Küreselleşmenin Öntarihi: Hareket Halindeki Çerkes Kimliği [Prehistories of Globalisation: Circassian Identity in Motion]

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 7-8, 195 - 229, 31.05.2019

Setenay Shami Translator: Jade Cemre Erciyes Translator: Zeynel Abidin Besleney

Abstract

This
article through a closer look at an emergent notion that might be called the
prehistory of globalization will focus on how the pasts of one small diasporic
group, the Circassians, act upon their present engagements with globality and
the ways in which they experience a newly accessible homeland in the North
Caucasus. In looking at the linkages between Circassian pasts and presents,
mobility and migration emerge clearly as a constitutive element of Circassian
identity. To explore the relationship between motion and identity the author
juxtaposes two texts from different time-spaces. The first is an ethnographic
text narrating a journey undertaken by a Circassian woman in 1993 from diaspora
to homeland, from Turkey to the Caucasus. The second is an historical text
dating from 1854 and documenting the journey of a Circassian woman from
homeland to slavery, from the Caucasus to Egypt. The unexpected divergences,
convergences, and counterintuitive insights illuminated by the juxtaposition
illustrate the changing trajectories of migration, memory, and imagination.
They help assess the utility of prehistory as a conceptual link between past
and present and reveal the profoundly gendered nature of globalization and its
pasts.

Keywords

prehistory, migration, return, slavery, globalisation

Küreselleşmenin Öntarihi: Hareket Halindeki Çerkes Kimliği [Prehistories of Globalisation: Circassian Identity in Motion]

Abstract

Küreselleşme
teriminin tanımı üzerindeki muğlaklık tamamen giderilemese de, onun işaret
ettiği süreçlere dair dünyada genel bir hemfikirliğin olduğunu söyleyebiliriz.
Alternatif moderniteleri, kültürel melezliği, ticari malların dolaşımını,
ulusaşırı göçleri yada kimlik siyasetini anlamaya çalışırken Küreselleşme
teorisi aslında geleceğe bakar. Lineerlik, teleoloji ve öngörülebilirlik
kavramlarını bir yana bırakarak yeni binyılın nasıl şekilleneceğini anlamaya
çalışır. Devinim ve kimlik arasındaki ilişkiyi
anlamak için farklı zaman dilimlerinden iki metni yanyana getirerek analiz
edeceğim. Bunların ilki, 1993 yılında bir Çerkes kadınının diasporadan
anavatanına -Türkiye’den Kafkasya’ya- yaptığı seyahati anlatan etnografik bir
metin. İkincisi ise, 1854’de yazılmış olan ve bir Çerkes kadınının
anavatanından köleliğe –Kafkasya’dan Mısır’a, yaptığı yolculuğu anlatan
tarihsel bir metin. Bu metinlerin karşılaştırmalı analizinin ortya koyduğu
beklenmedik ayrılıklar ve biraraya gelmeler, ve tahmin edilmesi zor kavrayışlar
göç, hafıza ve tahayyül gibi kavramların değişken hallerini gösterir. Bu
kavramlar, Öntarih‘in (prehistory)
geçmiş ile bugün arasında kavramsal bir bağ kurmak ve küreselleşme ve onun
geçmişlerinin çarpıcı şekilde cinsiyetçi olduğunu göstermek açısından
kullanışlı bir nosyon olup olmadığını anlamamıza yardım ederler.

 

Keywords

küreselleşme, kadın, Çerkes, ön-tarih

References

• Abu-Lughod, Janet. 1989. Before European hegemony: The world system, A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Rev. ed. London: Verso.
• Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Baucom, Ian. 1997. Charting the “Black Atlantic.” Postmodern Culture 8(1)(http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/postmodernculture/v009/8.1baucom.html).
• Benjamin, Walter. 1968. Illuminations: Essays and reflections, edited by Hannah Arendt and translated by Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken.
• Berkok, .Ismail. 1958. Tarihte Kafkasya (The Caucasus in history). Istanbul: Istanbul Matbaasi.
• Buell, Frederick. 1998. Nationalist postnationalism: Globalist discourse in contemporary American culture. American Quarterly 50(3): 548–91.
• Buck-Morss, Susan. 1999. The dialectics of seeing: Walter Benjamin and the arcades project. Cambridge: MIT Press.
• Buijs, Gina, ed. 1993. Migrant women: Crossing boundaries and changing identities. Oxford: Berg. Clifford, James. 1997. Routes: Travel and translation in the late twentieth century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Connerton, Paul. 1991. How societies remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Erdem, Y. Hakan. 1993. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its demise, 1800–1909. Ph.D. diss., Oxford University.
• Fabian, Johannes. 1983. Time and the other: How anthropology makes its object. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Ghosh, Amitav. 1993. In an antique land. London: Granta Books.
• Güven, Yaşar, ed. 1993. Basında Çerkezler [Circassians in print]. Istanbul: Baglarbaşı Gençlik Kurumu (Eylül/September).
• Karpat, K. 1985. Ottoman population 1830–1914: Demographic and social characteristics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
• Klein, Norman M. 1998. The history of forgetting: Los Angeles and the erasure of memory. London: Verso.
• Pred, Allan. 1995. Recognizing European modernities: A montage of the present. London: Routledge.
• Rogan, Eugene. 1991. Incorporating the periphery: The Ottoman extension of direct rule over southeastern Syria (TransJordan), 1867–1914. Ph.D. diss., Harvard University.
• Sen, Ömer. 1994. 19 Yüzyılda Osmanlı Devletindeki Köle Ticaretinde Kafkasya Göçmenlerinin Rolü [The role of the Caucasian immigrants in the slave trade of the nineteenth-century Ottoman state]. Toplum ve Ekonomi, Sayi 6, Mayıs (Istanbul): 171–83.
• Seremetakis, C. Nadia. 1994a. The memory of the senses, part I: Marks of the transitory. In The senses still: Perception and memory as material culture in modernity, edited by C. Nadia Seremetakis. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
• Seremetakis, C. Nadia. 1994b. Implications. In The senses still: Perception and memory as material culture in modernity, edited by C. Nadia Seremetakis. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
• Shami, Seteney. 1992. Nineteenth century Circassian settlements in Jordan. In Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan IV, edited by Adnan Hadidi. Amman, Jordan: Department of Antiquities.
• Shami, Seteney. 1995. Disjuncture in ethnicity: Negotiating Circassian identity in Jordan, Turkey, and the Caucasus. New Perspectives on Turkey 12 (Spring): 79–95.
• Shami, Seteney. 1998. Circassian encounters: The self as other and the production of the homeland in the North Caucasus. Development and Change 29: 617–46.
• Shami, Seteney. 2000. Engendering social memory: Domestic rituals, resistance and identity in the North Caucasus. In Gender and identity construction: Women of central Asia, the Caucasus, and Turkey, edited by Feride Acar and Ayse Güneş Ayata. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
• Shami, Seteney. forthcoming. The little nation: Majorities and minorities in the context of shifting geographies. In Nationalism and internationalism in the post–Cold War era, edited by Kjell Goldmann, Ulf Hannerz, and Charles Westin. London: Routledge.
• Swaisland, Cecillie. 1993. Servants and gentlewomen to the golden land: The emigration of single women from Britain to southern Africa 1820–1939. Oxford: Berg and University of Natal Press.
• Thrift, Nigel. 1996. Spatial formations. London: Sage Publications.
• Toledano, Ehud R. 1993. Shemsigul: A Circassian Slave in Mid-Nineteenth Century Cairo. In Struggle and survival in the modern Middle East, edited by Edmund Burke III. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Wolff, Janet. 1993. On the road again: Metaphors of travel in cultural criticism. Cultural Studies 7(2): 224–39.