.A. (1986). The Process of Retirement: A Review and Recommendation for Future Investigation. Personnel Psychology. 39, 31-55.
BEEHR, T.A., GLAZER, S., NIELSON, N.L. & FARMER, S.J. (2000). Work and Nonwork Predictors of Employees’ Retirement Ages. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 57, 206-225.
BROOKE, L. & TAYLOR, P. (2005). Older Workers and Employment: Managing Age Relations. Ageing and Society. 25(3), 415-29.
BROWN, M.T., FUKUNAGA, C., UMEMOTO, D. & WICKER, L. (1996). Annual Review, 1990-1996: Social Class, Work and Retirement Behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 49, 159-189.
BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Ş., KILIÇ ÇAKMAK, E., AKGÜN, Ö. E., KARADENİZ, S. ve DEMİREL, F. (2010). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 6. Basım, Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
CRESWELL, J. W. (2016). 30 Essential Skills for the Qualitative Researcher. Thousand Oaks, Sage: CA.
CHARNESS, N. (2008). Aging and Human Performance Human Factors. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 50, 548-555.
DAVE, D., RASHAD, I. & SPASOJEVIC, J. (2008). The Effects of Retirement on Physical and Mental Health Outcomes. Southern Economic Journal. 75, 497-523.
FOUAD, N.A. (2007). Work and Vocational Psychology: Theory, Research, and Applications. Annual Review of Psychology. 58(1), 543-564.
FRETZ, B.R., KLUGE, N.A., OSSANA, S.M., JONES, S.M. & MERIKANGAS, M.W. (1989). Intervention Targets for Reducing Preretirement Anxiety and Depression. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 36, 301-307.
GALL, T.L., EVANS, D.R. & HOWARD, J. (1997). The Retirement Adjustment Process: Changes in the Well-Being of Male Retirees Across Time. The Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 52B, 110-117.
GOBESKI, K.T. & BEEHR, T.A. (2009). How Retirees Work: Predictors of Different Types of Bridge Employment. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 30, 401-425.
GRIFFIN, B. & HESKETH, B. (2008). Post-Retirement Work: The Individual Determinants of Paid and Volunteer Work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 81(1), 101-121.
HARDY, M.A. (2002). The Transformation of Retirement in Twentieth Century America: From Discontent to Satisfaction. Generations. 26(2), 9-16.
HEDGE, J.W., BORMAN, W.C. & LAMMLEIN, S.E. (2006). The Aging Workforce: Realities, Myths, and Implications for Organizations. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
HENNING, G., LINDWALL, M. & JOHANSSON, B. (2016). Continuity in Wellbeing in The Transition to Retirement. GeroPsych: The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry. 29(4), 225-237.
HERRBACH, O., MIGNONAC, K., VANDENBERGHE, C. & NEGRINI, A. (2009). Perceived HRM Practices, Organizational Commitment, and Voluntary Early Retirement Among Late‐Career Managers. Human Resource Management. 48(6), 895-915.
HEYBROEK, L., HAYNES, M. & BAXTER, J. (2015). Life Satisfaction and Retirement in Australia: A Longitudinal Approach. Work, Aging and Retirement. 1(2), 166-180
HU, Y., LEI, X., SMITH, J.P. & ZHAO, Y. (2012). Effects of Social Activities on Cognitive Functions. Evidence from CHARLS. WR-918 RAND Labor and Population Working Paper Series [çevrimiçi] Erişim: https://www.ssrn.com/abstract ¼1993328, [Erişim Tarihi: 4/03/2022].
ILMARINEN, J.E. (2001). Aging Workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 58, 546-552.
KARADAĞ, E. (2010). Eğitim Bilimleri Doktora Tezlerinde Kullanılan Araştırma Modelleri: Nitelik Düzeyleri ve Analitik Hata Tipleri, 1. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 16(1): 49-71.
KANFER, R. & ACKERMAN, P.L. (2004). Aging, Adult Development, and Work Motivation. Academy of Management Review. 29(3), 440-458.
KIM, J.E., & MOEN, P. (2002). Retirement Transitions, Gender, and Psychological Well-Being: A Life-Course, Ecological Model. The Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 57, P212-P222.
KOOIJ, D.T., JANSEN, P.G., DIKKERS, J.S. & DE LANGE, A.H. (2010). The Influence of Age on The Associations Between HR Practices and Both Affective Commitment and Job Satisfaction: A Metaanalysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 31(8), 1111-1136.
LAW, K.W.K., WAN, P., & WONG, T.K.Y. (2006). Retirement Planning. Indicators of Social Development Hong Kong. Eds: S.W. Leung, P. Wan, & S.L. Wong. pp. 157-185, Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong.
MAESTAS, N. (2010). Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of Work After Retirement. Journal of Human Resources. 45(3), 718-748.
MIROWSKY, J., & ROSS, C. E. (2017). Education, social status, and health. Routledge.
MOFFATT, S., & HEAVEN, B. E. N. (2017). Planning for uncertainty: narratives on retirement transition experiences. Ageing & Society, 37(5), 879-898.
MUNNELL, A. & SASS, S. (2008). Working Longer: The Solution to The Retirement Income Challenge. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
MURATORE, A.M., EARL, J.K. & COLLINS, C.G. (2014). Understanding Heterogeneity in Adaptation to Retirement: A Growth Mixture Modeling Approach. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 79(2), 131-156.
NOONE, J.H., STEPHENS, C. & ALPASS, F.M. (2009). Preretirement Planning and Well-Being in Later Life: A Prospective Study. Research on Aging. 31, 295-317.
ONYX, J. &BAKER, E. (2006). Retirement Expectations: Gender Differences and Partner Effects an Australian Employer-Funded Sample. Australasian Journal on Ageing. 25(2), 80-83.
PARRY, J. & TAYLOR, R.F. (2007). Orientation, Opportunity and Autonomy: Why People Work After State Pension Age in Three Areas of England. Ageing and Society. 27(4), 579-598.
PETKOSKA, J. & EARL, J.K. (2009). Understanding The Influence of Demographic and Psychological Variables on Retirement Planning. Psychology and Aging. 24, 245-251.
REITZES, D.C., MUTRAN, E.J. & FERNANDEZ, M.E. (1996). Does Retirement Hurt Well-Being? Factors Influencing Self-Esteem and Depression Among Retires and Workers. The Gerontologist. 36, 649-656.
SCHAAP, R., DE WIND, A., COENEN, P., PROPER, K. & BOOT, C. (2017). The Effects of Exit from Work on Health Across Different Socioeconomic Groups: A Systematic Literature Review. Social Science & Medicine. 198, 36-45.
SCHELLENBERG, G., TURCOTTE, M. & RAM, B. (2005). Post-Retirement Employment. Perspectives on Labour and Income. 6(9), 14-17.
SCHULZ, J.H. & BINSTOCK, R.H. (2008). Aging Nation: The Economics and Politics of Growing Older in America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
SETHE, S., & DE MAGALHAES, J.P. (2013). Ethical Perspectives in Biogerontology. Ethics, Health Policy and (Anti-) Aging: Mixed Blessings. Eds: M. Schermer & W. Pinxten. pp. 173-188, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
SHULTZ, K.S., & WANG, M. (2007). The Changing Nature of Mid and Late Careers. 21st Century Management: A Reference Handbook. Ed: C. Wankel. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
SHULTZ, K.S. & WANG, M. (2011). Psychological Perspectives on The Changing Nature of Retirement. American Psychologist. 66(3), 170-179.
TAYLOR, M.A., SHULTZ, K.S., SPIEGEL, P.E., MORRISON, R. F. & GREENE, J. (2007). Occupational Attachment and Met Expectations as Predictors of Retirement Adjustment of Naval Officers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 37(8), 1697-1725.
TIMMERMAN, S. (2000). Earlier Retirement or Longer Worklife? Myths, Realities, and Predictions. Journal of Financial Service Professionals. 54, 34-39.
TOPA, G., MORIANO, J.A., DEPOLO, M., ALCOVER, C.M. & MORALES, J.F. (2009). Antecedents and Consequences of Retirement Planning and Decision-Making: A Meta-Analysis and Model. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 75, 38-55.
TSAI, S.P., WENDT, J.K., DONNELLY, R.P., DE JONG, G. & AHMED, F.S. (2005). Age at Retirement and Long-Term Survival of an Industrial Population: Prospective Cohort Study. British Medical Journal (BMJ). 331(7523), 995-997.
TUİK, Hane Halkı İşgücü İstatistikleri, http://www.tuik.gov.tr, [Erişim Tarihi: 1/4/2022].
UNITED NATIONS. (2002). World Population Ageing 1950-2050. New York: Populations Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/, [Erişim Tarihi: 5/3/2022].
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Primary Language	Turkish
Journal Section	Research Article
Authors	Serdar Çakan 0000-0001-7444-9079 Benan Gök This is me 0000-0002-3817-2508
Publication Date	July 31, 2022
Published in Issue	Year 2022 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

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APA	Çakan, S., & Gök, B. (2022). Türkiye’de emekli bireylerin iş yaşamlarına yeniden dönmelerine ilişkin sosyoekonomik nedenler. Journal of Awareness, 7(3), 97-110.

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