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Планы черкесско-польско-венгерского союза против Российской империи в заключительные дни Венгерской революции 1848-1849 гг.

Year 2016, , 97 - 114, 30.09.2016
https://doi.org/10.21488/jocas.65041

Abstract

References

  • Allen, W. E. D. and Muratoff, P. (1953), Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Badem, C. (2010), The Ottoman Crimean War (1853–1856), Leiden: Brill.
  • Bona, G. (ed.) (1999), The Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence, 1848–1849. A Military History. Highland Lakes, New Jersey: Boulder, Atlantic Research and Publication.
  • Brock, P. (1956), “The Fall of Circassia: A Study in Private Diplomacy”. The English Historical Review, 71. 280, 401-427.
  • Broxup, M. B. (1996), “Introduction: Russia and the North Caucasus”. In: The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance towards the Muslim World. Ed. Broxup, Marie Benningsen. London: C. Hurst & Co.
  • Captain Jesse (1841), Notes of a half-pay in search of health: or, Russia, Circassia, and the Crimea in 1849–40. London: James Madden and Co.
  • Csorba G. (2015), “Kísérletek az önálló magyar konzulátusok létrehozására Keleten 1848-ban”, Keletkutatás, ősz, 131–144.
  • …………………(2007), “Egy török–magyar szövetség ajánlata 1849ből”, in Róbert Hermann and Péter Zakar (eds), A források bűvöletében. Ünnepi tanulmányok Katona Tamás
  • születésnapjára, Szeged: Belvedere Meridionale, 47–60. Pekacz, J. T. “Czajkowski, Michal Sadyk Pasha.”, Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/ac/czajkow.htm. Web. 06. January 2016.
  • Deák, I. (2001), The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848–1849, London: Phoenix Press.
  • Ditson, G. L. (1850), Circassia: or, a Tour to the Caucasus. New York: Stringer & Towsend.
  • Ekmečić, M. (1987), “Garašanin, Czartoryski köre és a magyarok 1848–1849-ben”, in István Fried (ed.) Szerbek és magyarok a Duna mentén II. Tanulmányok a szerb–magyar kapcsolatok köréből 1848– 1867, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 13–111.
  • Fedakâr, C. (2009), ”1787-1791 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı Öncesi Kuzey Kafkasların Tahkimi: Anapa Kalesi”, Karadeniz, 1. 4, 43-51.
  • Forsyth, J. (2013), The Caucasus. A History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Füzes, M. (1999), Batthyány Kázmér gróf dilemmája (A magyar külpolitika alternatívái 1849 április–júliusában), Baranya, Emlékszám az 1848-49-es forradalom és szabadságharc tiszteletére 1998–1999. Pécs: Baranya Megyei Levéltár, 203–235
  • Hermann, R. (1990), “A szép akasztott” Andrássy Gyula 1848– 1849-es szerepéről”, Hadtörténelmi Közlemények, 103. 4, 3–55.
  • Kardos, G. (1997), “A semlegesség jogának változásai”, Jogtudományi Közlöny, 52. 12, 533–539.
  • Khoon, Y. (2015), “Prince Of Circassia”: Sefer Bey Zanuko and the Circassian Struggle For Independence, Journal of Caucasian Studies, 1. 1, 73-97.
  • King, Ch. (2008), The Ghost of Freedom. A History of the Caucasus, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kosáry, D. (2003), Hungary and international politics in 18481849, New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
  • Köremezli, İ. (2004), The Place of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Circassian War (1830–1864). MA Thesis. Ankara: Bilkent University.
  • Kukiel, M. (1955), Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861, New Jersey: Princeton.
  • Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie Biblioteka (MNK) Czartoryskich Ew. 1257. Copy in National Archives of Hungary (MNL OL), Budapest Mf. 8370; 5426/IV. No. 17, Copy in MNL OL Mf. 8851; rkp. 5427/IV. No. 30, Copy in MNL OL Mf. 8852; 5372.No. 72, Copy in MNL OL Mf. 8372.
  • Mufti, S. (1944), Heroes and Emperors in Circassian History. Beirut: Librairie du Liban.
  • Pamuk, Ş. (2016), Prices and Wages in the Ottoman Empire, 1469–1914. pierre-marteau.com. 3 January.
  • Puryear, V. J. (1935), International Economics and Diplomacy in the Near East, London: Humphrey Milford.
  • Simányi, T. (1990), Julius Graf Andrássy. Baumeister der Doppelmonarchie, Mitstreiter Bismarcks, Wien: ÖBV.
  • Spencer, E. (1837), Travels in Circassia, Krim Tartary, &c including a steam voyage down the Danube, from Vienna to Constantinople and round the Black Sea, in 1836. London: Henry Colburn, II.
  • Taştekin, F., Kafkasya’da nüfus savaşları. http://www.circassiancenter.com/cc-turkiye/tarih/074_kafkasyada_ nufuz_savaslari.htm Web. 06. Jan. 2016.
  • Temizkan, A. (2009), “19. Yüzyılda Çarlık Rusya’sının Kafkas Ordusu’nda Lehistanlılar”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 20. Kış, 73-95.
  • Temizkan, A. (2010), “Lehistanlılarin İstanbul’da lobi faaliyetleri ve Kafkasya’ya lejyon gönderme girişimleri”, Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28, Güz. 363-393.
  • Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi, İstanbul, Fransız Evrak 262, 263. Widerszal, L. (2009). 19. yüzyıl Kafkasya Direnişinde Avrupalıların rolü. Çev: Kumuk, C. (Bu kaynağa http://www.bkd.org.tr/tarih_ac.asp?id=1 adresinden erişilebilir), 28 October.
  • Yağcı, Z. G. (2016), “Kuzey Kafkasya’nın Uluslararası Lideri: Sefer Zaniko”, bilig, 76. Kış, 59−85.
  • Yediç, B. Ö. (1991), Çerkesya Kronolojisi, Ankara.

The Circassian-Polish-Hungarian Alliance Plans Against the Russian Empire in the Final Days of the 1848-1849 Hungarian Revolution [1848-49 Macar Devrimi’nin Son Günlerinde Rusya İmparatorluğu’na Karşı Çerkes, Leh ve Macar İttifakı Planları]

Year 2016, , 97 - 114, 30.09.2016
https://doi.org/10.21488/jocas.65041

Abstract

    Macar Bağımsızlık Savaşı’nın yaşandığı 1848-49 döneminin sonlarına doğru İstanbul’da bulunan Polonyalı siyasi mülteciler, Rusya’ya karşı geniş çaplı bir ittifak kurmak için planlar yaptılar. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi arşivinde bulunan iki adet mektuba göre, kurulacak bir Çerkes, Leh ve Macar birlikteliği ve ittifakı, Çarlık Rusyası’nın Kafkasya’da bulunan askeri birliklerini yorucu bir çatışmanın içerisine çekerek Rusya’nın gücünü bölecekti. Böyle bir plan, Macar mücadelesini destekleyecek; Çerkeslere özgürlüklerini yeniden kazanma fırsatı verecek; Osmanlılara bölgedeki konumlarını güçlendirme fırsatı sunacak, ve Polonya’nın bağımsızlığına yeniden kavuşmasına yardımcı olacaktı. Bu cesur fakat gecikmiş plan birçok engelle karşılaşacaktı. Bu planın hayata geçmesi için Osmanlı desteğine kesinlikle ihtiyaç varken, Osmanlı Devleti dönemin askeri ve siyasi koşulları içerisinde henüz o tarihte Rusya ile bir çatışmayı göze alacak durumda değildi. Sözkonu mektupların yazıldığı tarihte Macar Bağımsızlık Savaşı mağlubiyetle sonuçlanmak üzereydi. Kendi aralarındaki siyasi, dini ve kabilesel farklılarla mücadeleden zayıf düşmüş Çerkesler ise elde ettikleri bazı taktik zaferlere rağmen savaş tecrübesi ve motivasyonu yüksek Çarlık ordusuna nihai darbeyi indirerek onu yenebilecek durumda değildi.

References

  • Allen, W. E. D. and Muratoff, P. (1953), Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Badem, C. (2010), The Ottoman Crimean War (1853–1856), Leiden: Brill.
  • Bona, G. (ed.) (1999), The Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence, 1848–1849. A Military History. Highland Lakes, New Jersey: Boulder, Atlantic Research and Publication.
  • Brock, P. (1956), “The Fall of Circassia: A Study in Private Diplomacy”. The English Historical Review, 71. 280, 401-427.
  • Broxup, M. B. (1996), “Introduction: Russia and the North Caucasus”. In: The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance towards the Muslim World. Ed. Broxup, Marie Benningsen. London: C. Hurst & Co.
  • Captain Jesse (1841), Notes of a half-pay in search of health: or, Russia, Circassia, and the Crimea in 1849–40. London: James Madden and Co.
  • Csorba G. (2015), “Kísérletek az önálló magyar konzulátusok létrehozására Keleten 1848-ban”, Keletkutatás, ősz, 131–144.
  • …………………(2007), “Egy török–magyar szövetség ajánlata 1849ből”, in Róbert Hermann and Péter Zakar (eds), A források bűvöletében. Ünnepi tanulmányok Katona Tamás
  • születésnapjára, Szeged: Belvedere Meridionale, 47–60. Pekacz, J. T. “Czajkowski, Michal Sadyk Pasha.”, Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/ac/czajkow.htm. Web. 06. January 2016.
  • Deák, I. (2001), The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848–1849, London: Phoenix Press.
  • Ditson, G. L. (1850), Circassia: or, a Tour to the Caucasus. New York: Stringer & Towsend.
  • Ekmečić, M. (1987), “Garašanin, Czartoryski köre és a magyarok 1848–1849-ben”, in István Fried (ed.) Szerbek és magyarok a Duna mentén II. Tanulmányok a szerb–magyar kapcsolatok köréből 1848– 1867, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 13–111.
  • Fedakâr, C. (2009), ”1787-1791 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı Öncesi Kuzey Kafkasların Tahkimi: Anapa Kalesi”, Karadeniz, 1. 4, 43-51.
  • Forsyth, J. (2013), The Caucasus. A History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Füzes, M. (1999), Batthyány Kázmér gróf dilemmája (A magyar külpolitika alternatívái 1849 április–júliusában), Baranya, Emlékszám az 1848-49-es forradalom és szabadságharc tiszteletére 1998–1999. Pécs: Baranya Megyei Levéltár, 203–235
  • Hermann, R. (1990), “A szép akasztott” Andrássy Gyula 1848– 1849-es szerepéről”, Hadtörténelmi Közlemények, 103. 4, 3–55.
  • Kardos, G. (1997), “A semlegesség jogának változásai”, Jogtudományi Közlöny, 52. 12, 533–539.
  • Khoon, Y. (2015), “Prince Of Circassia”: Sefer Bey Zanuko and the Circassian Struggle For Independence, Journal of Caucasian Studies, 1. 1, 73-97.
  • King, Ch. (2008), The Ghost of Freedom. A History of the Caucasus, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kosáry, D. (2003), Hungary and international politics in 18481849, New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
  • Köremezli, İ. (2004), The Place of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Circassian War (1830–1864). MA Thesis. Ankara: Bilkent University.
  • Kukiel, M. (1955), Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861, New Jersey: Princeton.
  • Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie Biblioteka (MNK) Czartoryskich Ew. 1257. Copy in National Archives of Hungary (MNL OL), Budapest Mf. 8370; 5426/IV. No. 17, Copy in MNL OL Mf. 8851; rkp. 5427/IV. No. 30, Copy in MNL OL Mf. 8852; 5372.No. 72, Copy in MNL OL Mf. 8372.
  • Mufti, S. (1944), Heroes and Emperors in Circassian History. Beirut: Librairie du Liban.
  • Pamuk, Ş. (2016), Prices and Wages in the Ottoman Empire, 1469–1914. pierre-marteau.com. 3 January.
  • Puryear, V. J. (1935), International Economics and Diplomacy in the Near East, London: Humphrey Milford.
  • Simányi, T. (1990), Julius Graf Andrássy. Baumeister der Doppelmonarchie, Mitstreiter Bismarcks, Wien: ÖBV.
  • Spencer, E. (1837), Travels in Circassia, Krim Tartary, &c including a steam voyage down the Danube, from Vienna to Constantinople and round the Black Sea, in 1836. London: Henry Colburn, II.
  • Taştekin, F., Kafkasya’da nüfus savaşları. http://www.circassiancenter.com/cc-turkiye/tarih/074_kafkasyada_ nufuz_savaslari.htm Web. 06. Jan. 2016.
  • Temizkan, A. (2009), “19. Yüzyılda Çarlık Rusya’sının Kafkas Ordusu’nda Lehistanlılar”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 20. Kış, 73-95.
  • Temizkan, A. (2010), “Lehistanlılarin İstanbul’da lobi faaliyetleri ve Kafkasya’ya lejyon gönderme girişimleri”, Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28, Güz. 363-393.
  • Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi, İstanbul, Fransız Evrak 262, 263. Widerszal, L. (2009). 19. yüzyıl Kafkasya Direnişinde Avrupalıların rolü. Çev: Kumuk, C. (Bu kaynağa http://www.bkd.org.tr/tarih_ac.asp?id=1 adresinden erişilebilir), 28 October.
  • Yağcı, Z. G. (2016), “Kuzey Kafkasya’nın Uluslararası Lideri: Sefer Zaniko”, bilig, 76. Kış, 59−85.
  • Yediç, B. Ö. (1991), Çerkesya Kronolojisi, Ankara.

The Circassian-Polish-Hungarian Alliance Plans Against the Russian Empire in the Final Days of the 1848-1849 Hungarian Revolution

Year 2016, , 97 - 114, 30.09.2016
https://doi.org/10.21488/jocas.65041

Abstract

    During the last months of the 1848–1849 Hungarian War of Independence, Polish immigrants in Constantinople elaborated a large-scale cooperation plan against Russia. According to two letters found in the archives of the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, a would-be Circassian–Polish–Hungarian cooperation and alliance would engage considerable Russian forces in the Caucasus, dividing thus the country’s power. It would effectively support the Hungarians’ fight, give the Circassians the opportunity to attain their freedom, the Ottoman Empire would considerably strengthen its position in the area, and it would eventually help to restore the independence of Poland. The late and bold plan however contained too many obstacles. The Porte’s extensive support would have been by all means necessary, but at that time the Ottomans, considering the political and military circumstances, did not dare to go into a confrontation with Russia yet. At the date of the documents the Hungarian War of Independence was nearing to defeat. Circassians were weakened by tribal, religious and political conflicts; and though they scored numberless tactical victories over Russians, they were unable to inflict strategic defeat on the Tsar’s battle-hardened troops.

References

  • Allen, W. E. D. and Muratoff, P. (1953), Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Badem, C. (2010), The Ottoman Crimean War (1853–1856), Leiden: Brill.
  • Bona, G. (ed.) (1999), The Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence, 1848–1849. A Military History. Highland Lakes, New Jersey: Boulder, Atlantic Research and Publication.
  • Brock, P. (1956), “The Fall of Circassia: A Study in Private Diplomacy”. The English Historical Review, 71. 280, 401-427.
  • Broxup, M. B. (1996), “Introduction: Russia and the North Caucasus”. In: The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance towards the Muslim World. Ed. Broxup, Marie Benningsen. London: C. Hurst & Co.
  • Captain Jesse (1841), Notes of a half-pay in search of health: or, Russia, Circassia, and the Crimea in 1849–40. London: James Madden and Co.
  • Csorba G. (2015), “Kísérletek az önálló magyar konzulátusok létrehozására Keleten 1848-ban”, Keletkutatás, ősz, 131–144.
  • …………………(2007), “Egy török–magyar szövetség ajánlata 1849ből”, in Róbert Hermann and Péter Zakar (eds), A források bűvöletében. Ünnepi tanulmányok Katona Tamás
  • születésnapjára, Szeged: Belvedere Meridionale, 47–60. Pekacz, J. T. “Czajkowski, Michal Sadyk Pasha.”, Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/ac/czajkow.htm. Web. 06. January 2016.
  • Deák, I. (2001), The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848–1849, London: Phoenix Press.
  • Ditson, G. L. (1850), Circassia: or, a Tour to the Caucasus. New York: Stringer & Towsend.
  • Ekmečić, M. (1987), “Garašanin, Czartoryski köre és a magyarok 1848–1849-ben”, in István Fried (ed.) Szerbek és magyarok a Duna mentén II. Tanulmányok a szerb–magyar kapcsolatok köréből 1848– 1867, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 13–111.
  • Fedakâr, C. (2009), ”1787-1791 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı Öncesi Kuzey Kafkasların Tahkimi: Anapa Kalesi”, Karadeniz, 1. 4, 43-51.
  • Forsyth, J. (2013), The Caucasus. A History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Füzes, M. (1999), Batthyány Kázmér gróf dilemmája (A magyar külpolitika alternatívái 1849 április–júliusában), Baranya, Emlékszám az 1848-49-es forradalom és szabadságharc tiszteletére 1998–1999. Pécs: Baranya Megyei Levéltár, 203–235
  • Hermann, R. (1990), “A szép akasztott” Andrássy Gyula 1848– 1849-es szerepéről”, Hadtörténelmi Közlemények, 103. 4, 3–55.
  • Kardos, G. (1997), “A semlegesség jogának változásai”, Jogtudományi Közlöny, 52. 12, 533–539.
  • Khoon, Y. (2015), “Prince Of Circassia”: Sefer Bey Zanuko and the Circassian Struggle For Independence, Journal of Caucasian Studies, 1. 1, 73-97.
  • King, Ch. (2008), The Ghost of Freedom. A History of the Caucasus, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kosáry, D. (2003), Hungary and international politics in 18481849, New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
  • Köremezli, İ. (2004), The Place of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Circassian War (1830–1864). MA Thesis. Ankara: Bilkent University.
  • Kukiel, M. (1955), Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861, New Jersey: Princeton.
  • Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie Biblioteka (MNK) Czartoryskich Ew. 1257. Copy in National Archives of Hungary (MNL OL), Budapest Mf. 8370; 5426/IV. No. 17, Copy in MNL OL Mf. 8851; rkp. 5427/IV. No. 30, Copy in MNL OL Mf. 8852; 5372.No. 72, Copy in MNL OL Mf. 8372.
  • Mufti, S. (1944), Heroes and Emperors in Circassian History. Beirut: Librairie du Liban.
  • Pamuk, Ş. (2016), Prices and Wages in the Ottoman Empire, 1469–1914. pierre-marteau.com. 3 January.
  • Puryear, V. J. (1935), International Economics and Diplomacy in the Near East, London: Humphrey Milford.
  • Simányi, T. (1990), Julius Graf Andrássy. Baumeister der Doppelmonarchie, Mitstreiter Bismarcks, Wien: ÖBV.
  • Spencer, E. (1837), Travels in Circassia, Krim Tartary, &c including a steam voyage down the Danube, from Vienna to Constantinople and round the Black Sea, in 1836. London: Henry Colburn, II.
  • Taştekin, F., Kafkasya’da nüfus savaşları. http://www.circassiancenter.com/cc-turkiye/tarih/074_kafkasyada_ nufuz_savaslari.htm Web. 06. Jan. 2016.
  • Temizkan, A. (2009), “19. Yüzyılda Çarlık Rusya’sının Kafkas Ordusu’nda Lehistanlılar”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 20. Kış, 73-95.
  • Temizkan, A. (2010), “Lehistanlılarin İstanbul’da lobi faaliyetleri ve Kafkasya’ya lejyon gönderme girişimleri”, Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28, Güz. 363-393.
  • Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi, İstanbul, Fransız Evrak 262, 263. Widerszal, L. (2009). 19. yüzyıl Kafkasya Direnişinde Avrupalıların rolü. Çev: Kumuk, C. (Bu kaynağa http://www.bkd.org.tr/tarih_ac.asp?id=1 adresinden erişilebilir), 28 October.
  • Yağcı, Z. G. (2016), “Kuzey Kafkasya’nın Uluslararası Lideri: Sefer Zaniko”, bilig, 76. Kış, 59−85.
  • Yediç, B. Ö. (1991), Çerkesya Kronolojisi, Ankara.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Article
Authors

György Csorba

Publication Date September 30, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016

Cite

MLA Csorba, György. “The Circassian-Polish-Hungarian Alliance Plans Against the Russian Empire in the Final Days of the 1848-1849 Hungarian Revolution [1848-49 Macar Devrimi’nin Son Günlerinde Rusya İmparatorluğu’na Karşı Çerkes, Leh Ve Macar İttifakı Planları]”. Kafkasya Çalışmaları, vol. 2, no. 3, 2016, pp. 97-114, doi:10.21488/jocas.65041.
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