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Language Policies and Minority Language Maintenance: The Case of Circassian in Turkey [Dil Politikaları ve Azınlık Dillerinin Korunması: Türkiye'deki Çerkesçe Örneği]

Year 2024, , 107 - 136, 31.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.21488/jocas.1312477

Abstract

Guided by language maintenance and shift (Fishman, 1991) as a theoretical construct, this study explored the sociolinguistic situation and the maintenance of Circassian, a Northwest Caucasian language, spoken in Turkey since the Ottoman Era. To explore the impacts of official language ideologies and policies on the maintenance of Circassian, five participants from different age groups and regions of Turkey were interviewed using linguistic life story interviews (Atkinson 1998). As part of its socio-historical focus, the study first highlights some of the Circassian initiatives that played an important role in maintaining the language during the Ottoman Era and addresses the changes in language ideologies and policies after the declaration of the Turkish Republic. Similar to other ethnolinguistic minorities' experiences in Turkey (Aslan, 2007; Seloni & Sarfati, 2013), the life story interviews revealed the impacts of assimilationist language policies in educational and social settings. Findings also revealed the long-lasting impact of the Citizen Speak Turkish policy (1928-1945) on the maintenance of Circassian and its negative impact on the generational transfer which has not been explored by former research. The findings have implications for language policymakers, Circassian NGOs, and Circassian speakers in Turkey to maintain and transfer the language to future generations.

References

  • Alankuş, Sevda, and Erol Taymaz. "The Formation of a Circassian Diaspora in Turkey." Unpublished essay (2010).
  • Arslan, E. Zeynep. "Circassian Organizations in the Ottoman Empire (1908–1923)." Boğaziçi University MA thesis (2008).
  • Aslan, Cahit. "Doğu Akdeniz'deki Çerkesler." Adana Kafkas Kültür Derneği [Circassians in Eastern Mediterranean] (2005).
  • Aslan, Senem. "‘Citizen Speak Turkish!’: A Nation in the Making." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, vol. 13, no. 2, 2007, pp. 245-272.
  • Atkinson, Robert. The Life Story Interview. Sage, 1998.
  • Aydin, Samil Emre. Çerkes Alfabeleri: Çerkeslerin Alfabe Girişimlerinin Kısa Tarihi ve Günümüz Çerkes Alfabeleri. 2015.
  • Bali, Rifat. "‘Vatandaş Türkçe Konuş!’ Veya Bir Ulus-Devletin Kuruluşunda Dil Birliğinin Gerçekleşmesi Çabaları."
  • Baxter, Pamela, and Jack, Susan. "Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers." The Qualitative Report, vol. 13, no. 4, 2008, pp. 544-559.
  • Besleney, Zeynel. The Circassian Diaspora in Turkey: A Political History. Routledge, 2014.
  • Blommaert, Jan. "Language Policy and National Identity: An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method." 2006.
  • Braun, Virginia, and Clarke, Victoria. "Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology." Qualitative Research in Psychology, vol. 3, no. 2, 2006, pp. 77-101.
  • "Caucasian Languages in Turkey." Atlas of the Caucasian Languages, n.d., http://lingvarium.org/maps/caucas/18-turkey.gif.
  • Charmaz, K. "‘Discovering’ Chronic Illness: Using Grounded Theory." Social Science & Medicine, vol. 30, no. 11, 1990, pp. 1161-1172.
  • Chirikba, Viacheslav. "Abkhazo-Adygean Languages and Some Recommendations to Secure Their Future." In The North Caucasus: Histories, Diasporas and Current Challenges Conference Proceeding, 2006, pp. 2-12.
  • Creswell, John, and Miller, Dana. "Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry." Theory into Practice, vol. 39, no. 3, 2000, pp. 124-130.
  • Doğan, Ayşenur. "Osmanlı Devleti’nde Çerkes Muhacirlerin Eğitim Faaliyetleri ve Ğuaze Gazetesinde Eğitime Dair Yazılar." Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 4, no. 1, 2019, pp. 142-165.
  • Duman, Ahmet. "Diaspora Milliyetçiliği ve Türkiye’de Çerkesler." İstanbul Ticaret University MA thesis, 2015, http://acikerisim.ticaret.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11467/2194.
  • Dworkin, S. L. "Sample Size Policy for Qualitative Studies Using In-Depth Interviews." Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 41, 2012, pp. 1319-1320.
  • Emerson, Robert M., Fretz, Rachel I., and Shaw, Linda L. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press, 2011.
  • Fishman, Joshua A. Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Multilingual Matters, 1991.
  • Fishman, Joshua. "Acquisition, Maintenance and Recovery of Heritage Languages." Developing Minority Language Resources: The Case of Spanish in California, 2006, pp. 12-22.
  • Gall, Meredith, Damien, Borg, Walter R., and Gall, Joyce P. Educational Research: An Introduction. Longman Publishing, 2003.
  • Galanti, Avram. "Vatandaş Türkçe Konuş! Kebikeç Yayınları." [Citizen Speak Turkish! Kebikeç Publishing], vol. 17, 2000.
  • Grassi, Fabio. A New Homeland: The Massacre of The Circassians, Their Exodus To The Ottoman Empire and Their Place In Modern Turkey. Istanbul Aydin University Publications, 2018.
  • Güçtekin, Nuri. "Çerkes Teavün Mektebi [Circassian Solidarity School]." Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları, vol. 12, no. 23, 2013, pp. 1-21.
  • Han, Yawen, and Cassels, David. "Chinese Language Policy and Uyghur Youth: Examining Language Policies and Language Ideologies." Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 2020, pp. 1-14.
  • Haig, Geoffrey. "The Invisibilisation of Kurdish: The Other Side of Language Planning in Turkey." In Die Kurden: Studien zu ihrer Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur, edited by S. Conermann and G. Haig, EB-Verlag, 2003, pp. 121-150.
  • Hassanpour, Amir, Sheyholislami, Jaffer, and Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. "Introduction." International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 2012, no. 217, 2012, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2012-0047.
  • Johnson, David Cassels. "Critical Discourse Analysis and the Ethnography of Language Policy." Critical Discourse Studies, vol. 8, no. 4, 2011, pp. 267-279.
  • Karayel, Erol. "Kuruluşundan Kapanışına: Çerkes Kadınları Teavün Cemiyeti." n.d.
  • Kaya, Ayhan. "Circassian Diaspora in Turkey: Stereotypes, Prejudices and Ethnic Relations." In Representations of the "Other/s" in the Mediterranean World and their Impact on the Region, edited by N. Kuran-Burçoglu and S. Miller, Gorgias Press, 2010, pp. 217-240. https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463225797-015.
  • Kaya, Ayhan. "The Circassian Diaspora in and outside Turkey: Construction of Transnational Space in the Post-Communist Era." Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 61, no. 4, 2014, pp. 50-65.
  • King, Kendall A., Fogle, Lyn, and Logan-Terry, Aubrey. "Family Language Policy." Language and Linguistics Compass, vol. 2, no. 5, 2008, pp. 907-922.
  • Kurban, Dilek. "A Quest for Equality: Minorities in Turkey." https://www.atour.com/government/pdf/MRG-TurkeyReport-MinorityQuestEquality-December2007.pdf.
  • Kutscher, Silvia. "The Language of the Laz in Turkey: Contact-Induced Change or Gradual Language Loss?" bw.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/3413/file/Kutscher_Language_of_Laz_in_Turkey_2008.pdf.
  • Liddicoat, Anthony J. "National Security in Language-in-Education Policy." In Un (intended) Language Planning in a Globalising World: Multiple Levels of Players at Work, pp. 113-128, Sciendo Migration, 2018.
  • Lozada-Olivia, Melissa. "Donald Trump's Fear of Spanish Reveals the Power in Our Language — and Identity." https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/10/donald-trumps-fear-spanish-power-language-identity.
  • Miles, Matthew B., Huberman, Michael, and Saldaña, Johnny. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. Sage publications, 2018.
  • Morse, Janice M. "Critical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry." Qualitative health research 25.9 (2015): 1212-1222.
  • Omniglot. "Kabardian." https://omniglot.com/writing/kabardian.
  • Opengin, Ergin. "Sociolinguistic Situation of Kurdish in Turkey: Sociopolitical Factors and Language Use Patterns." International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 217, 2012, pp. 151–180. doi:1515/iisl-2012-0053.
  • Phillipson, Robert. "Linguistic Imperialism." In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, edited by C.A. Chapelle. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0718.pub2.
  • Richmond, Walter. The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press, 2013.
  • Seloni, Lisya, and Sarfati, Yusuf. "(Trans) National Language Ideologies and Family Language Practices: A Life History Inquiry of Judeo-Spanish in Turkey." Language Policy, vol. 12, no. 1, 2013, pp. 7-26.
  • Shenfield, Stephen. "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?" In The Massacre in History, edited by Mark Levene and Penny Roberts, Berghahn Books, 1999, pp. 149-162.
  • Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. "The Stakes: Linguistic Diversity, Linguistic Human Rights and Mother-Tongue-Based Multilingual Education—Or Linguistic Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and an Even Faster Destruction of Biodiversity and Our Planet." Keynote presentation at the Bamako International Forum on Multilingualism, Bamako, Mali, 2009, pp. 19-21.
  • Stake, Robert E. Multiple Case Study Analysis. The Guilford Press, 2013.
  • Tollefson, James W. "Critical Theory in Language Policy." An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method, pp. 42-59.
  • UNESCO. "Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger." http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php. Van Tubergen, Frank, and Kalmijn, Matthijs. "Language Proficiency and Usage among Immigrants in the Netherlands: Incentives or Opportunities?" European Sociological Review, vol. 25, no. 2, 2009, pp. 169-182.
  • Van Tubergen, Frank, and Wierenga, Menno. "The Language Acquisition of Male Immigrants in a Multilingual Destination: Turks and Moroccans in Belgium." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 37, no. 7, 2011, pp. 1039-1057.
  • Virtanen, Ozlem Eraydin. "Recent Changes in Turkey's Language Legislation." Mercator Working Papers. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED479897.
  • Yagmur, Kutlay. "Turkish and Other Languages in Turkey." In The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives, edited by Extra & Gorter, Multilingual Matters, 2001, pp. 407-427.
  • Yelbaşi, Caner. "Civil War, Violence and Nationality from Empire to Nation State: The Circassians in Turkey (1918-1938)." SOAS University of London Doctoral Dissertation, 2017. https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/24388/1/Yelba%C5%9F%C4%B1_4368.pdf.
  • Zhemukhov, Sufian, and Şener Aktürk. "The movement toward a monolingual nation in Russia: the language policy in the Circassian republics of the Northern Caucasus." Kafkasya Çalışmaları 1.1 (2015): 33-68. Zeydanlıoğlu, Welat. "Turkey's Kurdish Language Policy." International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 2012, no. 217, 2012, pp. 99-125.

Dil Politikaları ve Azınlık Dillerinin Korunması: Türkiye'deki Çerkesçe Örneği

Year 2024, , 107 - 136, 31.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.21488/jocas.1312477

Abstract

Anadilin korunması ve baskın dillerle değişimi teorisi (Fishman, 1991) rehberliğinde yapılan bu çalışma, Türkiye'de Osmanlı döneminden beri konuşulan bir Kuzeybatı Kafkas dili olan Çerkesçenin sosyolinguistik durumunu ve korunması konusunu araştırmıştır. Resmi dil ideolojilerinin ve politikalarının Çerkesçenin korunması üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmak için, Türkiye'nin farklı bölgelerinden ve yaş gruplarından beş katılımcıyla dilsel yaşam öyküsü görüşmeleri kullanılarak mülakatlar yapılmıştır (Atkinson 1998). Sosyo-tarihsel odağının bir parçası olarak, çalışma öncelikle Osmanlı döneminde dilin korunmasında önemli rol oynayan bazı Çerkes girişimlerine ışık tutmakta ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilanından sonra dil ideolojileri ve politikalarındaki değişiklikleri ele almaktadır. Türkiye'deki diğer etnolinguistik azınlıkların deneyimlerine benzer şekilde (Aslan, 2007; Seloni & Sarfati, 2013), hayat hikayesi görüşmeleri asimilasyonist dil politikalarının eğitim ve sosyal ortamlardaki etkilerini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bulgular aynı zamanda daha önceki akademik calışmalarda araştırılmamış olan "Vatandaş Türkçe Konuş" politikasının (1928-1945) Çerkes dilinin korunması üzerindeki uzun süreli etkisini ve nesiller arası dil aktarımı üzerindeki olumsuz etkisini ortaya koymaktadır. Bulgular, Çerkesçenin korunması ve gelecek nesillere aktarılması için Türkiye'deki dil politika yapıcıları, Çerkes STK'ları ve Çerkesçe konuşanlar için çıkarımlar sunmaktadır.

References

  • Alankuş, Sevda, and Erol Taymaz. "The Formation of a Circassian Diaspora in Turkey." Unpublished essay (2010).
  • Arslan, E. Zeynep. "Circassian Organizations in the Ottoman Empire (1908–1923)." Boğaziçi University MA thesis (2008).
  • Aslan, Cahit. "Doğu Akdeniz'deki Çerkesler." Adana Kafkas Kültür Derneği [Circassians in Eastern Mediterranean] (2005).
  • Aslan, Senem. "‘Citizen Speak Turkish!’: A Nation in the Making." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, vol. 13, no. 2, 2007, pp. 245-272.
  • Atkinson, Robert. The Life Story Interview. Sage, 1998.
  • Aydin, Samil Emre. Çerkes Alfabeleri: Çerkeslerin Alfabe Girişimlerinin Kısa Tarihi ve Günümüz Çerkes Alfabeleri. 2015.
  • Bali, Rifat. "‘Vatandaş Türkçe Konuş!’ Veya Bir Ulus-Devletin Kuruluşunda Dil Birliğinin Gerçekleşmesi Çabaları."
  • Baxter, Pamela, and Jack, Susan. "Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers." The Qualitative Report, vol. 13, no. 4, 2008, pp. 544-559.
  • Besleney, Zeynel. The Circassian Diaspora in Turkey: A Political History. Routledge, 2014.
  • Blommaert, Jan. "Language Policy and National Identity: An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method." 2006.
  • Braun, Virginia, and Clarke, Victoria. "Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology." Qualitative Research in Psychology, vol. 3, no. 2, 2006, pp. 77-101.
  • "Caucasian Languages in Turkey." Atlas of the Caucasian Languages, n.d., http://lingvarium.org/maps/caucas/18-turkey.gif.
  • Charmaz, K. "‘Discovering’ Chronic Illness: Using Grounded Theory." Social Science & Medicine, vol. 30, no. 11, 1990, pp. 1161-1172.
  • Chirikba, Viacheslav. "Abkhazo-Adygean Languages and Some Recommendations to Secure Their Future." In The North Caucasus: Histories, Diasporas and Current Challenges Conference Proceeding, 2006, pp. 2-12.
  • Creswell, John, and Miller, Dana. "Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry." Theory into Practice, vol. 39, no. 3, 2000, pp. 124-130.
  • Doğan, Ayşenur. "Osmanlı Devleti’nde Çerkes Muhacirlerin Eğitim Faaliyetleri ve Ğuaze Gazetesinde Eğitime Dair Yazılar." Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 4, no. 1, 2019, pp. 142-165.
  • Duman, Ahmet. "Diaspora Milliyetçiliği ve Türkiye’de Çerkesler." İstanbul Ticaret University MA thesis, 2015, http://acikerisim.ticaret.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11467/2194.
  • Dworkin, S. L. "Sample Size Policy for Qualitative Studies Using In-Depth Interviews." Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 41, 2012, pp. 1319-1320.
  • Emerson, Robert M., Fretz, Rachel I., and Shaw, Linda L. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press, 2011.
  • Fishman, Joshua A. Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Multilingual Matters, 1991.
  • Fishman, Joshua. "Acquisition, Maintenance and Recovery of Heritage Languages." Developing Minority Language Resources: The Case of Spanish in California, 2006, pp. 12-22.
  • Gall, Meredith, Damien, Borg, Walter R., and Gall, Joyce P. Educational Research: An Introduction. Longman Publishing, 2003.
  • Galanti, Avram. "Vatandaş Türkçe Konuş! Kebikeç Yayınları." [Citizen Speak Turkish! Kebikeç Publishing], vol. 17, 2000.
  • Grassi, Fabio. A New Homeland: The Massacre of The Circassians, Their Exodus To The Ottoman Empire and Their Place In Modern Turkey. Istanbul Aydin University Publications, 2018.
  • Güçtekin, Nuri. "Çerkes Teavün Mektebi [Circassian Solidarity School]." Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları, vol. 12, no. 23, 2013, pp. 1-21.
  • Han, Yawen, and Cassels, David. "Chinese Language Policy and Uyghur Youth: Examining Language Policies and Language Ideologies." Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 2020, pp. 1-14.
  • Haig, Geoffrey. "The Invisibilisation of Kurdish: The Other Side of Language Planning in Turkey." In Die Kurden: Studien zu ihrer Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur, edited by S. Conermann and G. Haig, EB-Verlag, 2003, pp. 121-150.
  • Hassanpour, Amir, Sheyholislami, Jaffer, and Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. "Introduction." International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 2012, no. 217, 2012, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2012-0047.
  • Johnson, David Cassels. "Critical Discourse Analysis and the Ethnography of Language Policy." Critical Discourse Studies, vol. 8, no. 4, 2011, pp. 267-279.
  • Karayel, Erol. "Kuruluşundan Kapanışına: Çerkes Kadınları Teavün Cemiyeti." n.d.
  • Kaya, Ayhan. "Circassian Diaspora in Turkey: Stereotypes, Prejudices and Ethnic Relations." In Representations of the "Other/s" in the Mediterranean World and their Impact on the Region, edited by N. Kuran-Burçoglu and S. Miller, Gorgias Press, 2010, pp. 217-240. https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463225797-015.
  • Kaya, Ayhan. "The Circassian Diaspora in and outside Turkey: Construction of Transnational Space in the Post-Communist Era." Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 61, no. 4, 2014, pp. 50-65.
  • King, Kendall A., Fogle, Lyn, and Logan-Terry, Aubrey. "Family Language Policy." Language and Linguistics Compass, vol. 2, no. 5, 2008, pp. 907-922.
  • Kurban, Dilek. "A Quest for Equality: Minorities in Turkey." https://www.atour.com/government/pdf/MRG-TurkeyReport-MinorityQuestEquality-December2007.pdf.
  • Kutscher, Silvia. "The Language of the Laz in Turkey: Contact-Induced Change or Gradual Language Loss?" bw.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/3413/file/Kutscher_Language_of_Laz_in_Turkey_2008.pdf.
  • Liddicoat, Anthony J. "National Security in Language-in-Education Policy." In Un (intended) Language Planning in a Globalising World: Multiple Levels of Players at Work, pp. 113-128, Sciendo Migration, 2018.
  • Lozada-Olivia, Melissa. "Donald Trump's Fear of Spanish Reveals the Power in Our Language — and Identity." https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/10/donald-trumps-fear-spanish-power-language-identity.
  • Miles, Matthew B., Huberman, Michael, and Saldaña, Johnny. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. Sage publications, 2018.
  • Morse, Janice M. "Critical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry." Qualitative health research 25.9 (2015): 1212-1222.
  • Omniglot. "Kabardian." https://omniglot.com/writing/kabardian.
  • Opengin, Ergin. "Sociolinguistic Situation of Kurdish in Turkey: Sociopolitical Factors and Language Use Patterns." International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 217, 2012, pp. 151–180. doi:1515/iisl-2012-0053.
  • Phillipson, Robert. "Linguistic Imperialism." In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, edited by C.A. Chapelle. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0718.pub2.
  • Richmond, Walter. The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press, 2013.
  • Seloni, Lisya, and Sarfati, Yusuf. "(Trans) National Language Ideologies and Family Language Practices: A Life History Inquiry of Judeo-Spanish in Turkey." Language Policy, vol. 12, no. 1, 2013, pp. 7-26.
  • Shenfield, Stephen. "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?" In The Massacre in History, edited by Mark Levene and Penny Roberts, Berghahn Books, 1999, pp. 149-162.
  • Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. "The Stakes: Linguistic Diversity, Linguistic Human Rights and Mother-Tongue-Based Multilingual Education—Or Linguistic Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and an Even Faster Destruction of Biodiversity and Our Planet." Keynote presentation at the Bamako International Forum on Multilingualism, Bamako, Mali, 2009, pp. 19-21.
  • Stake, Robert E. Multiple Case Study Analysis. The Guilford Press, 2013.
  • Tollefson, James W. "Critical Theory in Language Policy." An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method, pp. 42-59.
  • UNESCO. "Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger." http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php. Van Tubergen, Frank, and Kalmijn, Matthijs. "Language Proficiency and Usage among Immigrants in the Netherlands: Incentives or Opportunities?" European Sociological Review, vol. 25, no. 2, 2009, pp. 169-182.
  • Van Tubergen, Frank, and Wierenga, Menno. "The Language Acquisition of Male Immigrants in a Multilingual Destination: Turks and Moroccans in Belgium." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 37, no. 7, 2011, pp. 1039-1057.
  • Virtanen, Ozlem Eraydin. "Recent Changes in Turkey's Language Legislation." Mercator Working Papers. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED479897.
  • Yagmur, Kutlay. "Turkish and Other Languages in Turkey." In The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives, edited by Extra & Gorter, Multilingual Matters, 2001, pp. 407-427.
  • Yelbaşi, Caner. "Civil War, Violence and Nationality from Empire to Nation State: The Circassians in Turkey (1918-1938)." SOAS University of London Doctoral Dissertation, 2017. https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/24388/1/Yelba%C5%9F%C4%B1_4368.pdf.
  • Zhemukhov, Sufian, and Şener Aktürk. "The movement toward a monolingual nation in Russia: the language policy in the Circassian republics of the Northern Caucasus." Kafkasya Çalışmaları 1.1 (2015): 33-68. Zeydanlıoğlu, Welat. "Turkey's Kurdish Language Policy." International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 2012, no. 217, 2012, pp. 99-125.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Caucasian Language, Literature and Culture
Journal Section Article
Authors

Emre Pshigusa

Early Pub Date October 28, 2023
Publication Date May 31, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

MLA Pshigusa, Emre. “Language Policies and Minority Language Maintenance: The Case of Circassian in Turkey [Dil Politikaları Ve Azınlık Dillerinin Korunması: Türkiye’deki Çerkesçe Örneği]”. Kafkasya Çalışmaları, vol. 9, no. 15, 2024, pp. 107-36, doi:10.21488/jocas.1312477.
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