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Does monetary policy affect automotive demand? An empirical example from Turkey

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 132 - 139, 30.06.2024

Abstract

The automotive sector makes a significant contribution to economic growth both as an important component of consumer spending and as the main buyer of many supplier sectors. In Turkey, which is one of the countries where this contribution is high, it is thought that the motive of holding wealth and speculation is also effective in the automotive demand of economic agents, especially in recent years. In addition, monetary policy actions to control inflation are also expected to indirectly affect the performance of the automotive sector. There is a substantial literature examining the effects of monetary policy on the automotive demand in industrialized countries. Nevertheless, such studies are quite scarce in emerging countries that are both important automotive producers and have been struggling with high inflation especially in recent years. To fill this gap in the literature, the main objective of this study is to investigate whether monetary policy decisions and domestic automotive demand are related or not in Turkey. The effect of monetary policy on domestic automotive sales in Turkey is tested with the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Covering the period of January 2011- December 2023, the study analyzes the weighted average funding cost (WAFC) as a monetary policy variable. The findings of the study suggest that WAFC has a direct effect on domestic automotive sales both in the short run and in the long run. In addition, it was concluded that tight monetary policy reduced automotive sales both in the long run and in the short run. These results support the proposition that monetary policy is an effective tool for policymakers and the real sector to sustain and support the growth of the automotive sector.

References

  • Al-Kofahi, M., Alfawareh, F., Al-Okaily A., Al-Sartawi, A., Al-Okaily, M., and Alqudah, H. (2024), The Impacts of COVID-19 on the Jordanian Economy: Evidence from the Middle East, in Artificial Intelligence-Augmented Digital Twins Transforming Industrial Operations for Innovation and Sustainability, Vol. 503, Springer.
  • Andriantomanga, Z., Bolhuis, M.A., and Hakobyan, S. (2023), Global Supply Chain Disruptions: Challenges for Inflation and Monetary Policy in SSA, IMF Working Papers Vol. 2023, Issue: 039., https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/001/2023/039/article-A001-en.xml.
  • Ashraf, Q., Gershman, B., & Howitt, P. (2013). How Inflation Affects Macroeconomics Performance: and Agent-based Computational Investigation, Harvard: Harvard University.
  • Bach, T. M., Machado, A. M., Kudlawicz-Franco, C., Martins, T. S. and Da Veiga, C. P. (2017), Monetary policy and the automotive retail performance in Brazil, Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, Vol. 11, Issue 2, pp. 79-93.
  • BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c72xwy1q 29eo. (18.02.2024).
  • Blanchard, O., (2015), Macroeconomices. 7e, Global Edition.
  • CBRT, The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index.php?/evds/dashboard/1441, (15.02.2024).
  • Chifurira, R., Mudhombo, I., Chikobvu, M., and Dubihlela, D. (2014), The Impact of Inflation on The Automobile Sales in South Africa, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 5 No:7.
  • Ballew, P., Schnorbus, R., and Hesse, H. (1994), The Automobile Industry and Monetary Policy: An International Perspective Author(s): Business Economics, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 29-35 Palgrave Macmillan Journals.
  • Biçen, Ö.F., (2022), Turkey’s Recent Inflation Experience: Main Causes of Inflation According to Demand-pull and Cost-push Inflationary Effects and An Evaluation in Terms of Economy Policy, Balıkesir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Aralık 2022, 3(2), 59-83.
  • Ding, W., Levine, R., Lin, C., Xie, W.; Corporate Immunity to the COVID-19 Pandemic. (2021), J. Financ. Econ. 141(2), 802-830.
  • ECB, European Central Bank, https://www.ecb.europa.eu /mopo/intro/transmission/html/ index. en.html. (15.02.2024).
  • Ekinci, R., Ceylan, F., Tüzün, O. and Kahyaoğlu, H. (2016), TCMB Ağırlıklı Ortalama Fonlama Maliyeti’nin BİST100 Üzerindeki Etkisi. Journal of Yaşar University. 11. 263. 10.19168/jyu.10880.
  • Esen, E., & Özata, E. (2017). Turizmin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: turizme dayalı büyüme hipotezinin türkiye için geçerliğinin ARDL modeli ile analizi.
  • Fernandes, T. R., & Dantas, F. C. (2020), Effects of monetary policy transmission mechanism on car sales in Brazil after the real plan, Gestão & Produção, 27(2), e3780. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-530X3780-20.
  • Güneş, H. (2022), The Effect of CBRT Weighted Average Funding Cost on Bank Rates, Research of Financial Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 7 No.4.
  • IMF, World Economic Outlook Moderating Inflation and Steady Growth Open Path to Soft Landing (2024) https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2024/01/30/world-economic-outlook-update-january-2024.
  • Johan, S. (2020). Macroeconomic Determinants of Auto Sales in ASEAN: An EMPİRİCAL Study in Five Major ASEAN countries. Journal of ASEAN studies, 8(2), 95-110.
  • Kaya, A. Kaya, G., & Çebi, F., (2019). Forecasting Automobile Sales in Turkey with Artificial Neural Networks. International Journal of Business Analytics, Vol. 6, No.4, 50-60.
  • Narasimhan, T.E. (2021), Shortage of Semiconductors, Price Hikes Pull January Auto Sales Into Red, Business Standard.
  • Nikkei Asia, https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Automobiles/ Turkey-car-sales-drop-as-inflation-puts-them-out-of-reach-for-many. (18.02.2024).
  • Mert, M., & Çağlar, A. E. (2019). Eviews ve Gauss uygulamalı zaman serileri analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, 183-213.
  • OICA, International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers, https://www.oica.net/category/economic-contributions/rd/. (05.02.2024).
  • Orhangazi, Ö. & Yeldan, E. (2023), Turkey in Turbulence: Heterodoxy or a New Chapter in Neoliberal Peripheral Development? Dev Change, 54:1197-1225.
  • OSD, Automotive Manufacturers Association, https://www.osd.org.tr/osd-yayinlari/basin-bultenleri. (06.02.2024).
  • Özçelebi, O., & Şafek, F. (2018). Kredi Hacmi Otomobil Talebi Etkileşimi: Nedensellik Analizinde Kümülatif Toplamlar Yaklaşımı. Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(2), 47-69. https://doi.org/10.31463/aicusbed.421590
  • Parkin, M., (2022) Microeconomics, Global Edition, 14th ed.
  • Pindick, R.S. and Rubinfeld, D.L., (2013), Microeconomics Eigth ed. Global Edition, University of California, Berkely.
  • Pesaran, H. H., & Shin, Y. (1998). Generalized impulse response analysis in linear multivariate models. Economics letters, 58(1), 17-29.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Ramani, V., Ghosh, D. & Sodhi, MS. (2022), Understanding Systemic Disruption From the Covid-19-induced Semiconductor For the Auto Industry Omega, 113, 102720. doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2022.102720.
  • Root, A. (2021), The Chip Shortage Is Getting Worse At the Worst Possibe Time, Barron’s.
  • Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/256598/global-inflation-rate-compared-to-previous-year/. (07.02.2024).
  • Trading Economics, Turkey Inflation Rate, https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/inflation-cpi. (07.02.2024).
  • Uddin, M.M. & Anika, L.R., (2024), Inflation in Bangladesh and Its Impact on People’s Economic Access to Food
  • World Bank Press Release, (2022) https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/02/25/global-and-domestic-challenges-weigh-on-outlook-for-turkish-economy-in-2022.

Para Politikası Otomotiv Talebini Etkiliyor Mu? Türkiye'den Ampirik Bir Örnek

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 132 - 139, 30.06.2024

Abstract

Otomotiv sektörü gerek tüketici harcamalarının önemli bir bileşeni olması gerekse birçok tedarikçi sektörün temel alıcısı olması ile ekonomik büyümeye kayda değer bir katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu katkının fazla olduğu ülkelerden biri olan Türkiye’de ekonomik birimlerin otomotiv talebinde özellikle son dönemlerde artan bir şekilde servet tutma ve spekülasyon güdüsünün de etkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, para politikasının enflasyonu kontrol etmeye yönelik uygulamalarının da dolaylı olarak otomotiv sektörünün performansına etki etmesi beklenmektedir. Sanayileşmiş ülkelerde para politikasının otomotiv talebi üzerindeki etkilerini inceleyen oldukça fazla çalışma bulunmaktadır. Öte yandan hem önemli otomotiv üreticisi olan hem de özellikle son yıllarda yüksek enflasyonla mücadele eden gelişmekte olan ülkelerde bu tarz çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Literatürdeki bu eksikliğin giderilmesine katkıda bulunmayı hedefleyen bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Türkiye’de para politikası kararları ile yurtiçi otomotiv talebinin ilişkili olup olmadığının araştırılmasıdır. Türkiye’de para politikasının yurtiçi otomotiv satışlarına etkisi Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) modeli ile test edilmiştir. Ocak 2011 ile Aralık 2023 dönemini kapsayan çalışmada para politikası değişkeni olarak ağırlıklı ortalama fonlama maliyeti (AOFM) incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları, AOFM’nin hem kısa dönemde hem de uzun dönemde yurtiçi otomotiv satışlarına doğrudan etkisinin olduğu yönündedir. Buna ek olarak sıkı para politikasının hem uzun dönem hem de kısa dönemde otomotiv satışlarını azalttığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu sonuçlar, politika yapıcılar ve reel sektör açısından otomotiv sektörünün büyümesini sürdürmek ve desteklemek için para politikasının etkili bir araç olduğu önerisini desteklemektedir.

References

  • Al-Kofahi, M., Alfawareh, F., Al-Okaily A., Al-Sartawi, A., Al-Okaily, M., and Alqudah, H. (2024), The Impacts of COVID-19 on the Jordanian Economy: Evidence from the Middle East, in Artificial Intelligence-Augmented Digital Twins Transforming Industrial Operations for Innovation and Sustainability, Vol. 503, Springer.
  • Andriantomanga, Z., Bolhuis, M.A., and Hakobyan, S. (2023), Global Supply Chain Disruptions: Challenges for Inflation and Monetary Policy in SSA, IMF Working Papers Vol. 2023, Issue: 039., https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/001/2023/039/article-A001-en.xml.
  • Ashraf, Q., Gershman, B., & Howitt, P. (2013). How Inflation Affects Macroeconomics Performance: and Agent-based Computational Investigation, Harvard: Harvard University.
  • Bach, T. M., Machado, A. M., Kudlawicz-Franco, C., Martins, T. S. and Da Veiga, C. P. (2017), Monetary policy and the automotive retail performance in Brazil, Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, Vol. 11, Issue 2, pp. 79-93.
  • BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c72xwy1q 29eo. (18.02.2024).
  • Blanchard, O., (2015), Macroeconomices. 7e, Global Edition.
  • CBRT, The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index.php?/evds/dashboard/1441, (15.02.2024).
  • Chifurira, R., Mudhombo, I., Chikobvu, M., and Dubihlela, D. (2014), The Impact of Inflation on The Automobile Sales in South Africa, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 5 No:7.
  • Ballew, P., Schnorbus, R., and Hesse, H. (1994), The Automobile Industry and Monetary Policy: An International Perspective Author(s): Business Economics, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 29-35 Palgrave Macmillan Journals.
  • Biçen, Ö.F., (2022), Turkey’s Recent Inflation Experience: Main Causes of Inflation According to Demand-pull and Cost-push Inflationary Effects and An Evaluation in Terms of Economy Policy, Balıkesir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Aralık 2022, 3(2), 59-83.
  • Ding, W., Levine, R., Lin, C., Xie, W.; Corporate Immunity to the COVID-19 Pandemic. (2021), J. Financ. Econ. 141(2), 802-830.
  • ECB, European Central Bank, https://www.ecb.europa.eu /mopo/intro/transmission/html/ index. en.html. (15.02.2024).
  • Ekinci, R., Ceylan, F., Tüzün, O. and Kahyaoğlu, H. (2016), TCMB Ağırlıklı Ortalama Fonlama Maliyeti’nin BİST100 Üzerindeki Etkisi. Journal of Yaşar University. 11. 263. 10.19168/jyu.10880.
  • Esen, E., & Özata, E. (2017). Turizmin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: turizme dayalı büyüme hipotezinin türkiye için geçerliğinin ARDL modeli ile analizi.
  • Fernandes, T. R., & Dantas, F. C. (2020), Effects of monetary policy transmission mechanism on car sales in Brazil after the real plan, Gestão & Produção, 27(2), e3780. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-530X3780-20.
  • Güneş, H. (2022), The Effect of CBRT Weighted Average Funding Cost on Bank Rates, Research of Financial Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 7 No.4.
  • IMF, World Economic Outlook Moderating Inflation and Steady Growth Open Path to Soft Landing (2024) https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2024/01/30/world-economic-outlook-update-january-2024.
  • Johan, S. (2020). Macroeconomic Determinants of Auto Sales in ASEAN: An EMPİRİCAL Study in Five Major ASEAN countries. Journal of ASEAN studies, 8(2), 95-110.
  • Kaya, A. Kaya, G., & Çebi, F., (2019). Forecasting Automobile Sales in Turkey with Artificial Neural Networks. International Journal of Business Analytics, Vol. 6, No.4, 50-60.
  • Narasimhan, T.E. (2021), Shortage of Semiconductors, Price Hikes Pull January Auto Sales Into Red, Business Standard.
  • Nikkei Asia, https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Automobiles/ Turkey-car-sales-drop-as-inflation-puts-them-out-of-reach-for-many. (18.02.2024).
  • Mert, M., & Çağlar, A. E. (2019). Eviews ve Gauss uygulamalı zaman serileri analizi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, 183-213.
  • OICA, International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers, https://www.oica.net/category/economic-contributions/rd/. (05.02.2024).
  • Orhangazi, Ö. & Yeldan, E. (2023), Turkey in Turbulence: Heterodoxy or a New Chapter in Neoliberal Peripheral Development? Dev Change, 54:1197-1225.
  • OSD, Automotive Manufacturers Association, https://www.osd.org.tr/osd-yayinlari/basin-bultenleri. (06.02.2024).
  • Özçelebi, O., & Şafek, F. (2018). Kredi Hacmi Otomobil Talebi Etkileşimi: Nedensellik Analizinde Kümülatif Toplamlar Yaklaşımı. Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(2), 47-69. https://doi.org/10.31463/aicusbed.421590
  • Parkin, M., (2022) Microeconomics, Global Edition, 14th ed.
  • Pindick, R.S. and Rubinfeld, D.L., (2013), Microeconomics Eigth ed. Global Edition, University of California, Berkely.
  • Pesaran, H. H., & Shin, Y. (1998). Generalized impulse response analysis in linear multivariate models. Economics letters, 58(1), 17-29.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Ramani, V., Ghosh, D. & Sodhi, MS. (2022), Understanding Systemic Disruption From the Covid-19-induced Semiconductor For the Auto Industry Omega, 113, 102720. doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2022.102720.
  • Root, A. (2021), The Chip Shortage Is Getting Worse At the Worst Possibe Time, Barron’s.
  • Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/256598/global-inflation-rate-compared-to-previous-year/. (07.02.2024).
  • Trading Economics, Turkey Inflation Rate, https://tradingeconomics.com/turkey/inflation-cpi. (07.02.2024).
  • Uddin, M.M. & Anika, L.R., (2024), Inflation in Bangladesh and Its Impact on People’s Economic Access to Food
  • World Bank Press Release, (2022) https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/02/25/global-and-domestic-challenges-weigh-on-outlook-for-turkish-economy-in-2022.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Economics (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ayfer Ustabaş 0000-0002-6882-5530

Burak Buyun 0000-0003-2594-7287

Early Pub Date June 22, 2024
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date February 21, 2024
Acceptance Date May 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ustabaş, A., & Buyun, B. (2024). Does monetary policy affect automotive demand? An empirical example from Turkey. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 9(1), 132-139.

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