Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Green Complexity Index and Air Pollution: An Analysis on NUTS 3 Regions in Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 319 - 332, 30.12.2021

Abstract

Increasing environmental concerns in the economic growth and development literature have led to the development of innovative approaches in researches on the relationship between economic development and environmental pollution. One of them is the concept of green product complexity. Based on the application of the economic complexity methodology to the green product lists of international organizations such as WTO, OECD and APEC, this approach is often used to test the relationship between green product complexity and environmental pollution at the country level. The number of studies on green product complexity at both country and regional level is still very few. From this point of view, the aim of the study is to calculate the Green Complexity Index for NUTS3 Regions in Turkey and to examine the relationship between this index and two air pollution indicators such as SO2 and PM10. In addition, the economic complexity index for non-green products has also been calculated in the study. According to the findings, there is no significant relationship between the Green Complexity Index and air pollution. It has also been shown in the study that provinces with high Green Product Complexity have high complexity values in non-green products.

References

  • Akbostancı, E., Türüt-Aşık, S., & Tunç, G. İ. (2009). The relationship between income and environment in Turkey: is there an environmental Kuznets curve?. Energy Policy, 37(3), 861-867.
  • Balassa, B. (1965). Trade Liberalisation and “Revealed” Comparative Advantage. The Manchester School, 33(2), 99-123. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9957.1965.tb00050.x
  • Baltagi, B. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Barbier, E. B. (2012). The green economy post Rio+ 20. Science, 338(6109), 887-888.
  • Boschma, R., Minondo, A., & Navarro, M. (2012). Related variety and regional growth in Spain. Papers in Regional Science, 91(2), 241-256.
  • Breusch, T., & Pagan, A. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its application to model specification in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239–253.
  • Can, M., & Gözgör, G. (2017). The impact of economic complexity on carbon emissions: evidence from France. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 24(19), 16364-16370. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9219-7
  • Carson, R. T. (2010). The environmental Kuznets curve: seeking empirical regularity and theoretical structure. Review of environmental Economics and Policy, 4(1), 3-23.
  • Churchill, S. A., Inekwe, J., Ivanovski, K., & Smyth, R. (2020). The environmental Kuznets curve across Australian states and territories. Energy Economics, 90, 104869.
  • Cristelli, M., Gabrielli, A., Tacchella, A., Caldarelli, G., & Pietronero, L. (2013). Measuring the Intangibles: A Metrics for the Economic Complexity of Countries and Products. PLoS ONE, 8(8), 1-20.
  • Çatık, A. N., Karaçuka, M., & Kışla, G. H. (2016). Air pollution and income relationship in Turkish provinces: A spatial approach. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(1), 127-146.
  • Çınar, İ. T., Korkmaz, İ., & Baycan, T., (2021). Ekonomik Karmaşıklık ve Ekonomik Seçilim Üzerine Türkiye'de Bölgesel Düzeyde Bir Değerlendirme, İçinde: M. Tahsin Şahin ve Fatih Altuğ (Ed.), Yerel ve Bölgesel Kalkınmada Değişen Dinamikler - Teori, Politikalar ve Uygulamalar. Nobel Yayınevi.
  • De Groot, H. L., Withagen, C. A., & Minliang, Z. (2004). Dynamics of China's regional development and pollution: an investigation into the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Environment and Development Economics, 507-537.
  • De Hoyos, R. E., & Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. The Stata journal, 6(4), 482-496.
  • Dijkgraaf, E., & Vollebergh, H. R. (2001). A note on testing for environmental Kuznets curves with panel data (No. 63.2001). Nota di Lavoro.
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455.
  • Doğan, B., Saboori, B., & Can, M. (2019). Does economic complexity matter for environmental degradation? An empirical analysis for different stages of development. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 26(31), 31900-31912. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06333-1
  • Eurostat (2020). RAMON - Reference and Management of Nomenclatures: Index of Correspondence Tables: HS 2007-SITC rev 3. (Accessed on 15.01.2020) https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/relations/index.cfm?
  • Frees, E. W. (1995). Assessing cross-sectional correlation in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 69, 393–414.
  • Friedman, M. (1937). The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 32, 675–701.
  • Gao, J., & Zhou, T. (2018). Quantifying China’s regional economic complexity. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 492, 1591-1603.
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement (0898-2937). https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/ w3914/w3914.pdf
  • Güçlü, M. (2016). The environmental Kuznets curve for Turkish Nuts-3 regions: a spatial econometric analysis. Inclusive and Sustainable Development and the Role of Social and Solidarity Economy, 67.
  • Hausmann, R., Hidalgo, C. A., Bustos, S., Coscia, M., & Simoes, A. (2014). The atlas of economic complexity: Mapping paths to prosperity. Mit Press.
  • Hidalgo, C. A., & Hausmann, R. (2009). The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 106(26), 10570-10575.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28.
  • Lapatinas, A., Garas, A., Boleti, E., & Kyriakou, A. (2019). Economic complexity and environmental performance: Evidence from a world sample. MPRA Paper No. 92833.
  • List, J. A., & Gallet, C. A. (1999). The environmental Kuznets curve: does one size fit all?. Ecological Economics, 31(3), 409-423.
  • Mealy, P., & Teytelboym, A. (2020). Economic complexity and the green economy. Research Policy, 103948.
  • Morrison, G., Buldyrev, S. V., Imbruno, M., Doria Arrieta, O. A., Rungi, A., Riccaboni, M., & Pammolli, F. (2017). On Economic Complexity and the Fitness of Nations. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 15332.
  • Neagu, O. (2019). The Link between Economic Complexity and Carbon Emissions in the European Union Countries: A Model Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Approach. Sustainability, 11(17). doi:10.3390/su11174753
  • Neagu, O., & Teodoru, M. (2019). The Relationship between Economic Complexity, Energy Consumption Structure and Greenhouse Gas Emission: Heterogeneous Panel Evidence from the EU Countries. Sustainability, 11(2). doi:10.3390/su11020497
  • Operti, F. G., Pugliese, E., Jr.Andrade, J. S., Pietronero, L., & Gabrielli, A. (2018). Dynamics in the Fitness-Income plane: Brazilian states vs World countries. PLoS ONE, 13(6), 1-20.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development. ILO Working Papers 992927783402676, International Labour Organization.
  • Pata, U. K. (2021). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic complexity, CO2 emissions, and ecological footprint in the USA: testing the EKC hypothesis with a structural break. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 28(1), 846-861. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10446-3
  • Pérez-Hernández, C. C., Salazar-Hernández, B. C., Mendoza-Moheno, J., Cruz-Coria, E., & Hernández-Calzada, M. A. (2021). Mapping the Green Product-Space in Mexico: From Capabilities to Green Opportunities. Sustainability, 13(2), 945.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews, 34, 1089-1117.
  • Servedio, V. D., Buttà, P., Mazzilli, D., Tacchella, A., & Pietronero, L. (2018). A new and stable estimation method of country economic fitness and product complexity. Entropy, 20(10), 783.
  • Shafik, N., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: time series and cross section evidence. Policy research working paper Nº WPS904, World Bank.
  • Sınır Ticaretinin Düzenlenmesine İlişkin Karar (2009, 16, Mayıs). Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 27230). (Erişim Tarihi: 05.12.2020.), https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2009/05/20090516-8.htm
  • Steenblik, R. (2005). Environmental Goods: A Comparison of the APEC and OECD Lists. (OECD Trade and Environment Working Paper No. 2005-04).
  • Stern, D. I., Common, M. S., & Barbier, E. B. (1994). Economic growth and environmental degradation: a critique of the environmental Kuznets curve (No. 2049-2017-5030).
  • Swart, J., & Brinkmann, L. (2020). Economic complexity and the environment: Evidence from Brazil. In Universities and Sustainable Communities: Meeting the Goals of the Agenda 2030 (pp. 3-45). Springer, Cham.
  • T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (2021). 5.3 Hava Kalitesinde PM10 ve SO2 Ortalamaları. (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2021), http://cevreselgostergeler.csb.gov.tr/hava-kalitesinde-pm10-ve-so2-ortalamalari-i-85734
  • Tacchella, A., Cristelli, M., Caldarelli, G., Gabrielli, A., & Pietronero, L. (2012). A new metrics for countries' fitness and products' complexity. Scientific reports, 2, 723.
  • Tacchella, A., Cristelli, M., Caldarelli, G., Gabrielli, A., & Pietronero, L. (2013). Economic complexity: Conceptual grounding of a new metrics for global competitiveness. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 37(8), 1683-1691.
  • Tuncer, I., Lopcu, K., Coşkun, N., & Arıcıoğlu, E. (2017). Türkiye bölgelerinde yapısal değişim: kümeleme ve ekonomik karmaşıklik analizleri bağlamında öneriler. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 59-74.
  • Tuzcu, S. E., & Usupbeyli, A. (2018). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi: Türkiye Üzerine Gece Işıkları ile Mekansal bir Modelleme. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 141-164.
  • TÜİK (2020). Bölgesel İstatistikler. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2020), https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/bolgeselistatistik/ degiskenlerUzerindenSorgula.do#
  • Yilanci, V., & Pata, U. K. (2020). Investigating the EKC hypothesis for China: the role of economic complexity on ecological footprint. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 27(26), 32683-32694. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-09434-4

Yeşil Karmaşıklık Endeksi ve Hava Kirliliği: Türkiye’de Düzey 3 Bölgeleri Üzerine Bir Analiz

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 319 - 332, 30.12.2021

Abstract

Ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma literatüründe artan çevresel kaygılar, ekonomik kalkınma ile çevre kirliliği arasındaki ilişkiye yönelik araştırmalarda yenilikçi yaklaşımların geliştirilmesine neden olmuştur. Bunlardan biri yeşil ürün karmaşıklığı kavramıdır. Ekonomik karmaşıklık metodolojisinin WTO, OECD ve APEC gibi uluslararası kuruluşların yeşil ürün listelerine uygulanmasına dayanan bu yaklaşım genellikle ülkeler düzeyinde yeşil ürün karmaşıklığı ve çevre kirliliği ilişkisinin test edilmesinde kullanılmaktadır. Yeşil ürün karmaşıklığı ile ilgili gerek ülke gerekse bölgesel düzeyde yapılan çalışmaların sayısı ise henüz çok azdır. Buradan hareketle, çalışmanın amacı Yeşil Karmaşıklık Endeksinin Türkiye’de Düzey 3 Bölgeleri için hesaplanması ve bu endeksin SO2 ve PM10 gibi iki hava kirliliği göstergeleri ile ilişkisini incelemektir. Bunun yanında çalışmada yeşil olmayan ürünler için de ekonomik karmaşıklık endeksi hesaplanmıştır. Bulgulara göre, Yeşil Karmaşıklık Endeksi ile hava kirliliği arasında anlamlı bir ilişki yoktur. Araştırmada ayrıca, Yeşil Karmaşıklık Endeks değeri yüksek olan illerin aynı zamanda yeşil olmayan ürünlerde de karmaşıklık değerinin yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. 

References

  • Akbostancı, E., Türüt-Aşık, S., & Tunç, G. İ. (2009). The relationship between income and environment in Turkey: is there an environmental Kuznets curve?. Energy Policy, 37(3), 861-867.
  • Balassa, B. (1965). Trade Liberalisation and “Revealed” Comparative Advantage. The Manchester School, 33(2), 99-123. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9957.1965.tb00050.x
  • Baltagi, B. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Barbier, E. B. (2012). The green economy post Rio+ 20. Science, 338(6109), 887-888.
  • Boschma, R., Minondo, A., & Navarro, M. (2012). Related variety and regional growth in Spain. Papers in Regional Science, 91(2), 241-256.
  • Breusch, T., & Pagan, A. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its application to model specification in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47, 239–253.
  • Can, M., & Gözgör, G. (2017). The impact of economic complexity on carbon emissions: evidence from France. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 24(19), 16364-16370. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9219-7
  • Carson, R. T. (2010). The environmental Kuznets curve: seeking empirical regularity and theoretical structure. Review of environmental Economics and Policy, 4(1), 3-23.
  • Churchill, S. A., Inekwe, J., Ivanovski, K., & Smyth, R. (2020). The environmental Kuznets curve across Australian states and territories. Energy Economics, 90, 104869.
  • Cristelli, M., Gabrielli, A., Tacchella, A., Caldarelli, G., & Pietronero, L. (2013). Measuring the Intangibles: A Metrics for the Economic Complexity of Countries and Products. PLoS ONE, 8(8), 1-20.
  • Çatık, A. N., Karaçuka, M., & Kışla, G. H. (2016). Air pollution and income relationship in Turkish provinces: A spatial approach. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(1), 127-146.
  • Çınar, İ. T., Korkmaz, İ., & Baycan, T., (2021). Ekonomik Karmaşıklık ve Ekonomik Seçilim Üzerine Türkiye'de Bölgesel Düzeyde Bir Değerlendirme, İçinde: M. Tahsin Şahin ve Fatih Altuğ (Ed.), Yerel ve Bölgesel Kalkınmada Değişen Dinamikler - Teori, Politikalar ve Uygulamalar. Nobel Yayınevi.
  • De Groot, H. L., Withagen, C. A., & Minliang, Z. (2004). Dynamics of China's regional development and pollution: an investigation into the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Environment and Development Economics, 507-537.
  • De Hoyos, R. E., & Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. The Stata journal, 6(4), 482-496.
  • Dijkgraaf, E., & Vollebergh, H. R. (2001). A note on testing for environmental Kuznets curves with panel data (No. 63.2001). Nota di Lavoro.
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455.
  • Doğan, B., Saboori, B., & Can, M. (2019). Does economic complexity matter for environmental degradation? An empirical analysis for different stages of development. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 26(31), 31900-31912. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06333-1
  • Eurostat (2020). RAMON - Reference and Management of Nomenclatures: Index of Correspondence Tables: HS 2007-SITC rev 3. (Accessed on 15.01.2020) https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/relations/index.cfm?
  • Frees, E. W. (1995). Assessing cross-sectional correlation in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 69, 393–414.
  • Friedman, M. (1937). The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 32, 675–701.
  • Gao, J., & Zhou, T. (2018). Quantifying China’s regional economic complexity. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 492, 1591-1603.
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement (0898-2937). https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/ w3914/w3914.pdf
  • Güçlü, M. (2016). The environmental Kuznets curve for Turkish Nuts-3 regions: a spatial econometric analysis. Inclusive and Sustainable Development and the Role of Social and Solidarity Economy, 67.
  • Hausmann, R., Hidalgo, C. A., Bustos, S., Coscia, M., & Simoes, A. (2014). The atlas of economic complexity: Mapping paths to prosperity. Mit Press.
  • Hidalgo, C. A., & Hausmann, R. (2009). The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 106(26), 10570-10575.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28.
  • Lapatinas, A., Garas, A., Boleti, E., & Kyriakou, A. (2019). Economic complexity and environmental performance: Evidence from a world sample. MPRA Paper No. 92833.
  • List, J. A., & Gallet, C. A. (1999). The environmental Kuznets curve: does one size fit all?. Ecological Economics, 31(3), 409-423.
  • Mealy, P., & Teytelboym, A. (2020). Economic complexity and the green economy. Research Policy, 103948.
  • Morrison, G., Buldyrev, S. V., Imbruno, M., Doria Arrieta, O. A., Rungi, A., Riccaboni, M., & Pammolli, F. (2017). On Economic Complexity and the Fitness of Nations. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 15332.
  • Neagu, O. (2019). The Link between Economic Complexity and Carbon Emissions in the European Union Countries: A Model Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Approach. Sustainability, 11(17). doi:10.3390/su11174753
  • Neagu, O., & Teodoru, M. (2019). The Relationship between Economic Complexity, Energy Consumption Structure and Greenhouse Gas Emission: Heterogeneous Panel Evidence from the EU Countries. Sustainability, 11(2). doi:10.3390/su11020497
  • Operti, F. G., Pugliese, E., Jr.Andrade, J. S., Pietronero, L., & Gabrielli, A. (2018). Dynamics in the Fitness-Income plane: Brazilian states vs World countries. PLoS ONE, 13(6), 1-20.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development. ILO Working Papers 992927783402676, International Labour Organization.
  • Pata, U. K. (2021). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic complexity, CO2 emissions, and ecological footprint in the USA: testing the EKC hypothesis with a structural break. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 28(1), 846-861. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10446-3
  • Pérez-Hernández, C. C., Salazar-Hernández, B. C., Mendoza-Moheno, J., Cruz-Coria, E., & Hernández-Calzada, M. A. (2021). Mapping the Green Product-Space in Mexico: From Capabilities to Green Opportunities. Sustainability, 13(2), 945.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews, 34, 1089-1117.
  • Servedio, V. D., Buttà, P., Mazzilli, D., Tacchella, A., & Pietronero, L. (2018). A new and stable estimation method of country economic fitness and product complexity. Entropy, 20(10), 783.
  • Shafik, N., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: time series and cross section evidence. Policy research working paper Nº WPS904, World Bank.
  • Sınır Ticaretinin Düzenlenmesine İlişkin Karar (2009, 16, Mayıs). Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 27230). (Erişim Tarihi: 05.12.2020.), https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2009/05/20090516-8.htm
  • Steenblik, R. (2005). Environmental Goods: A Comparison of the APEC and OECD Lists. (OECD Trade and Environment Working Paper No. 2005-04).
  • Stern, D. I., Common, M. S., & Barbier, E. B. (1994). Economic growth and environmental degradation: a critique of the environmental Kuznets curve (No. 2049-2017-5030).
  • Swart, J., & Brinkmann, L. (2020). Economic complexity and the environment: Evidence from Brazil. In Universities and Sustainable Communities: Meeting the Goals of the Agenda 2030 (pp. 3-45). Springer, Cham.
  • T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (2021). 5.3 Hava Kalitesinde PM10 ve SO2 Ortalamaları. (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2021), http://cevreselgostergeler.csb.gov.tr/hava-kalitesinde-pm10-ve-so2-ortalamalari-i-85734
  • Tacchella, A., Cristelli, M., Caldarelli, G., Gabrielli, A., & Pietronero, L. (2012). A new metrics for countries' fitness and products' complexity. Scientific reports, 2, 723.
  • Tacchella, A., Cristelli, M., Caldarelli, G., Gabrielli, A., & Pietronero, L. (2013). Economic complexity: Conceptual grounding of a new metrics for global competitiveness. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 37(8), 1683-1691.
  • Tuncer, I., Lopcu, K., Coşkun, N., & Arıcıoğlu, E. (2017). Türkiye bölgelerinde yapısal değişim: kümeleme ve ekonomik karmaşıklik analizleri bağlamında öneriler. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 59-74.
  • Tuzcu, S. E., & Usupbeyli, A. (2018). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi: Türkiye Üzerine Gece Işıkları ile Mekansal bir Modelleme. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 141-164.
  • TÜİK (2020). Bölgesel İstatistikler. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2020), https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/bolgeselistatistik/ degiskenlerUzerindenSorgula.do#
  • Yilanci, V., & Pata, U. K. (2020). Investigating the EKC hypothesis for China: the role of economic complexity on ecological footprint. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 27(26), 32683-32694. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-09434-4
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İbrahim Tuğrul Çınar 0000-0001-8913-7166

İlhan Korkmaz 0000-0002-7503-6505

Muhammet Yunus Şişman 0000-0002-9791-1382

Publication Date December 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çınar, İ. T., Korkmaz, İ., & Şişman, M. Y. (2021). Yeşil Karmaşıklık Endeksi ve Hava Kirliliği: Türkiye’de Düzey 3 Bölgeleri Üzerine Bir Analiz. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 6(2), 319-332.

JOEEP is published as two issues per year June and December and all publication policies and processes are conducted according to the international standards. JOEEP accepts and publishes the research articles in the fields of economics, political economy, fiscal economics, applied economics, business economics, labour economics and econometrics. JOEEP, without depending on any institution or organization, is a non-profit journal that has an International Editorial Board specialist on their fields. All “Publication Process” and “Writing Guidelines” are explained in the related title and it is expected from authors to Show a complete match to the rules. JOEEP is an open Access journal.