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Ar-Ge Harcaması, Patent ve Ekonomik Büyüme Bağlantısı: ABD ve Japonya Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 72 - 80, 30.12.2021

Abstract

Çalışma, 1985-2018 yıllarını kapsayan yıllık zaman serisi verilerini kullanarak araştırma ve geliştirmeye yapılan gayri safi harcamaları, üçlü patent sayıları ve gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektedir. Bu verilerin hepsi nüfus sayısına bölünmüş daha sonra doğal logaritmaları alınmıştır. Çalışmada ABD ve Japonya karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmektedir. Yüksek gelirli ülkeler olması sebebiyle bu iki ülke tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmada ARDL eşbütünleşme testi ve Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testinden yararlanılmıştır. ARDL test sonuçlarına göre ABD için değişkenler arasında uzun dönem ilişkisi mevcutken Japonya için uzun dönem ilişkisi bulunmamaktadır. Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testinin sonuçlarına göre ABD için gayri safi yurtiçi hasıladan Ar-Ge harcamalarına ve gayri safi yurtiçi hasıladan patent sayısına nedensellik olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Japonya için ise gayri safi yurtiçi hasıladan Ar-Ge harcamalarına, patent sayısından Ar-Ge harcamalarına ve gayri safi yurtiçi hasıladan patent sayısına nedensellik olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

References

  • Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1999). Endogenous Growth Theory, 3rd Edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press,.
  • Bozkurt, H. Y. (2013). Zaman Serileri Analizi, 2. Baskı. Ekin Yayınevi: Bursa
  • Braconier, H. (2000). Do Higher Per Capita Incomes Lead to More R&D Expenditure?. Review of Development Economics, 4 (3), 244-257.
  • Coşkun, H., & Eygü, H. (2020). Ar–Ge Harcamaları ve İhracat İlişkisinin İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8, 233-242.
  • Das, R. C., & Mukherjee, S. (2000). Do Spending on R&D Influence Income? An Enquiry on World’s Leading Economies and Groups. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11 (4) 1295-1315.
  • Dereli, D. D., & Salğar, U. (2019). Ar-Ge Harcamaları ile Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Journal of Life Economics, 6 (3), 345-360.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution Of The Estimators For Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root. Journal of American Statistica, 74, 427-431.
  • Falk, M. (2007). R&D Spending in The High-Tech Sector and Economic Growth. Research in Economics, 61(3), pp.140-147.
  • Frantzen, D. (2000). R&D, Human Capital and International Technology Spillovers: A Cross-Country Analysis. The Scandiavian Journal of Economics, 102 (1).
  • Fraumeni, B. M., & Okubo, S. (2005). R&D in The National Income and Product Accounts A First Look at Its Effect on GDP, Measuring Capital in the New Economy, Editors: Carol Corrado, John Haltiwanger, Dan Sichel, University of Chicago Press, (çevrimiçi), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4984964_RD_in_the_National_Income_and_Product_Accounts_A_First_Look_at_its_Effect_on_GDP, 10.08.2020.
  • Freimane, R., & Bāliņa, S. (2016). Research and Development Expenditures and Economic Growth in the EU: A Panel Data Analysis. Economics and Business, 29 (1), 5-11.
  • Greenhalgh, C., & Rogers M. (2010). Innovation, Intellectual Property, and Economic Growth. Princeton University Press: Oxfordshire.
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2012). Temel Ekonometri. (Çev. Ümit Şenesen, Gülay Günlük Şenesen). İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık.
  • Güloğlu, B., & Tekin, R. B. (2012). A Panel Causality Analysis of the Relationship Among Research and Development, Innovation and Economic Growth in High-Income OECD Countries. Eurasian Economic Review, 2(1), 32-47.
  • Jovanovic, B., & Nyarko, Y. (1998). Research and Productivity, Creation and Transfer of Knowledge, (Eds: Giorgio Barba Navaretti). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Külünk, İ. (2018). Türkiye’de Arge Harcamaları, İhracat ve Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: 1996-2016. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4 (2), 73-82.
  • Li, J., & Jiang, Y. (2016). Calculation and Empirical Analysis on the Contributions of R&D Spending and Patents to China’s Economic Growth. Theoretical Economics Letters, 6, 1256-1266.
  • Maloney, W., & Rodríguez-Clare A. (2007). Innovation Shortfalls. Review of Development Economics, 11 (4).
  • Marinova, D., & Phillimore, J. (2003). Models of Innovation, The International Handbook on Innovation. (Ed. Larisa V. Shavinina). Oxford: Pergamon.
  • Meo, S. A., & Usmani, A. M. (2014). Impact of R&D Expenditures on Research Publications, Patents and High-tech Exports Among European Countries. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 18(1):1-9.
  • Nemet, G. F. (2009). Demand-pull, Technology-push, and Government-led Incentives for Non-incremental Technical Change. Research Policy, 38 (5), 700-701.
  • Özkan, G., & Yılmaz, H. (2017). Ar-Ge Harcamalarının Yüksek Teknoloji Ürün İhracatı ve Kişi Başı Gelir Üzerindeki Etkileri: 12 AB Ülkesi ve Türkiye İçin Uygulama (1996-2015). Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 12 (1), 1-12.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Pesaran, B. (1997). Working with Microfit 4.0: Interactive Econometric Analysis. Oxford University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16 (3), 289-326.
  • Sala-i-Martin, X. (2002). Sources of Growth, Macroeconomic Management: Programs and Policies. (Ed. Mohsin S. Khan, Saleh M. Nsouli, Chorng-Huey Wong). Washngton, D.C.: IMF Institute.
  • Toda H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66 (1-2) 225-250.
  • Ulku, H. (2004). R&D, Innovation, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis. 04/185, IMF Working Paper.
  • Wang, E. C. (2010). Determinants of R&D Investment: The Extreme-Bounds-Analysis Approach Applied to 26 OECD Countries. Research Policy, 39,1.
  • Zachariadis, M. (2003). R&D, Innovation, and Technological Progress: A Test of The Schumpeterian Framework Without Scale Effects. Canadian Journal of Economics, 36, 3.

R&D Expenditure, Patent and Economic Growth Nexus: A Comperative Study on US and Japan

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 72 - 80, 30.12.2021

Abstract

The study examines the nexus between the gross expenditure for research and development, triadic patents and the gross domestic product covering the annual time series data from 1985 to 2018. All of these data are divided by the number of population and then their natural logarithms are taken. In the study, the USA and Japan are examined comparatively. These two countries are studied due to the fact that they are high income countries. ARDL cointegration test and Toda-Yamamoto causality tests are used in the study. According to the ARDL test results, it is concluded that there is a long-term relationship between the data for the USA, while there is no long-term relationship for Japan. According to the results of the Toda-Yamamoto causality test, it is concluded that there are causalities for the USA from GDP to R&D expenditure and from GDP to the number of patents. It has been concluded that there exist causalities from GDP to R&D expenditures, from the number of patents to R&D expenditures and from GDP to the number of patents for Japan.

References

  • Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1999). Endogenous Growth Theory, 3rd Edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press,.
  • Bozkurt, H. Y. (2013). Zaman Serileri Analizi, 2. Baskı. Ekin Yayınevi: Bursa
  • Braconier, H. (2000). Do Higher Per Capita Incomes Lead to More R&D Expenditure?. Review of Development Economics, 4 (3), 244-257.
  • Coşkun, H., & Eygü, H. (2020). Ar–Ge Harcamaları ve İhracat İlişkisinin İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8, 233-242.
  • Das, R. C., & Mukherjee, S. (2000). Do Spending on R&D Influence Income? An Enquiry on World’s Leading Economies and Groups. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11 (4) 1295-1315.
  • Dereli, D. D., & Salğar, U. (2019). Ar-Ge Harcamaları ile Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Journal of Life Economics, 6 (3), 345-360.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution Of The Estimators For Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root. Journal of American Statistica, 74, 427-431.
  • Falk, M. (2007). R&D Spending in The High-Tech Sector and Economic Growth. Research in Economics, 61(3), pp.140-147.
  • Frantzen, D. (2000). R&D, Human Capital and International Technology Spillovers: A Cross-Country Analysis. The Scandiavian Journal of Economics, 102 (1).
  • Fraumeni, B. M., & Okubo, S. (2005). R&D in The National Income and Product Accounts A First Look at Its Effect on GDP, Measuring Capital in the New Economy, Editors: Carol Corrado, John Haltiwanger, Dan Sichel, University of Chicago Press, (çevrimiçi), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4984964_RD_in_the_National_Income_and_Product_Accounts_A_First_Look_at_its_Effect_on_GDP, 10.08.2020.
  • Freimane, R., & Bāliņa, S. (2016). Research and Development Expenditures and Economic Growth in the EU: A Panel Data Analysis. Economics and Business, 29 (1), 5-11.
  • Greenhalgh, C., & Rogers M. (2010). Innovation, Intellectual Property, and Economic Growth. Princeton University Press: Oxfordshire.
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2012). Temel Ekonometri. (Çev. Ümit Şenesen, Gülay Günlük Şenesen). İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık.
  • Güloğlu, B., & Tekin, R. B. (2012). A Panel Causality Analysis of the Relationship Among Research and Development, Innovation and Economic Growth in High-Income OECD Countries. Eurasian Economic Review, 2(1), 32-47.
  • Jovanovic, B., & Nyarko, Y. (1998). Research and Productivity, Creation and Transfer of Knowledge, (Eds: Giorgio Barba Navaretti). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Külünk, İ. (2018). Türkiye’de Arge Harcamaları, İhracat ve Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: 1996-2016. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4 (2), 73-82.
  • Li, J., & Jiang, Y. (2016). Calculation and Empirical Analysis on the Contributions of R&D Spending and Patents to China’s Economic Growth. Theoretical Economics Letters, 6, 1256-1266.
  • Maloney, W., & Rodríguez-Clare A. (2007). Innovation Shortfalls. Review of Development Economics, 11 (4).
  • Marinova, D., & Phillimore, J. (2003). Models of Innovation, The International Handbook on Innovation. (Ed. Larisa V. Shavinina). Oxford: Pergamon.
  • Meo, S. A., & Usmani, A. M. (2014). Impact of R&D Expenditures on Research Publications, Patents and High-tech Exports Among European Countries. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 18(1):1-9.
  • Nemet, G. F. (2009). Demand-pull, Technology-push, and Government-led Incentives for Non-incremental Technical Change. Research Policy, 38 (5), 700-701.
  • Özkan, G., & Yılmaz, H. (2017). Ar-Ge Harcamalarının Yüksek Teknoloji Ürün İhracatı ve Kişi Başı Gelir Üzerindeki Etkileri: 12 AB Ülkesi ve Türkiye İçin Uygulama (1996-2015). Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 12 (1), 1-12.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Pesaran, B. (1997). Working with Microfit 4.0: Interactive Econometric Analysis. Oxford University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16 (3), 289-326.
  • Sala-i-Martin, X. (2002). Sources of Growth, Macroeconomic Management: Programs and Policies. (Ed. Mohsin S. Khan, Saleh M. Nsouli, Chorng-Huey Wong). Washngton, D.C.: IMF Institute.
  • Toda H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66 (1-2) 225-250.
  • Ulku, H. (2004). R&D, Innovation, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis. 04/185, IMF Working Paper.
  • Wang, E. C. (2010). Determinants of R&D Investment: The Extreme-Bounds-Analysis Approach Applied to 26 OECD Countries. Research Policy, 39,1.
  • Zachariadis, M. (2003). R&D, Innovation, and Technological Progress: A Test of The Schumpeterian Framework Without Scale Effects. Canadian Journal of Economics, 36, 3.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Aziz Dayanır 0000-0001-7279-1487

Burhan Durğun 0000-0001-7742-6059

Funda Durgun 0000-0001-7254-227X

Publication Date December 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Dayanır, A., Durğun, B., & Durgun, F. (2021). Ar-Ge Harcaması, Patent ve Ekonomik Büyüme Bağlantısı: ABD ve Japonya Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 6(2), 72-80.

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