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Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi ile Hisse Senedi Fiyatları Arasındaki İlişki: G-7 Örneği

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 399 - 408, 30.06.2025

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi (BDI) ile hisse senedi getirileri arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi ile hisse senedi getirileri arasındaki ilişki, G-7 ülkeleri ile Türkiye için 2001:01-2024:2 dönemi ele alınarak Westerlund Eşbütünleşme Analizi, PMG Tahmincisi ve JKS Granger Nedensellik Testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Westerlund Eşbütünleşme Testi sonucuna göre, BDI ile hisse senedi getirileri arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. PMG tahmincisi ise uzun dönemde BDI’de yaşanan artışların hisse senedi getirilerini olumlu etkilediğini ortaya koymuştur. JKS Granger Nedensellik Testi, G-7 ülkeleri ve Türkiye hisse senedi getirileri ile Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi arasında iki yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla ele alınan dönemde BDI endeksinin güçlü performans gösterdiğini ve uzun dönemde hisse senedi getirilerini etkileyebilme potansiyeli olduğunu göstermektedir. Diğer taraftan çalışmada G-7 ülkeleri ile Türkiye hisse senedi getirileri ile BDI arasında çift yönlü nedenselliğin ele alınan ülkelerin finans piyasalarının yeterince güçlü ve sürdürülebilir olduğunun önemli kanıtlarını sunmaktadır.

References

  • Bakshi, G., Panayotov, G., & Skoulakis, G. (2010). The Baltic Dry Index as a predictor of global stock returns, commodity returns, and global economic activity. Commodity Returns, and Global Economic Activity (October 1, 2010).doi:10.2139/ssrn.1747345
  • Baltyn, P. (2016). Baltic Dry Index as economic leading indicator in the United States. In Managing Innovation and Diversity in Knowledge Society Through Turbulent Time Proceedings of the Make Learn and TIIM Joint International Conference (pp. 25-27).
  • Barut, A., Görgün, M.R. ve Erdoğdu, A. (2020). Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi ve Dow Jones Demir-Çelik Endeksi arasındaki ilişki. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(3), 3019-3033. doi:10.15869/itobiad.700223..
  • Bildirici, M., Kayıkçı, F. and Onat, I.Ş. (2016). BDI, gold price and economic growth. Procedia Economics and Finance, 38, 280-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30200-3.
  • Breitung, J., and Das, S. (2005). Panel unit root tests under cross‐sectional dependence. Statistica Neerlandica, 59(4), 414-433.
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The review of economic studies. 47(1). 239-253.
  • Chen, Y., Xu, J., & Miao, J. (2023). Dynamic volatility contagion across the Baltic dry index, iron ore price and crude oil price under the COVID-19: A copula-VAR-BEKK-GARCH-X approach. Resources Policy, 81, 103296.
  • Choi, K.H. and Kim, D.Y. (2019). The effect of Baltic Dry Index on the Korean stock price volatility. Journal of Korea Port Economic Association, 35(2), 61-76. Retrieved from https://www.koreascience.or.kr/
  • Cihangir, Ç.K. (2018). Küresel risk algısının küresel ticaret üzerindeki etkisi. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 1-10. Erişim adresi: http://www.isletmeiktisat.com.
  • Dimson, E., Marsh, P., and Staunton, M. (2022). Credit Suisse Global Investment Returns Yearbook 2022 (Summary Edition). Zurich: Credit Suisse Research Institute.
  • Eryüzlü, H. (2019). Dünya Deniz Ticareti ve Türkiye Dış Ticareti İlişkileri: Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. The Journal of Social Science, 3 (5), 152- 162. https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.524826
  • Giannarakis, G., Lemonakis, C., Sormas, A. and Georganakis, C. (2017). The effect of Baltic Dry Index, gold, oil and USA trade balance on Dow Jones Sustainability Index World. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7(5), 155. Retrieved from https://www.econjournals.com/.
  • Han. L., Wan.L., and Xu, Y. (2020). Can the Baltic Dry Index predict foreign exchange rates. Finance Research Letters, 32:101157-. doi: 10.1016/J.FRL.2019.04.014
  • Höl, A. Ö., Akyıldırım, E., Kılıçaslan, Ş., & Çınar, K. (2022). Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi, Petrol, Altın, Dolar, MSCI Dünya Endeksi Arasındaki Volatilite Yayılımı. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 386-406. Doi: 10.30784/epfad.1089836
  • Information and predictive content of the Baltic Dry Index. International Journal of Financial Studies, 1(3), 62-80. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs1030062.
  • Juodis A, Karavias Y, Sarafidis V. A homogeneous approach to testing for granger non–causality in heterogeneous panels. Empirical Economics. 2021;60(1):93–112. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s00181- 020- 01970-9.
  • Kiracı, K. ve Akan, E. (2020). Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi (BDI) ile seçilmiş makroekonomik değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi. C. Kartal ve M. Kamışlı (Ed.), İşletme ve Finans Yazıları-IV (s. 260-276). İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • Köseoğlu, S. D., & Mercangöz, B. A. (2012). 2008 KÜRESEL FİNANSAL KRİZİNİN KÜÇÜK TONAJ GELİRLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN YAPISAL KIRILMA TESTİ İLE ARAŞTIRILMASI. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 25-38.Erişim Yeri: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/deudfd/issue/4582/62743
  • Lin, A.J., Chang, H.Y. and Hsiao, J.L. (2019). Does the Baltic Dry Index drive volatility spillovers in the commodities, currency, or stock markets? Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 127, 265-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2019.05.013.
  • Lin, F., & Sim, N. C. (2013). Trade, income and the baltic dry index. European Economic Review, 59, 1-18.
  • Manoharan, M. and Visalakshmi, S. (2019). The interrelation between Baltic Dry Index a practical economic indicator and emerging stock market indices. Afro-Asian Journal of Finance and Accounting, 9(2), 213-224. doi:10.1504/AAJFA.2019.099483.
  • Pepur, P., Peronja, I., & Laća, S. (2022). Global market factors that impact Baltic Dry Index. Pomorstvo, 36(2), 242-248.
  • Pesaran, H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics. No. 0435.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross ‐ Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265 - 312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. and Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics.142. 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M. H., and Smith, R. (1995). Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, 68(1), 79-113.
  • Reese, S., & Westerlund, J. (2016). Panicca: Panic on cross‐section averages. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 31(6), 961-981.
  • Ruan, Q., Wang, Y., Lu, X. and Qin, J. (2016). Cross-correlations between Baltic Dry Index and crude oil prices. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 453, 278-289. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2016.02.018.
  • Said, H., & Giouvris, E. (2019). Oil, the Baltic Dry index, market (il) liquidity and business cycles: evidence from net oil-exporting/oil-importing countries. Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, 33, 349-416.
  • Sartorius, K., Sartorius, B. and Zuccollo, D. (2018). Does the Baltic Dry Index predict economic activity in South Africa? A review from 1985 to 2016. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 21(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/ 10.4102/sajems.v21i1.1457.
  • Sengupta, R., & Tam, Y. M. (2009). National Economic Trends. Erişim Yeri:https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/economic-synopses/2009/03/06/recent-movements-in-the-baltic-dry-index
  • UNCTAD (2024). Review of Maritime Transport. Erişim Yeri:https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024
  • Westerlund, J. 2007. Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 69: 709-748.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu F. (2020). Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi Stata Uygulamalı. (3. Baskı). İstanbul. Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • Yıldız, B. and Bucak, U. (2017). Determinants of freight rates: A study on the Baltic Dry Index. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(ICEFM Special Issue), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.317006.
  • Yılmaz, T., & Emir, S. (2021). Petrol Fiyatları ve Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksinin Hisse Senedi Piyasaları Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi: Ekonometrik Bir Araştırma. Uluslararası İşletme, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Perspektifleri Dergisi (IJBEMP), 5(2), 861-876.
  • Yurdakul, E. M., & Şipal, Y. Z. (2022). Deniz Yoluyla İhracat, Baltik Kuru Yük Endeksi Ve Ham Petrol Fiyatlari İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (44), 351-368.Erişim Yeri: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sbe/issue/73856/1113294
  • Zeren, F. ve Kahramaner, H. (2019). Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi ile İstanbul Navlun Endeksi arasındaki etkileşimin incelenmesi: Ekonometrik bir uygulama. Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives, 7(1), 68-79. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jimeep/.

The Relationship Between the Baltic Dry Bulk Index and Stock Prices: The Case of G-7

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 399 - 408, 30.06.2025

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the Baltic Dry Index and stock prices. For this purpose, the relationship between the Baltic Dry Index and stock prices is tested with Panel Data Analysis for the period 2001:02-2024:8 for G-7 countries. In the study where the short- and long-term relationships between the dependent and independent variables were analyzed with the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model Average Group Estimator (ARDL-MG), the causality relationship between stock prices and explanatory variables was also investigated with the Juodis-Karavias-Sarafidis (JKS) (2021) panel causality test. According to the ARDL-MG analysis, it was revealed that the increases in BDI positively affected stock returns in the long term. The JKS Granger Causality Test shows that there is a two-way causal relationship between stock prices in G-7 countries and the Baltic Dry Index. Therefore, it shows that the BDI index performed strongly in the period under consideration and has the potential to affect stock prices in the long run. On the other hand, the bidirectional causality between the stock prices of G-7 countries and the BDI provides important evidence that the financial markets of these countries are sufficiently strong and sustainable.

References

  • Bakshi, G., Panayotov, G., & Skoulakis, G. (2010). The Baltic Dry Index as a predictor of global stock returns, commodity returns, and global economic activity. Commodity Returns, and Global Economic Activity (October 1, 2010).doi:10.2139/ssrn.1747345
  • Baltyn, P. (2016). Baltic Dry Index as economic leading indicator in the United States. In Managing Innovation and Diversity in Knowledge Society Through Turbulent Time Proceedings of the Make Learn and TIIM Joint International Conference (pp. 25-27).
  • Barut, A., Görgün, M.R. ve Erdoğdu, A. (2020). Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi ve Dow Jones Demir-Çelik Endeksi arasındaki ilişki. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(3), 3019-3033. doi:10.15869/itobiad.700223..
  • Bildirici, M., Kayıkçı, F. and Onat, I.Ş. (2016). BDI, gold price and economic growth. Procedia Economics and Finance, 38, 280-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30200-3.
  • Breitung, J., and Das, S. (2005). Panel unit root tests under cross‐sectional dependence. Statistica Neerlandica, 59(4), 414-433.
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The review of economic studies. 47(1). 239-253.
  • Chen, Y., Xu, J., & Miao, J. (2023). Dynamic volatility contagion across the Baltic dry index, iron ore price and crude oil price under the COVID-19: A copula-VAR-BEKK-GARCH-X approach. Resources Policy, 81, 103296.
  • Choi, K.H. and Kim, D.Y. (2019). The effect of Baltic Dry Index on the Korean stock price volatility. Journal of Korea Port Economic Association, 35(2), 61-76. Retrieved from https://www.koreascience.or.kr/
  • Cihangir, Ç.K. (2018). Küresel risk algısının küresel ticaret üzerindeki etkisi. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 1-10. Erişim adresi: http://www.isletmeiktisat.com.
  • Dimson, E., Marsh, P., and Staunton, M. (2022). Credit Suisse Global Investment Returns Yearbook 2022 (Summary Edition). Zurich: Credit Suisse Research Institute.
  • Eryüzlü, H. (2019). Dünya Deniz Ticareti ve Türkiye Dış Ticareti İlişkileri: Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. The Journal of Social Science, 3 (5), 152- 162. https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.524826
  • Giannarakis, G., Lemonakis, C., Sormas, A. and Georganakis, C. (2017). The effect of Baltic Dry Index, gold, oil and USA trade balance on Dow Jones Sustainability Index World. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7(5), 155. Retrieved from https://www.econjournals.com/.
  • Han. L., Wan.L., and Xu, Y. (2020). Can the Baltic Dry Index predict foreign exchange rates. Finance Research Letters, 32:101157-. doi: 10.1016/J.FRL.2019.04.014
  • Höl, A. Ö., Akyıldırım, E., Kılıçaslan, Ş., & Çınar, K. (2022). Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi, Petrol, Altın, Dolar, MSCI Dünya Endeksi Arasındaki Volatilite Yayılımı. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 386-406. Doi: 10.30784/epfad.1089836
  • Information and predictive content of the Baltic Dry Index. International Journal of Financial Studies, 1(3), 62-80. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs1030062.
  • Juodis A, Karavias Y, Sarafidis V. A homogeneous approach to testing for granger non–causality in heterogeneous panels. Empirical Economics. 2021;60(1):93–112. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s00181- 020- 01970-9.
  • Kiracı, K. ve Akan, E. (2020). Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi (BDI) ile seçilmiş makroekonomik değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi. C. Kartal ve M. Kamışlı (Ed.), İşletme ve Finans Yazıları-IV (s. 260-276). İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • Köseoğlu, S. D., & Mercangöz, B. A. (2012). 2008 KÜRESEL FİNANSAL KRİZİNİN KÜÇÜK TONAJ GELİRLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN YAPISAL KIRILMA TESTİ İLE ARAŞTIRILMASI. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 25-38.Erişim Yeri: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/deudfd/issue/4582/62743
  • Lin, A.J., Chang, H.Y. and Hsiao, J.L. (2019). Does the Baltic Dry Index drive volatility spillovers in the commodities, currency, or stock markets? Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 127, 265-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2019.05.013.
  • Lin, F., & Sim, N. C. (2013). Trade, income and the baltic dry index. European Economic Review, 59, 1-18.
  • Manoharan, M. and Visalakshmi, S. (2019). The interrelation between Baltic Dry Index a practical economic indicator and emerging stock market indices. Afro-Asian Journal of Finance and Accounting, 9(2), 213-224. doi:10.1504/AAJFA.2019.099483.
  • Pepur, P., Peronja, I., & Laća, S. (2022). Global market factors that impact Baltic Dry Index. Pomorstvo, 36(2), 242-248.
  • Pesaran, H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics. No. 0435.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross ‐ Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265 - 312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. and Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics.142. 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M. H., and Smith, R. (1995). Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, 68(1), 79-113.
  • Reese, S., & Westerlund, J. (2016). Panicca: Panic on cross‐section averages. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 31(6), 961-981.
  • Ruan, Q., Wang, Y., Lu, X. and Qin, J. (2016). Cross-correlations between Baltic Dry Index and crude oil prices. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 453, 278-289. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2016.02.018.
  • Said, H., & Giouvris, E. (2019). Oil, the Baltic Dry index, market (il) liquidity and business cycles: evidence from net oil-exporting/oil-importing countries. Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, 33, 349-416.
  • Sartorius, K., Sartorius, B. and Zuccollo, D. (2018). Does the Baltic Dry Index predict economic activity in South Africa? A review from 1985 to 2016. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 21(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/ 10.4102/sajems.v21i1.1457.
  • Sengupta, R., & Tam, Y. M. (2009). National Economic Trends. Erişim Yeri:https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/economic-synopses/2009/03/06/recent-movements-in-the-baltic-dry-index
  • UNCTAD (2024). Review of Maritime Transport. Erişim Yeri:https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024
  • Westerlund, J. 2007. Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 69: 709-748.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu F. (2020). Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi Stata Uygulamalı. (3. Baskı). İstanbul. Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • Yıldız, B. and Bucak, U. (2017). Determinants of freight rates: A study on the Baltic Dry Index. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(ICEFM Special Issue), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.317006.
  • Yılmaz, T., & Emir, S. (2021). Petrol Fiyatları ve Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksinin Hisse Senedi Piyasaları Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi: Ekonometrik Bir Araştırma. Uluslararası İşletme, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Perspektifleri Dergisi (IJBEMP), 5(2), 861-876.
  • Yurdakul, E. M., & Şipal, Y. Z. (2022). Deniz Yoluyla İhracat, Baltik Kuru Yük Endeksi Ve Ham Petrol Fiyatlari İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (44), 351-368.Erişim Yeri: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sbe/issue/73856/1113294
  • Zeren, F. ve Kahramaner, H. (2019). Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi ile İstanbul Navlun Endeksi arasındaki etkileşimin incelenmesi: Ekonometrik bir uygulama. Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives, 7(1), 68-79. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jimeep/.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Economics (Other), Financial Markets and Institutions, Finance and Investment (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Burcu Savaş Çelik 0000-0002-3896-5858

Şükran Kahveci 0000-0002-0086-3274

Early Pub Date May 27, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date August 13, 2024
Acceptance Date March 2, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Savaş Çelik, B., & Kahveci, Ş. (2025). Baltık Kuru Yük Endeksi ile Hisse Senedi Fiyatları Arasındaki İlişki: G-7 Örneği. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 10(1), 399-408.

JOEEP is published as two issues per year June and December and all publication policies and processes are conducted according to the international standards. JOEEP accepts and publishes the research articles in the fields of economics, political economy, fiscal economics, applied economics, business economics, labour economics and econometrics. JOEEP, without depending on any institution or organization, is a non-profit journal that has an International Editorial Board specialist on their fields. All “Publication Process” and “Writing Guidelines” are explained in the related title and it is expected from authors to Show a complete match to the rules. JOEEP is an open Access journal.