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Evaluation of Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods in Carbapenemase Production and Typing in Klebsiella pneumoniae Obtained from Various Clinical Samples

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 29 - 35, 30.05.2024

Abstract

Objective: Infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae are among the current health problems that threaten public health all over the world. Various rapid diagnostic tests are used to detect carbapenemase in these bacteria, for which even minutes are important in their treatment. Reaction-based colormatic rapid diagnostic method based on enzyme-substrate interaction works on the principle of changing the color of phenol red by lowering the pH of the environment when the carbapenemase in the bacteria hydrolyzes the carbapenem. In our study, we aimed to detect the presence of carbapenemase in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates with this method and to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of the method.
Methods: Our study included 100 carbapenem-resistant and 25 carbapenem-sensitive K. pneumoniae isolates, whose antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by routine laboratory tests obtained from various clinical samples sent microbiology laboratory between 2018 and 2023. The presence of carbapenemase was investigated in all isolates with a reaction-based method based on enzyme-substrate interaction. The sensitivity and specificity of the method were determined by the detection of carbapenemase genes (oxa-48, ndm, kpc, imp and vim) by PCR that used as the gold standard for this diagnosis.
Results: Carbapenemase gene was detected in 97 of the carbapenem-resistant isolates (oxa-48, n=58; ndm, n=16; oxa-48+ndm, n=15 and kpc, n=8) by PCR. Ninety-four of these isolates were detected as carbapenemase positive by the reaction-based method based on enzyme-substrate interaction. All carbapenem-susceptible isolates were detected as carbapenemase negative by rapid diagnostic method. For rapid diagnostic method; Its sensitivity was calculated as 96.9%, specificity as 100%, positive predictive value as 100%, and negative predictive value as 90.3%.
Conclusion: There are problems in the tests used for the rapid detection of carbapenemase production, such as cost, time and the need for expertised personnel. The method tested in our study is cost-effective, easily applicable, and detects the presence of carbapenemase with high sensitivity and specificity in approximately 1 hour. The routine utilization of this method which provides accurate and reliable results in a short time period should be evaluated in clinical laboratories.

References

  • [1] Akyar I, Kaya Ayas M, Karatuna O. Performance evaluation of MALDI-TOF MS MBT STAR-BL versus in-house Carba NP testing for the rapid detection of carbapenemase activity in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains. Microbial Drug Resistance. 2019;25(7):985-990.
  • [2] Alizadeh N, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M, Samadi Kafil H, Hasani A, Soroush Barhaghi M H, Milani M, et. al. Evaluation of resistance mechanisms in carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2020;13:1377–1385.
  • [3] Bir R, Mohapatra S, Kumar A, Tyagi S, Sood S, Das B K, Kapil A. Comparative evaluation of in‐house Carba NP test with other phenotypic tests for rapid detection of carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2019;33(1):e22652.
  • [4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. CDC; 2019.
  • [5] D, Peirano G, Lascols C, Lloyd T, Church DL, Pitout JD. Laboratory detection of Enterobacteriaceae that produce carbapenemases. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(12):3877-80.
  • [6] EUCAST Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters,Version 13.1, valid from 2023.
  • [7] Ferreira R L, Da Silva B C, Rezende G S, Nakamura-Silva R, Pitondo-Silva A, Campanini E B, Pranchevicius M C D S. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring several virulence and β-lactamase encoding genes in a Brazilian intensive care unit. Frontiers in microbiology. 2019;9:3198.
  • [8] Gelmez G A, Can B, Hasdemir U, Soyletir G. Evaluation of two commercial methods for rapid detection of the carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of microbiological methods. 2020;178:106084.
  • [9] Gelmez G A, Can B, Hasdemir U, Soyletir G. Evaluation of phenotypic tests for detection of carbapenemases: New modifications with new interpretation. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 2021;27(2):226-231.
  • [10] Girlich D, Poirel L, Nordmann P. Value of the modified Hodge test for detection of emerging carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of Clinical Mmicrobiology. 2012; 50(2): 477-479.
  • [11] Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood K E, Light B, Parrillo J E, Sharma S, et. al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Critical Care Medicine. 2016;34(6):1589–1596.
  • [12] Osei Sekyere J, Govinden U, Essack S Y. Review of established and innovative detection methods for carbapenemase‐producing Gram‐negative bacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2015; 119(5):1219-1233.
  • [13] Österblad M, Lindholm L, Jalava J. Evaluation of two commercial carbapenemase gene assays, the Rapidec Carba NP test and the in-house Rapid Carba NP test, on bacterial cultures. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2016;71(7):2057-2059.
  • [14] Pires J, Tinguely R, Thomas B, Luzzaro, F, Endimiani A. Comparison of the in-house made Carba-NP and Blue-Carba tests: considerations for better detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2016;12:33-37.
  • [15] Poirel L, Potron A, Nordmann P. OXA-48-like carbapenemases: the phantom menace. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2016;67(7):1597-1606.
  • [16] Ranjbar R, Fatahian Kelishadrokhi A, Chehelgerdi M. Molecular characterization, serotypes and phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of antibiotic resistance of the Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from different types of hospital-acquired infections. Infection and drug resistance. 2019;12:603–611.
  • [17] Stuart J C, Leverstein-Van Hall M A. Guideline for phenotypic screening and confirmation of carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2010;36(3): 205-210.
  • [18] Tekintaş Y, Çilli F, Eraç B, Yaşar M, Aydemir S Ş. Comparison of phenotypic methods and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of carbapenemase production in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni. 2017;51(3):269-276.
  • [19] Vasoo S, Lolans, K, Li, H, Prabaker K, Hayde M K. Comparison of the CHROMagar™ KPC, Remel Spectra™ CRE, and a direct ertapenem disk method for the detection of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae from perirectal swabs. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease. 2014;78(4): 356-359.
  • [20] World Health Organization. Central Asian and European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance: Annual Report 2020.
  • [21] Yusuf E, Van Der Meeren S, Schallier A, Piérard D. Comparison of the Carba NP test with the Rapid CARB Screen Kit for the detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases. 2014;33:2237-2240.

Çeşitli Klinik Örneklerden Elde Edilen Klebsiella pneumoniae’ de Karbapenemaz Üretimi ve Tiplendirilmesinde Fenotipik ve Genotipik Yöntemlerin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 29 - 35, 30.05.2024

Abstract

Amaç: Karbapenemaz üreten Enterobacteriaceae kaynaklı enfeksiyonlar tüm dünyada halk sağlığını tehdit eden güncel sağlık sorunlarındandır. Tedavisinde dakikaların bile önemli olduğu bu bakterilerde karbapenemaz tespiti için çeşitli hızlı tanı testleri kullanılmaktadır. Enzim-substrat etkileşimine dayalı reaksiyon temelli kolormatik hızlı tanı yöntemi; yaklaşık bir saatte, in vitro ortamda bakterideki karbapenemazın karbapenemi hidroliz etmesiyle ortam pH’ını düşürerek fenol kırmızısının renginin değişmesi prensibiyle çalışır. Çalışmamızda karbapenem dirençli Klebsiella pneumoniae izolatlarında karbapenemaz varlığı, bu yöntemle tespit edilerek yöntemin duyarlılık ve özgüllüğünün araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza hastanemiz mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarına 2018-2023 yılları arasında gönderilmiş çeşitli klinik örneklerden elde edilen rutin laboratuvar testleriyle tanımlanıp antimikrobiyal duyarlılıkları belirlenmiş karbapenem dirençli 100, karbapenem duyarlı 25 K. pneumoniae izolatı dahil edilmiştir. İzolatların tümünde enzim-substrat ilişkisine dayalı reaksiyon temelli yöntem ile karbapenemaz varlığı araştırılmıştır. Yöntemin duyarlılık ve özgüllüğü, bu tanıda altın standart olan PZR ile karbapenemaz genlerinin (oxa-48, ndm, kpc, imp ve vim) tespitiyle belirlenmiştir.
Bulgular: PZR ile karbapenem dirençli izolatların 97’sinde (oxa-48 n=58, ndm n=16, oxa-48+ndm n=15 ve kpc n=8) karbapenemaz geni tespit edilmiştir. Bu izolatların 94’ü enzim-substrat ilişkisine dayalı reaksiyon temelli yöntem ile karbapenemaz pozitif saptanmıştır. Karbapenem duyarlı izolatların tümü hızlı tanı yöntemiyle karbapenemaz negatif saptanmıştır. Hızlı tanı yönteminin; duyarlılığı %96.9, özgüllüğü %100, pozitif prediktif değeri %100, negatif prediktif değeri ise %90.3 olarak hesaplanmıştır.
Sonuç: Karbapenemaz üretiminin hızlı tespiti için kullanılan testlerde maliyet, zaman ve uzman personel gereksinimi gibi birtakım sorunlar bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamızda test ettiğimiz yöntem uygun maliyetli, kolay uygulanabilir ve ortalama 1 saatte karbapenemaz varlığını yüksek duyarlılık ve özgüllükte tespit etmektedir. Kısa sürede doğru ve güvenilir sonuç veren bu yöntemin rutin laboratuvarlarda kullanımı değerlendirilmelidir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Etik Kurulu tarafından 19.09.2022-90 onay tarihi ve numarasıyla etik onay almıştır.

Supporting Institution

Çalışma, Marmara Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri (BAP) Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından 2023 yılında TYL-2023-10952 numaralı proje ile desteklenmiştir.

References

  • [1] Akyar I, Kaya Ayas M, Karatuna O. Performance evaluation of MALDI-TOF MS MBT STAR-BL versus in-house Carba NP testing for the rapid detection of carbapenemase activity in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains. Microbial Drug Resistance. 2019;25(7):985-990.
  • [2] Alizadeh N, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M, Samadi Kafil H, Hasani A, Soroush Barhaghi M H, Milani M, et. al. Evaluation of resistance mechanisms in carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2020;13:1377–1385.
  • [3] Bir R, Mohapatra S, Kumar A, Tyagi S, Sood S, Das B K, Kapil A. Comparative evaluation of in‐house Carba NP test with other phenotypic tests for rapid detection of carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2019;33(1):e22652.
  • [4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. CDC; 2019.
  • [5] D, Peirano G, Lascols C, Lloyd T, Church DL, Pitout JD. Laboratory detection of Enterobacteriaceae that produce carbapenemases. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(12):3877-80.
  • [6] EUCAST Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters,Version 13.1, valid from 2023.
  • [7] Ferreira R L, Da Silva B C, Rezende G S, Nakamura-Silva R, Pitondo-Silva A, Campanini E B, Pranchevicius M C D S. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring several virulence and β-lactamase encoding genes in a Brazilian intensive care unit. Frontiers in microbiology. 2019;9:3198.
  • [8] Gelmez G A, Can B, Hasdemir U, Soyletir G. Evaluation of two commercial methods for rapid detection of the carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of microbiological methods. 2020;178:106084.
  • [9] Gelmez G A, Can B, Hasdemir U, Soyletir G. Evaluation of phenotypic tests for detection of carbapenemases: New modifications with new interpretation. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 2021;27(2):226-231.
  • [10] Girlich D, Poirel L, Nordmann P. Value of the modified Hodge test for detection of emerging carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of Clinical Mmicrobiology. 2012; 50(2): 477-479.
  • [11] Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood K E, Light B, Parrillo J E, Sharma S, et. al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Critical Care Medicine. 2016;34(6):1589–1596.
  • [12] Osei Sekyere J, Govinden U, Essack S Y. Review of established and innovative detection methods for carbapenemase‐producing Gram‐negative bacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2015; 119(5):1219-1233.
  • [13] Österblad M, Lindholm L, Jalava J. Evaluation of two commercial carbapenemase gene assays, the Rapidec Carba NP test and the in-house Rapid Carba NP test, on bacterial cultures. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2016;71(7):2057-2059.
  • [14] Pires J, Tinguely R, Thomas B, Luzzaro, F, Endimiani A. Comparison of the in-house made Carba-NP and Blue-Carba tests: considerations for better detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2016;12:33-37.
  • [15] Poirel L, Potron A, Nordmann P. OXA-48-like carbapenemases: the phantom menace. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2016;67(7):1597-1606.
  • [16] Ranjbar R, Fatahian Kelishadrokhi A, Chehelgerdi M. Molecular characterization, serotypes and phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of antibiotic resistance of the Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from different types of hospital-acquired infections. Infection and drug resistance. 2019;12:603–611.
  • [17] Stuart J C, Leverstein-Van Hall M A. Guideline for phenotypic screening and confirmation of carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2010;36(3): 205-210.
  • [18] Tekintaş Y, Çilli F, Eraç B, Yaşar M, Aydemir S Ş. Comparison of phenotypic methods and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of carbapenemase production in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni. 2017;51(3):269-276.
  • [19] Vasoo S, Lolans, K, Li, H, Prabaker K, Hayde M K. Comparison of the CHROMagar™ KPC, Remel Spectra™ CRE, and a direct ertapenem disk method for the detection of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae from perirectal swabs. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease. 2014;78(4): 356-359.
  • [20] World Health Organization. Central Asian and European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance: Annual Report 2020.
  • [21] Yusuf E, Van Der Meeren S, Schallier A, Piérard D. Comparison of the Carba NP test with the Rapid CARB Screen Kit for the detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases. 2014;33:2237-2240.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Health (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Şura Başdağ 0009-0002-2929-1262

Mehmet Mücahit Güncü 0000-0003-2004-8477

Mehmet Burak Aksu 0000-0002-3439-9158

Publication Date May 30, 2024
Submission Date March 28, 2024
Acceptance Date April 18, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Başdağ, Ş., Güncü, M. M., & Aksu, M. B. (2024). Çeşitli Klinik Örneklerden Elde Edilen Klebsiella pneumoniae’ de Karbapenemaz Üretimi ve Tiplendirilmesinde Fenotipik ve Genotipik Yöntemlerin Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Health Sciences and Management, 4(2), 29-35.