The Mediating Role of Work – Family Conflict on The Relationship Between Smartphone Use and Employee Wellbeing Relation
Year 2020,
Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 31 - 48, 06.01.2020
Ceren Tunç
Handan Akkaş
,
Pınar Bayhan Karapınar
Abstract
The use of smartphones after work hours for work purposes has
increased significantly. Although the use of smartphones increased employees’
flexibility, the disadvantages of smartphones have been also cited in
literature. The aim of this study is
examine the mediating role of time and strain-based work-family conflict on the
relationship between smartphone use and employee well-being within the
framework of Boundary Theory and Recovery Theory. In this study, the data was collected from
205 white-collar employees working in the information technology (IT) sector in
Ankara through a self-report questionnaire and tested by using SPSS, AMOS, and
PROCESS Macro (Model 4). According to the data obtained, it was found that time
and strain-based work-family conflict had a moderate mediation effect on the
relationship between smartphone use and employee well-being.
References
- Allen, T. D., & Armstrong, J. (2006). Further examination of the link between work-family conflict and physical health: The role of health-related behaviors. American Behavioral Scientist, 49(9), 1204-1221.
- Allen, T. D., & Shockley, K. (2009). Flexible work arrangements: Help or hype. Handbook of Families and Work: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 265-284.
- Arlinghaus, A., & Nachreiner, F. (2013). When work calls—Associations between being contacted outside of regular working hours for work-related matters and health. Chronobiology International, 30(9), 1197-1202.
- Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day's work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review, 25(3), 472-491.
- Boswell, W. R., & Olson-Buchanan, J. B. (2007). The use of communication technologies after hours: The role of work attitudes and work-life conflict. Journal of Management, 33(4), 592-610.
- Brosschot, J. F., Pieper, S., & Thayer, J. F. (2005). Expanding stress theory: Prolonged activation and perseverative cognition. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(10), 1043-1049.
- Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M., Fiksenbaum, L., & Acar, F. T. (2009). Work hours, work intensity, satisfactions and psychological well-being among Turkish manufacturing managers. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 5(2), 12-30.
- Carlson, D., Kacmar, J., & Williams, L. (2000) Construction and initial validation of a multi-dimensional measure of work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 249-278.
- Carmeli, A., Sternberg, A., & Elizur, D. (2008). Organizational culture, creative behavior, and information and communication technology (ICT) usage: A facet analysis. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 175-180.
- Chen, H.S.,Yang, C. C., Siau, J. Y. ve Wang, H. H. (2006). The development of an employee satisfaction model for higher education, The TQM Magazine, 18(5), 484-500.
- Cho, S., & Lee, E. (2015). Development of a brief instrument to measure smartphone addiction among nursing students. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 33(5), 216-224.
- Costa, G., Åkerstedt, T., Nachreiner, F., Baltieri, F., Carvalhais, J., Folkard, S., ... & Härmä, M. (2004). Flexible working hours, health, and well-being in Europe: some considerations from a SALTSA project. Chronobiology International, 21(6), 831-844.
- Davis, G. (2002). Anytime/anyplace computing and the future of knowledge work. Communications of ACM. 45, pp. 67-73.
- Deloitte (2018), Deloitte global mobil kullanıcı araştırması. https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/tr/pages/about-deloitte/articles/deloitte-global-mobil-kullaici-arastirmasi-2017.html Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2019
- Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Bulters, A. J. (2004). The loss spiral of work pressure, work–home interference and exhaustion: Reciprocal relations in a three-wave study. Journal of Vocational behavior, 64(1), 131-149.
- Demerouti, E., Derks, D., Lieke, L., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). New ways of working: Impact on working conditions, work–family balance, and well-being. In The Impact Of ICT On Quality of Working Life (pp. 123-141). Springer, Dordrecht.
- Derks, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Smartphone use, work–home interference, and burnout: A diary study on the role of recovery. Applied Psychology, 63(3), 411-440.
- Derks, D., van Duin, D., Tims, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2015). Smartphone use and work–home interference: The moderating role of social norms and employee work engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(1), 155-177.
- Dettmers, J. (2017). How extended work availability affects well-being: The mediating roles of psychological detachment and work-family-conflict. Work & Stress, 31(1), 24-41.
- Dettmers, J., Bamberg, E., & Scheffzek, K. (2016). Characteristics of extended availability for work: The role of demands and resources. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(3), 276 - 297.
- Dettmers, J., Vahle-Hinz, T., Bamberg, E., Friedrich, N., & Keller, M. (2016). Extended work availability and its relation with start-of-day mood and cortisol. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(1), 105 - 118.
- Dewe, P. J., O'Driscoll, M. P., & Cooper, C. (2010). Coping with work stress: A review and critique. John Wiley & Sons.
- Diaz, I., Chiaburu, D. S., Zimmerman, R. D., & Boswell, W. R. (2012). Communication technology: Pros and cons of constant connection to work. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 500-508.
- Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2005). An empirical assessment of generational differences in work-related values. Human Resources Management Resources Humaines, 62 - 71.
- Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 178-199.
- Fenner, G. H., & Renn, R. W. (2010). Technology-assisted supplemental work and work-to-family conflict: The role of instrumentality beliefs, organizational expectations and time management. Human Relations, 63(1), 63-82.
- Ford, J. K., MacCallum, R. C., & Tait, M. (1986). The application of exploratory factor analysis in applied psychology: A critical review and analysis. Personnel Psychology, 39(2), 291-314.
- Galinha, I., & Pais-Ribeiro, J. L. (2011). Cognitive, affective and contextual predictors of subjective wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(1), 34–53.
- Gavin, J. and Mason, R. (2004). The value of happieness in the workplace. Organizational Dynamics, 3 (4), 379-392.
- Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Simsek, Z. (2006). Telecommuting's differential impact on work-family conflict: Is there no place like home?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1340.
- Green, N. (2002). On the move: Technology, mobility, and themediation of social time and space. The Information Society,18,281–292.
- Greenhaus, J. H. ve Beutell, N. J. (1985), Sources of conflict between work and family roles”, Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
- Gressgård Jarle, L. (2011). Virtual team collaboration and innovation in organizations. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 17(1/2), 102-119.
- Guyatt, G.H. (1993). The philosophy of health-related quality-of-life translation. Quality of Life Research, 2, 461-465.
- Hagqvist, E., Gådin, K. G., & Nordenmark, M. (2017). Work–family conflict and well-being across Europe: The role of gender context. Social Indicators Research, 132(2), 785-797.
- Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2. Baskı). New York: The Guilford Press.
- Herdman, M., Fox-Rushby, J., & Badia, X. (1998). A model of equivalencein the cultural adaptation of HRQoL instruments: The universalistapproach. Quality of Life Research, 7, 323-335.
- Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
- Janković, B., Nikolić, M., Vukonjanski, J., & Terek, E. (2016). The impact of Facebook and smart phone usage on the leisure activities and college adjustment of students in Serbia. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 354-363.
- Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Lang, K. R. (2005). Managing the paradoxes of mobile technology. Information Systems Management, 22(4), 7-23.
- Kalliath, P., Kalliath, T., Chan, C. (2017). Work–family conflict, family satisfaction and employee well‐being: a comparative study of Australian and Indian social workers. Human Resource Management Journal, 27(3), 366-381.
- Karapinar, P. B., Camgoz, S. M., & Ekmekci, O. T. (2019). Employee Wellbeing, Workaholism, Work–Family Conflict and Instrumental Spousal Support: A Moderated Mediation Model. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1-21.
- Khawaled, A. (2018) Work-related information & communication technology use and occupational burnout: The mediating role of recovery experiences, (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Linnaeus University, Sweden), 1-28.
- Kim, S., & Hollensbe, E. (2017). Work interrupted: a closer look at work boundary permeability. Management Research Review, 40(12), 1280-1297.
- Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., Geurts, S., & Pulkkinen, L. (2006). Types of work‐family interface: Well‐being correlates of negative and positive spillover between work and family. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 149-162.
- Kinnunen, U. & S. Mauno (1998) Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict among employed women and men in Finland, Human Relations, 51(2), 157-178.
- Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation. Modeling (3nd.).
- Kossek, E. E., Ruderman, M. N., Braddy, P. W., & Hannum, K. M. (2012). Work–nonwork boundary management profiles: A person-centered approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(1), 112-128.
- Koyuncu, M., Burke, R. J. & Fiksenbaum, L. (2009) Work-family conflict among turkısh managers: Potential antecedents and consequences, İş,Güç Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 11(1), 1 – 16.
- Lepp, A., Li, J., Barkley, J. E., & Salehi-Esfahani, S. (2015). Exploring the relationships between college students’ cell phone use, personality and leisure. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 210-219.
- Leung, L. (2011). Effects of ıct connectedness, permeability, flexibility, and negative spillovers on burnout and job and family satisfaction. Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT Environments, 7(3), 250-267.
- Lin, Y. H., Lin, Y. C., Lee, Y. H., Lin, P. H., Lin, S. H., Chang, L. R., & Kuo, T. B. (2015). Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 65, 139-145.
- Meydan, C. H., & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık.
- Misra, S., & Stokols, D. (2012). A typology of people–environment relationships in the Digital Age. Technology in Society, 34(4), 311-325.
- Noor, N. M. (2003). Work and family related variables, work-family conflict and women’s well-being: Some observations. Community, Work & Family, 6, 297-319.
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
- Rotandi, V., Stanca, L., & Tomasuolo, M. (2017). Connecting alone: Smartphone use, quality of social interactions and well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 63, 17-26.
- Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081.
- Schieman, S., & Young, M. C. (2013). Are communications about work outside regular working hours associated with work-to-family conflict, psychological distress and sleep problems?. Work & Stress, 27(3), 244-261.
- Schulte, P., & Vainio, H. (2010). Well-being at work–overview and perspective. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 422-429.
- Son, J. S., & Chen, C. C. (2018). Does using a smartphone for work purposes “ruin” your leisure? Examining the role of smartphone use in work–leisure conflict and life satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 49(3-5), 236-257.
- Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2007). The recovery experience questionnaire: development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 204-221.
- Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2001). Cleaning up your act: Screening data prior to analysis. Using Multivariate Statistics, 5, 61-116.
- Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (Vol. 5). Boston, MA: Pearson.
- The Deloitte Times (2018), Global mobil kullanıcı anketi. The Deloitte Times, 12.
- Valcour, P. M., & Hunter, L. W. (2005). Technology, organizations, and work-life integration. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Managing Work-Life İntegration in Organizations: Future Directions For Research and Practice (Pp. 61–84). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
- Voydanoff, P. (2005). The effects of community demands, resources, and strategies onthe nature and consequences of the work–family interface: An agenda for future research.
- Family Relations,54, 583–595. Zheng, X., Zhu, W., Zhao, H., & Zhang, C. (2015). Employee well‐being in organizations: Theoretical model, scale development, and cross‐cultural validation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(5), 621-644.
Akıllı Telefon Kullanımı – Çalışan İyi Oluş Hali İlişkisinde İş-Aile Çatışmasının Aracılık Etkisi
Year 2020,
Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 31 - 48, 06.01.2020
Ceren Tunç
Handan Akkaş
,
Pınar Bayhan Karapınar
Abstract
Günümüzde,
akıllı telefonların günlük kullanımlarının yanı sıra, mesai saatleri dışında iş amaçlı kullanımı da
ciddi oranda bir artış göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla, bu imkan olumlu gibi görünse de çalışanlar için olumsuz
sonuçlar da doğurabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Sınır Teorisi ve
İyileşme Teorisi çerçevesinde iş dışında akıllı telefon kullanımı ile çalışan
iyi oluşu ilişkisinde zaman ve gerginlik esaslı iş-aile çatışmasının aracı rolünü
incelemektir. Çalışma için Ankara ilinde ikamet eden 205 beyaz yakalı bilişim
sektörü çalışanına uygulanan anket sonucu elde edilen veriler SPSS, AMOS ve Process
Macro (Model 4) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre zaman
ve gerginlik esaslı iş-aile çatışmasının, iş dışı akıllı telefon kullanımı ve
çalışan iyi oluşu ilişkisinde orta düzeyde aracılık etkisine sahip olduğu
tespit edilmiştir.
References
- Allen, T. D., & Armstrong, J. (2006). Further examination of the link between work-family conflict and physical health: The role of health-related behaviors. American Behavioral Scientist, 49(9), 1204-1221.
- Allen, T. D., & Shockley, K. (2009). Flexible work arrangements: Help or hype. Handbook of Families and Work: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 265-284.
- Arlinghaus, A., & Nachreiner, F. (2013). When work calls—Associations between being contacted outside of regular working hours for work-related matters and health. Chronobiology International, 30(9), 1197-1202.
- Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day's work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review, 25(3), 472-491.
- Boswell, W. R., & Olson-Buchanan, J. B. (2007). The use of communication technologies after hours: The role of work attitudes and work-life conflict. Journal of Management, 33(4), 592-610.
- Brosschot, J. F., Pieper, S., & Thayer, J. F. (2005). Expanding stress theory: Prolonged activation and perseverative cognition. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(10), 1043-1049.
- Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M., Fiksenbaum, L., & Acar, F. T. (2009). Work hours, work intensity, satisfactions and psychological well-being among Turkish manufacturing managers. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 5(2), 12-30.
- Carlson, D., Kacmar, J., & Williams, L. (2000) Construction and initial validation of a multi-dimensional measure of work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 249-278.
- Carmeli, A., Sternberg, A., & Elizur, D. (2008). Organizational culture, creative behavior, and information and communication technology (ICT) usage: A facet analysis. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 175-180.
- Chen, H.S.,Yang, C. C., Siau, J. Y. ve Wang, H. H. (2006). The development of an employee satisfaction model for higher education, The TQM Magazine, 18(5), 484-500.
- Cho, S., & Lee, E. (2015). Development of a brief instrument to measure smartphone addiction among nursing students. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 33(5), 216-224.
- Costa, G., Åkerstedt, T., Nachreiner, F., Baltieri, F., Carvalhais, J., Folkard, S., ... & Härmä, M. (2004). Flexible working hours, health, and well-being in Europe: some considerations from a SALTSA project. Chronobiology International, 21(6), 831-844.
- Davis, G. (2002). Anytime/anyplace computing and the future of knowledge work. Communications of ACM. 45, pp. 67-73.
- Deloitte (2018), Deloitte global mobil kullanıcı araştırması. https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/tr/pages/about-deloitte/articles/deloitte-global-mobil-kullaici-arastirmasi-2017.html Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2019
- Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Bulters, A. J. (2004). The loss spiral of work pressure, work–home interference and exhaustion: Reciprocal relations in a three-wave study. Journal of Vocational behavior, 64(1), 131-149.
- Demerouti, E., Derks, D., Lieke, L., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). New ways of working: Impact on working conditions, work–family balance, and well-being. In The Impact Of ICT On Quality of Working Life (pp. 123-141). Springer, Dordrecht.
- Derks, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Smartphone use, work–home interference, and burnout: A diary study on the role of recovery. Applied Psychology, 63(3), 411-440.
- Derks, D., van Duin, D., Tims, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2015). Smartphone use and work–home interference: The moderating role of social norms and employee work engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(1), 155-177.
- Dettmers, J. (2017). How extended work availability affects well-being: The mediating roles of psychological detachment and work-family-conflict. Work & Stress, 31(1), 24-41.
- Dettmers, J., Bamberg, E., & Scheffzek, K. (2016). Characteristics of extended availability for work: The role of demands and resources. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(3), 276 - 297.
- Dettmers, J., Vahle-Hinz, T., Bamberg, E., Friedrich, N., & Keller, M. (2016). Extended work availability and its relation with start-of-day mood and cortisol. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(1), 105 - 118.
- Dewe, P. J., O'Driscoll, M. P., & Cooper, C. (2010). Coping with work stress: A review and critique. John Wiley & Sons.
- Diaz, I., Chiaburu, D. S., Zimmerman, R. D., & Boswell, W. R. (2012). Communication technology: Pros and cons of constant connection to work. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 500-508.
- Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2005). An empirical assessment of generational differences in work-related values. Human Resources Management Resources Humaines, 62 - 71.
- Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 178-199.
- Fenner, G. H., & Renn, R. W. (2010). Technology-assisted supplemental work and work-to-family conflict: The role of instrumentality beliefs, organizational expectations and time management. Human Relations, 63(1), 63-82.
- Ford, J. K., MacCallum, R. C., & Tait, M. (1986). The application of exploratory factor analysis in applied psychology: A critical review and analysis. Personnel Psychology, 39(2), 291-314.
- Galinha, I., & Pais-Ribeiro, J. L. (2011). Cognitive, affective and contextual predictors of subjective wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(1), 34–53.
- Gavin, J. and Mason, R. (2004). The value of happieness in the workplace. Organizational Dynamics, 3 (4), 379-392.
- Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Simsek, Z. (2006). Telecommuting's differential impact on work-family conflict: Is there no place like home?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1340.
- Green, N. (2002). On the move: Technology, mobility, and themediation of social time and space. The Information Society,18,281–292.
- Greenhaus, J. H. ve Beutell, N. J. (1985), Sources of conflict between work and family roles”, Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
- Gressgård Jarle, L. (2011). Virtual team collaboration and innovation in organizations. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 17(1/2), 102-119.
- Guyatt, G.H. (1993). The philosophy of health-related quality-of-life translation. Quality of Life Research, 2, 461-465.
- Hagqvist, E., Gådin, K. G., & Nordenmark, M. (2017). Work–family conflict and well-being across Europe: The role of gender context. Social Indicators Research, 132(2), 785-797.
- Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2. Baskı). New York: The Guilford Press.
- Herdman, M., Fox-Rushby, J., & Badia, X. (1998). A model of equivalencein the cultural adaptation of HRQoL instruments: The universalistapproach. Quality of Life Research, 7, 323-335.
- Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
- Janković, B., Nikolić, M., Vukonjanski, J., & Terek, E. (2016). The impact of Facebook and smart phone usage on the leisure activities and college adjustment of students in Serbia. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 354-363.
- Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Lang, K. R. (2005). Managing the paradoxes of mobile technology. Information Systems Management, 22(4), 7-23.
- Kalliath, P., Kalliath, T., Chan, C. (2017). Work–family conflict, family satisfaction and employee well‐being: a comparative study of Australian and Indian social workers. Human Resource Management Journal, 27(3), 366-381.
- Karapinar, P. B., Camgoz, S. M., & Ekmekci, O. T. (2019). Employee Wellbeing, Workaholism, Work–Family Conflict and Instrumental Spousal Support: A Moderated Mediation Model. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1-21.
- Khawaled, A. (2018) Work-related information & communication technology use and occupational burnout: The mediating role of recovery experiences, (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Linnaeus University, Sweden), 1-28.
- Kim, S., & Hollensbe, E. (2017). Work interrupted: a closer look at work boundary permeability. Management Research Review, 40(12), 1280-1297.
- Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., Geurts, S., & Pulkkinen, L. (2006). Types of work‐family interface: Well‐being correlates of negative and positive spillover between work and family. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 149-162.
- Kinnunen, U. & S. Mauno (1998) Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict among employed women and men in Finland, Human Relations, 51(2), 157-178.
- Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation. Modeling (3nd.).
- Kossek, E. E., Ruderman, M. N., Braddy, P. W., & Hannum, K. M. (2012). Work–nonwork boundary management profiles: A person-centered approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(1), 112-128.
- Koyuncu, M., Burke, R. J. & Fiksenbaum, L. (2009) Work-family conflict among turkısh managers: Potential antecedents and consequences, İş,Güç Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 11(1), 1 – 16.
- Lepp, A., Li, J., Barkley, J. E., & Salehi-Esfahani, S. (2015). Exploring the relationships between college students’ cell phone use, personality and leisure. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 210-219.
- Leung, L. (2011). Effects of ıct connectedness, permeability, flexibility, and negative spillovers on burnout and job and family satisfaction. Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT Environments, 7(3), 250-267.
- Lin, Y. H., Lin, Y. C., Lee, Y. H., Lin, P. H., Lin, S. H., Chang, L. R., & Kuo, T. B. (2015). Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 65, 139-145.
- Meydan, C. H., & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık.
- Misra, S., & Stokols, D. (2012). A typology of people–environment relationships in the Digital Age. Technology in Society, 34(4), 311-325.
- Noor, N. M. (2003). Work and family related variables, work-family conflict and women’s well-being: Some observations. Community, Work & Family, 6, 297-319.
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
- Rotandi, V., Stanca, L., & Tomasuolo, M. (2017). Connecting alone: Smartphone use, quality of social interactions and well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 63, 17-26.
- Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081.
- Schieman, S., & Young, M. C. (2013). Are communications about work outside regular working hours associated with work-to-family conflict, psychological distress and sleep problems?. Work & Stress, 27(3), 244-261.
- Schulte, P., & Vainio, H. (2010). Well-being at work–overview and perspective. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 422-429.
- Son, J. S., & Chen, C. C. (2018). Does using a smartphone for work purposes “ruin” your leisure? Examining the role of smartphone use in work–leisure conflict and life satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 49(3-5), 236-257.
- Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2007). The recovery experience questionnaire: development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 204-221.
- Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2001). Cleaning up your act: Screening data prior to analysis. Using Multivariate Statistics, 5, 61-116.
- Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (Vol. 5). Boston, MA: Pearson.
- The Deloitte Times (2018), Global mobil kullanıcı anketi. The Deloitte Times, 12.
- Valcour, P. M., & Hunter, L. W. (2005). Technology, organizations, and work-life integration. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Managing Work-Life İntegration in Organizations: Future Directions For Research and Practice (Pp. 61–84). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
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