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The Mountain Jews and the Nazi Occupation of Kabarda [Dağ Yahudileri ve Nazilerin Kabardey’i İşgali]

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 7-8, 73 - 92, 31.05.2019

Abstract

Bu
makale, Nazilerin 1942 sonbaharında Batı Kafkasya'yı işgalleri sırasında Kabardeyli
Dağ Yahudilerini öldürmemelerinin nedenlerini belirlemeye çalışıyor. Naziler,
işgalden önce Dağ Yahudilerinin varlığını biliyorlardı, ancak etnik
kompozisyonları konusunda net değildiler. Yerel Kabardey halkı bu açıklık
eksikliğinden, Dağ Yahudilerinin İran'dan çıkartıldığını ve Nazileri daha da
fazla şaşırtmak için onlara İslami gelenekleri öğrettiklerine tanıklık ettiler.
Los Angeles'taki Shoah Vakfı'nın arşivdeki birçok tanıklığa göre, bu hile birkaç
hafta işe yaradı. Sözlü ifadelere göre, Naziler Dağ Yahudilerinin etnik olarak
Yahudi olduğunu öğrendi ve onları öldürme hazırlığına başladıkları belirlendi. Ancak
Kızıl Ordu Dağ Yahudilerinin toplanmasından birkaç gün önce bölgeyi ele
geçirdi. Sınırlı sayıda sözlü tanıklık, belirli sonuçlara varmak için yeterli
değil, ancak burada sunulan kanıtları netleştirmek ve doğrulamak için daha
fazla araştırmanın yolunu açıyor.

References

  • Amiramov, Sergei. Interview by Irina Moshel, October 12, 1998, Interview 39735, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
  • Arad, Yitzhak. The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. Lincoln, Nebraska and Jerusalem. University of Nebraska Press and Yad Vashem, 2009.
  • Asailova, Maral. Interview by Irina Moshel, January 10, 1998, Interview 39801, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
  • Ashurov, Mikhail. Interview by Svetlana Danilova, undated, unpublished paper.
  • Ashurova, Bisirit. Interview by Irina Moshel, January 7, 1998 Interview 38626, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
  • Aslanbek, Mahmut. Karaçay ve Malkar Türklerinin Faciasi. Ankara: Çankaya Matbaası, 1952.
  • Babich, Irina. Evoliutsiia Pravovoi Kul’tury Adygov (1860-1990-e gody). Moscow: Institut etnologii i antropologii RAN, 1999.
  • Begun, I., ed. Gorskie Evrei: Istoriia, Etnografiia, Kul’tura. Jerusalem/Moscow, DAAT/Znanie, 1999.
  • Biazrova, Zhneya. Interview by Sergei Shpagin, January 9, 1998, Interview 39800, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
  • Bugai, Nikolai, et al., eds. Natsional’no-Gosudarstvennoe Stroitel’stvo Rossiiskoi Federatsii: Severnyi Kavkaz (1917-1941 gg.). Maikop: Adygeiskii Resoublikanskii Institut Gumanitranykh Issledovanii, 1995.
  • ----------------. The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 1996.
  • ------------------ and Askarbi Gonov. Kavkaz: Narody v Eshelonakh. Moscow, Insan, 1998.
  • Danilova, Svetlana, ed. Gorskie Evrei v Kabardino-Balkarii: Stat’i, Ocherki. Nalchik: “El’brus,” 1997
  • --------------------------. “Zhivi i Pomni!” in Gorskie Evrei v Kabardino-Balkarii: Stat’i, Ocherki. ed. Svetlana Danilova.Nalchik: “El’brus,” 1997: 56-60.
  • -------------------------. “Moia Bol’, Gordost’ i Nadezhda,” in Gorskie Evrei v Kabardino-Balkarii: Stat’i, Ocherki. ed. Svetlana Danilova.Nalchik: “El’brus,” 1997: 8-16.
  • David, Itskhak. Istoriia Evreev na Kavkaze. Volume II. Tel Aviv: Kavkasioni, 1989.
  • Feferman, Kirill. “Nazi Germany and the Mountain Jews: Was There a Policy?” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 21.1 (Spring 2007): 96-114.
  • Gammer, Moshe. personal correspondence.
  • Goble, Paul. “With a Stroke of a Pen, Daghestani City Tats Officially become Mountain Jews,” http://windowoneurasia2.blogspot.com/2013/05/window-on-eurasia-with-stroke-of-pen.html.
  • Ifraimova, Shura. Interview by Irina Moshel, January 11, 1998, Interview 39747, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
  • Isakova, Fenia. Interview by Maria Lackman, February 8, 1998, Interview 39744, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
  • Kabuzan, Vladimir. Neselenie Severnogo Kavkaza v XIX-XX Vekakh: Etnostatisticheskoe Issledovanie. St. Petersburg: BLITs, 1996.
  • Karcha, Ramzan. “Genocide in the Northern Caucasus,” Caucasian Review 2 (1956): 76.
  • ---------------------. “The Peoples of the North Caucasus,” Nikolai Deker, Andrei Lebed, eds. Genocide in the USSR: Studies in Group Destruction. New York: The Scarecrow Press, 1958: 41.
  • Kovalev, Boris. Natsistskaia Okkupatsiia i Kollaboratsionizm v Rossii 1941-1944. Moscow: Tranzitkniga, 2004 .
  • Motaeva, Guri. Interview by Sergei Shpagin, January 6, 1998, Interview 39597, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
  • Rabaev, E. A. «K Istorii Evreiskikh Obshchin Severnogo Kavkaza.» 1999. http://www.istok.ru/library/131-k-istorii-evreyskih-obschin-severnogo-kavkaza.html. 7 9 2013.
  • Semenov, Igor. Kavkazskie Taty i Gorskie Evrei: Nekotorye Svedenii o nikh i Problemy Proiskhozhdenia. Kazan: Tan, 1992.
  • Shamilov, Rovino et al., “Bud’te Prokliaty, Fashistskie Izvergi!” in Gorskie Evrei v Kabardino-Balkarii: Stat’i, Ocherki. ed. Svetlana Danilova.Nalchik: “El’brus,” 1997: 50-4.
  • Yagudaev, Nagdimoso. Interview by Maria Lackman, August 19, 1998, Interview 46312, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.

The Mountain Jews and the Nazi Occupation of Kabarda [Dağ Yahudileri ve Nazilerin Kabardey’i İşgali]

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 7-8, 73 - 92, 31.05.2019

Abstract

         This paper attempts to identify the reasons why the Nazis refrained from murdering the Mountain Jews of Kabardia during their occupation of the west Caucasus in fall 1942. The Nazis knew of the existence of the Mountain Jews before the invasion, but were unclear on their ethnic composition. The local Kabardian population exploited this lack of clarity by attesting that the Mountain Jews were of Iranian extraction and teaching them Islamic customs to further confuse the Nazis. Based on multiple testimonies in the archive at the Shoah Foundation in Los Angeles, the ruse worked for several weeks. According to oral testimony, the Nazis determined that the Mountain Jews were ethnically Jewish and began preparing to murder them, but the Red Army recaptured the region just days before the Mountain Jews were to be rounded up. The limited oral testimony is insufficient to make certain conclusions, but it does point the way to further research to clarify and confirm the evidence presented here.

References

  • Amiramov, Sergei. Interview by Irina Moshel, October 12, 1998, Interview 39735, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
  • Arad, Yitzhak. The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. Lincoln, Nebraska and Jerusalem. University of Nebraska Press and Yad Vashem, 2009.
  • Asailova, Maral. Interview by Irina Moshel, January 10, 1998, Interview 39801, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
  • Ashurov, Mikhail. Interview by Svetlana Danilova, undated, unpublished paper.
  • Ashurova, Bisirit. Interview by Irina Moshel, January 7, 1998 Interview 38626, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
  • Aslanbek, Mahmut. Karaçay ve Malkar Türklerinin Faciasi. Ankara: Çankaya Matbaası, 1952.
  • Babich, Irina. Evoliutsiia Pravovoi Kul’tury Adygov (1860-1990-e gody). Moscow: Institut etnologii i antropologii RAN, 1999.
  • Begun, I., ed. Gorskie Evrei: Istoriia, Etnografiia, Kul’tura. Jerusalem/Moscow, DAAT/Znanie, 1999.
  • Biazrova, Zhneya. Interview by Sergei Shpagin, January 9, 1998, Interview 39800, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
  • Bugai, Nikolai, et al., eds. Natsional’no-Gosudarstvennoe Stroitel’stvo Rossiiskoi Federatsii: Severnyi Kavkaz (1917-1941 gg.). Maikop: Adygeiskii Resoublikanskii Institut Gumanitranykh Issledovanii, 1995.
  • ----------------. The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 1996.
  • ------------------ and Askarbi Gonov. Kavkaz: Narody v Eshelonakh. Moscow, Insan, 1998.
  • Danilova, Svetlana, ed. Gorskie Evrei v Kabardino-Balkarii: Stat’i, Ocherki. Nalchik: “El’brus,” 1997
  • --------------------------. “Zhivi i Pomni!” in Gorskie Evrei v Kabardino-Balkarii: Stat’i, Ocherki. ed. Svetlana Danilova.Nalchik: “El’brus,” 1997: 56-60.
  • -------------------------. “Moia Bol’, Gordost’ i Nadezhda,” in Gorskie Evrei v Kabardino-Balkarii: Stat’i, Ocherki. ed. Svetlana Danilova.Nalchik: “El’brus,” 1997: 8-16.
  • David, Itskhak. Istoriia Evreev na Kavkaze. Volume II. Tel Aviv: Kavkasioni, 1989.
  • Feferman, Kirill. “Nazi Germany and the Mountain Jews: Was There a Policy?” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 21.1 (Spring 2007): 96-114.
  • Gammer, Moshe. personal correspondence.
  • Goble, Paul. “With a Stroke of a Pen, Daghestani City Tats Officially become Mountain Jews,” http://windowoneurasia2.blogspot.com/2013/05/window-on-eurasia-with-stroke-of-pen.html.
  • Ifraimova, Shura. Interview by Irina Moshel, January 11, 1998, Interview 39747, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
  • Isakova, Fenia. Interview by Maria Lackman, February 8, 1998, Interview 39744, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
  • Kabuzan, Vladimir. Neselenie Severnogo Kavkaza v XIX-XX Vekakh: Etnostatisticheskoe Issledovanie. St. Petersburg: BLITs, 1996.
  • Karcha, Ramzan. “Genocide in the Northern Caucasus,” Caucasian Review 2 (1956): 76.
  • ---------------------. “The Peoples of the North Caucasus,” Nikolai Deker, Andrei Lebed, eds. Genocide in the USSR: Studies in Group Destruction. New York: The Scarecrow Press, 1958: 41.
  • Kovalev, Boris. Natsistskaia Okkupatsiia i Kollaboratsionizm v Rossii 1941-1944. Moscow: Tranzitkniga, 2004 .
  • Motaeva, Guri. Interview by Sergei Shpagin, January 6, 1998, Interview 39597, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
  • Rabaev, E. A. «K Istorii Evreiskikh Obshchin Severnogo Kavkaza.» 1999. http://www.istok.ru/library/131-k-istorii-evreyskih-obschin-severnogo-kavkaza.html. 7 9 2013.
  • Semenov, Igor. Kavkazskie Taty i Gorskie Evrei: Nekotorye Svedenii o nikh i Problemy Proiskhozhdenia. Kazan: Tan, 1992.
  • Shamilov, Rovino et al., “Bud’te Prokliaty, Fashistskie Izvergi!” in Gorskie Evrei v Kabardino-Balkarii: Stat’i, Ocherki. ed. Svetlana Danilova.Nalchik: “El’brus,” 1997: 50-4.
  • Yagudaev, Nagdimoso. Interview by Maria Lackman, August 19, 1998, Interview 46312, video, Shoah Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Article
Authors

Walter Richmond

Publication Date May 31, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 7-8

Cite

MLA Richmond, Walter. “The Mountain Jews and the Nazi Occupation of Kabarda [Dağ Yahudileri Ve Nazilerin Kabardey’i İşgali]”. Kafkasya Çalışmaları, vol. 4, no. 7-8, 2019, pp. 73-92.

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