A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TOURISM AND BLOCKCHAIN CONCEPTS

Abstract

Blockchain technology, which has made a breakthrough with Industry 4.0, has developed over time and has affected many areas with the benefits it provides. Tourism is one of these areas, because tourism is an industry that is dynamic by nature and in cooperation with other sectors. When the literature is examined, it is seen that the research carried out with the concepts of tourism and Blockchain technology has increased. In this context, the aim of the research is to determine the bibliometric features of Blockchain and tourism studies. For this purpose, 108 publications from the Scopus database according to various parameters, in which the concepts of "tourism" and "Blockchain" are included in the research's title or keywords were analyzed with bibliometric methods, by using the R program. In general, publications numbers on the subject are increasing, there are studies from different sources and countries, and author collaborations in research. The formation of co-citation and direct citations, and the emergence of themes related to the field are among the research results. In this context, the research presents the current situation of Blockchain technology in the field of tourism from a broad perspective. It is thought that future research will contribute to the literature by examining Blockchain technology within the scope of the smart tourism concept and evaluating the awareness of intermediary institutions in the tourism industry in Turkey regarding Blockchain technology.

Keywords

• Tourism
• Blockchain
• Bibliometric Analysis
• R Program.

TURİZM VE BLOK ZİNCİRİ KAVRAMLARINA YÖNELİK BİBLİYOMETRİK BİR ANALİZ

Abstract

Endüstri 4.0 ile birlikte atılım gösteren teknolojik gelişmeler içerisinde Blok zinciri teknolojisi de zaman içinde gelişim göstererek sağladığı faydalarla birçok alanı etkilemektedir. Bu alanlardan bir tanesi de turizm endüstrisidir. Turizm, yapısı gereği dinamik ve diğer sektörlerle iş birliği içinde olan bir endüstridir. Literatür incelendiğinde turizm ve blok zinciri teknolojisi kavramlarıyla gerçekleştirilen araştırmaların arttığı görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın amacı, blok zinciri ve turizm konulu çalışmaların bibliyometrik özelliklerinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Scopus veri tabanından çeşitli parametrelere göre araştırma başlığında veya anahtar kelimelerinde “turizm” ve “blok zinciri” kavramlarının birlikte yer aldığı 108 yayın R programı ile bibliyometrik yöntemler kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Genel olarak, konu ile ilgili yayın sayılarının arttığı, araştırmaların farklı kaynaklarda yer aldığı, araştırmalarda yazar ve ülke iş birliklerinin olduğu, eş atıf ve doğrudan atıfların oluşması ve alana yönelik temaların ortaya çıkması araştırmanın bulguları arasındadır. Bu bağlamda araştırma, blok zinciri teknolojisinin turizm alanındaki mevcut durumunu geniş bir bakış açısıyla sunmaktadır.

Keywords

• Turizm
• Blok Zinciri
• Bibliyometrik Analiz
• R Programı.

References

1. Aria, M., ve Cuccurullo, C. (2017). bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11(4), 959-975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007
2. Avunduk, H., ve Aşan, H. (2018). Blok zinciri (blokchain) teknolojisi ve işletme uygulamaları: Genel bir değerlendirme. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1), 369-384. https://doi.org/10.24988/deuiibf.2018331746
3. Baralla, G., Pinna, A., Tonelli, R., Marchesi, M., ve Ibba, S. (2021). Ensuring transparency and traceability of food local products: A blockchain application to a smart tourism region. Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience, 33(1), Special Issue:Future Perspectives on Decentralized Applications (FPDAPP18). Towards Understanding and Harnessing the Potential of Africa in Digitalization (DigAfrica2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.5857
4. Barca, M., ve Hızıroğlu, M. (2009). 2000'li Yıllarda Türkiye'de Stratejik Yönetim Alanının Entellektüel Yapısı. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 113-148.
5. Baydeniz, E. (2023). Akıllı şehir ve akıllı turizm için blockchain teknolojisinin kullanımı. Selçuk Turizm ve Bilişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3, 15-26.
6. Beck, R. (2018). Beyond bitcoin: The rise of blockchain world. Computer, 51(2), 54-58. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2018.1451660
7. Biswas, K., ve Muthukkumarasamy, V. (2016). Securing smart cities using blockchain technology. 2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE 14th International Conference on Smart City; IEEE 2nd International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC/SmartCity/DSS), Sydney, NSW, Australia, 1392-1393. https://doi.org/10.1109/hpcc-smartcity-dss.2016.0198
8. Bodkhe, U., Bhattacharya, P., Tanwar, S., Tyagi, S., Kumar, N., ve Obaidat M. S. (2019). BloHosT: Blockchain enabled smart tourism and hospitality management. IEEE, 2019 International Conference on Computer, Information and Telecommunication Systems (CITS), Beijing, China, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/CITS.2019.8862001

9. Bulchand-Gidumal, J., ve Melián-González, S. (2023). Fighting fake reviews with blockchain-enabled consumer-generated reviews. Current Issues in Tourism, https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2023.2173054
10. Buterin, V. (13 Nisan 2015). Visions, part 1: The value of blockchain technology. https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/04/13/visions-part-1-the-value-of-blockchain-technology (Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2023).
11. Callon, M., Courtial, J. P., ve Laville, F. (1991). Co-word analysis as a tool for describing the network of interactions between basic and technological research: The case of polymer chemistry. Scientometrics, 22(1), 155-205.
12. Calvaresi, D., Leis, M., Dubovitskaya, A., Schegg, R., ve Schumacher, M. (2019). Trust in tourism via blockchain technology: Results from a systematic review. Pesonen, J., ve Neidhardt, J. (Ed.), Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2019 içinde (ss. 304-317), Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05940-8_24
13. Ceyhan, E. B., ve Coşmuş, Ş. (2022). Blockchain teknolojisi ve lojistik 4.0. E. B. Ceyhan, ve O. Yılmaz (Ed.), Blockchain teknolojisi: Güncel teknolojilerle ilişkisi içinde (ss. 1-21). Nobel
14. Chavez-Dreyfuss, G. (16 Kasım 2021). American airlines, travel platform winding tree announce blockchain partnership. https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/american-airlines-travel-platform-winding-tree-announce-blockchain-partnership-2021-11-16/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2023).
15. Choi, T. M., & Siqin, T. (2022). Blockchain in logistics and production from Blockchain 1.0 to Blockchain 5.0: An intra-inter-organizational framework. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 160, 1-16, 102653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2022.102653
16. Çizel, B., Selçuk, O., ve Atabay, E. (2020). Ortak yöntem yanlılığı üzerine sistematik bir yazın taraması. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 31(1), 7-18. https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.713552
17. Çizmecioğlu, S., ve Akman, A. Z. (2021). Blok zincir ve kripto para konularının bibliyometrik bir analizi: 2015-2020 dönemi. Business, Economics and Management Research Journal, 4(1), 1-16.
18. Diodato, V. (2012). Dictionary of Bibliometrics. Routledge
19. Dudin, M. N., Burkaltseva, D. D. Tsohla, S. Y., Voronin, I. N., Yanovskaya, A. A., ve Guk, O. A. (2017). Peculiarities of Sustainable Tourism Development in the Russian Federation, Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 8(8), 1559-1566. https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v8.8(24).12
20. Erözel Durbilmez, S., ve Yılmaz Türkmen, S. (2019). Blockchain teknolojisi ve Türkiye finans sektöründeki durumu. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(1), 30-45. https://doi.org/10.29106/fesa.509254
21. Gatteschi, V., Lamberti, F., Demartini, C., Pranteda, C., ve Santamaría, V. (2018). To blockchain or not to blockchain: That is the question. IT Professional, 20(2), 62-74. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2018.021921652
22. Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., ve Koo. C. (2015). Smart tourism: Foundations and developments. Electron Markets, 25, 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-015-0196-8
23. Hawlitschek, F., Notheisen, B., ve Teubner, T. (2018). The limits of trust-free systems: A literature review on blockchain technology and trust in the sharing economy. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 29, 50-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2018.03.005
24. Irannezhad, E., ve Mahadevan, R. (2021). Is blockchain tourism’s new hope?. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 12(1), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-02-2019-0039
25. Jain, P., Singh, R. Kr., Mishra, R., ve Rana, N. P. (2023). Emerging dimensions of blockchain application in tourism and hospitality sector: a systematic literature review. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2023.2184440
26. Karagöz Zeren, S., ve Demirel, E. (2020). Turizm endüstrisinde yeni trend: blockchain startup projeleri. Journal of Tourism Intelligence and Smartness, 3(12), 169-188.
27. Kılınç, Y. (2020). Blockchain teknolojisi: Muhasebe ve denetim mesleği açısından bir inceleme. Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamaları Dergisi, 13(3), 989-1011. https://doi.org/10.29067/muvu.678681
28. Kırbaş, İ. (2018). Blokzinciri teknolojisi ve yakın gelecekteki uygulama alanları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(1), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.365066
29. Kızıltaş, M. Ç., ve Cankül, D. (2023). Use of blockchain in the context of sustainable gastronomy. H. Sezerel, ve B. Christiansen (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Sustainable Tourism and Hotel Operations in Global Hypercompetition içinde (ss. 220-234), New Jersey: IGI Global Publisher of Timely Knowledge. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4645-4.ch011
30. Kuzior, A., ve Sira, M. A. (2022). A bibliometric analysis of blockchain technology research using VOSviewer. Sustainability, 14(13), 8206. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138206
31. Kwok, A. O. J., ve Koh, S. G. M. (2018). Is blockchain technology a watershed for tourism development?. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(20), 2447-2452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1513460
32. Leung, D., ve Dickinger, A. (2017). Use of bitcoin in online travel product shopping: The european perspective. Schegg, R., ve Stangl, B. (Ed.), Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2017 içinde (ss. 741-754). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51168-9_53
33. Line, N. D., Dogru, T., El-Manstrly, D., Buoye, A., Malthouse, E., ve Kandampully, J. (2020). Control, use and ownership of big data: A reciprocal view of customer big data value in the hospitality and tourism industry. Tourism Management, 80, 104106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104106
34. Luo, J., Hu, Y., ve Bai, Y. (2021). Bibliometric analysis of the blockchain scientific evolution: 2014–2020. IEEE Access, 9, 120227-120246. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3092192
35. Marr, B. (7 Aralık 2018). The awesome ways TUI uses blockchain to revolutionize the travel industry. https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/12/07/the-amazing-ways-tui-uses-blockchain-to-revolutionize-the-travel-industry/?sh=e9ebdac1e7ff (Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2023).
36. Mucchi, L., Milanesi, M., ve Becagli, C. (2022). Blockchain technologies for museum management. The case ofthe loan of cultural objects. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(18), 3042-3056. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2050358
37. Mukherjee, P., ve Pradhan, C. (2021). Blockchain 1.0 to blockchain 4.0 - the evolutionary transformation of blockchain technology. S. K. Panda, A. K. Jena, S. K. Swain, ve S. C. Satapathy (Ed.), Blockchain Technology: Applications and Challenges içinde (ss. 29-50). Intelligent Systems Reference Library, Springer.
38. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system, https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2023).
39. Nam, K., Dutt, C. S., Chathoth, P., ve Khan, M. S. (2019). Blockchain technology for smart city and smart tourism: latest trends and challenges. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(4), 454-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1585376
40. NewsBTC, (2018). Winding tree uses blockchain for choice to the travel industry. https://www.newsbtc.com/sponsored/winding-tree-uses-blockchain-restore-choice-travel-industry/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2022).
41. Nuryyev, G., Wang, Y.-P., Achyldurdyyeva, J., Jaw, B.-S., Yeh, Y.-S., Lin, H.-T., ve Wu, L.-F. (2020). Blockchain technology adoption behavior and sustainability of the business in tourism and hospitality SMEs: An empirical study. Sustainability, 12(3), 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031256
42. Orta, H. (19 Ocak 2023). Pegasus yöneticisi: Her türlü blokzincir projesine açığız!. https://tr.cointelegraph.com/news/pegasus-manager-we-are-open-to-any-blockchain-project (Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2023).
43. Önder, İ., ve Treiblmaier, H. (2018). Blockchain and tourism: Three research propositions. Annals of Tourism Research, 72, 180-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.03.005
44. Özdemir, A. İ., ve Ar, İ. M., ve Erol, İ. (2020). Assessment of blockchain applications in travel and tourism industry. Quality & Quantity, 54, 1549–1563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-019-00901-w
45. Paul, J., ve Criado, A. R. (2020). The art of writing literature review: What do we know and what do we need to know?. International Business Review, 29(4), 101717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101717
46. Pilkington, M., Crudu, R., ve Grant, L. G. (2017). Blockchain and bitcoin as a way to lift a country out of poverty – tourism 2.0 and e-governance in the Republic of Moldova. International Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, 7(2), 115-143.
47. Popovski, L., ve Soussou, G. (14 Mayıs 2018). A brief history of blockchain. Legaltech news. https://www.pbwt.com/content/uploads/2018/05/010051804-Patterson2.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2023)
48. Rashideh, W. (2020). Blockchain technology framework: Current and future perspectives for the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 20, 104125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104125
49. Reyna, A., Martín, C., Chen, J., Soler, E., ve Díaz, M. (2018). On blockchain and its integration with IoT. Challenges and opportunities. Future Generation Computer Systems, 88, 173-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.05.046
50. Small, H. (1973). Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 24(4), 265-269. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630240406
51. Sarmah, S. S. (2018). Understanding blockchain technology. Computer Science and Engineering, 8(2). 23-29. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.computer.20180802.02
52. Swan, M. (2015). Blockchain: Blueprint for a new economy. O’Reilly Media.
53. Tanrıverdi, M., Uysal, M., ve Üstündağ, M. T. (2019). Blokzinciri teknolojisi nedir ? Ne değildir ?: Alanyazın incelemesi. Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 12(3), 203-217. https://doi.org/10.17671/gazibtd.547122
54. Thess, H., Erschbamer, G., ve Pechlaner, H. (2020). The application of blockchain in tourism: use cases in the tourism value system. European Journal of Tourism Research, 26, 2602. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v26i.1933
55. Travala.com, (2023). About us. https://www.travala.com/about-us (Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2023).
56. Treiblmaier, H. (2020). Blockchain and tourism. Xiang, Z., Fuchs, M., Gretzel, U., ve Höpken, W. (Ed.), Handbook of e-Tourism içinde (ss. 1-21), Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05324-6_28-1
57. Ünal, G., ve Uluyol, Ç. (2020). Blok zinciri teknolojisi. Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 13(2), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.17671/gazibtd.516990
58. Valeri, M., ve Baggio, R. (2021). A critical reflection on the adoption of blockchain in tourism. Information Technology & Tourism, 23, 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-020-00183-1
59. Wang, Q., Su, M., ve Li, R. (2020). Is China the world’s blockchain leader? Evidence, evolution and outlook of China’s blockchain research. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121742
60. Willie, P. (2019). Can all sectors of the hospitality and tourism industry be influenced by the innovation of Blockchain technology?. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(2), 112-120. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-11-2018-0077
61. Yay, Ö., Güneri, B., ve Atabay, E. (2022). Turizmde sosyal medya araştırmalarına panoramik bir inceleme. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(Ek.2), 115-132. https://doi.org/10.32572/guntad.1030748
62. Yazıcı, S. (2021). Turizm işletmelerinde bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinden blokzincir teknolojisine geçiş süreci ve uygulama örnekleri. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (21), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.807716