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Dayanıklılık Sporcularında Beslenme Müdahaleleri: Güncel Yaklaşımlar

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 48 - 63, 30.06.2024

Abstract

Dayanıklılık, iskelet kaslarının egzersizin zorluklarına dayanarak sürekli performans gösterme yeteneğini ifade eder. Dayanıklılığı etkileyen faktörlerden biri de beslenmedir. Dayanıklılık egzersizlerinin üç aşaması vardır: egzersiz öncesi, sırası ve sonrası. Bu aşamalardaki beslenme gereksinimleri; antrenman yoğunluğuna, egzersiz türüne, bireyin vücut kompozisyonuna, hava koşullarına vb. göre değişir. Egzersiz öncesi, sırası ve sonrasında alınan besinlerin türü, miktarı ve zamanlaması, dayanıklılık sporcularının enerji seviyelerini, toparlanma süreçlerini ve performanslarını etkilemektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı, sporcularda dayanıklılık potansiyelini geliştirmeyi destekleyen besin tüketiminin zamanlaması ve miktarı da dahil olmak üzere çeşitli güncel beslenme müdahalelerini ele almaktır.

References

  • Beck, K. L., Thomson, J. S., Swift, R. J., & Von Hurst, P. R. (2015). Role of nutrition in performance enhancement and postexercise recovery. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 259-267.
  • Bergström, J., Hermansen, L., Hultman, E., & Saltin, B. (1967). Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 71(2‐3), 140-150.
  • Bentley, D. J., Millet, G. P., Vleck, V. E., & McNaughton, L. R. (2002). Specific aspects of contemporary triathlon: implications for physiological analysis and performance. Sports Medicine, 32, 345-359.
  • Blancquaert, L., Everaert, I., & Derave, W. (2015). Beta-alanine supplementation, muscle carnosine and exercise performance. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 18(1), 63-70.
  • Blom, P. C., Høstmark, A. T., Vaage, O., Kardel, K. R., & MæHLUM, S. V. E. R. R. E. (1987). Effect of different post-exercise sugar diets on the rate of muscle glycogen synthesis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19(5), 491-496.
  • Burke, L. M., Collier, G. R., & Hargreaves, M. (1993). Muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise: effect of the glycemic index of carbohydrate feedings. Journal of Applied Physiology, 75(2), 1019-1023.
  • Burke, L. M., Castell, L. M., & Stear, S. J. (2009). BJSM reviews: A–Z of supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance Part 1. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(10), 728-729.
  • Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Wong, S. H., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2013). Carbohydrates for training and competition. Food, Nutrition and Sports Performance III, 17-27.
  • Bussau, V. A., Fairchild, T. J., Rao, A., Steele, P., & Fournier, P. A. (2002). Carbohydrate loading in human muscle: an improved 1 day protocol. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 87, 290-295.
  • Convertino, V. A., Armstrong, L. E., Coyle, E. F., Mack, G. W., Sawka, M. N., Senay Jr, L. C., & Sherman, W. M. (1996). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(1), i-vii.
  • Costa, R. J., Teixeira, A., Rama, L., Swancott, A. J., Hardy, L. D., Lee, B., ... & Thake, C. D. (2013). Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment: an observational field based study. Nutrition Journal, 12(1), 1-16.
  • Costa, R. J., Snipe, R., Camões-Costa, V., Scheer, V., & Murray, A. (2016). The impact of gastrointestinal symptoms and dermatological injuries on nutritional intake and hydration status during ultramarathon events. Sports Medicine-Open, 2, 1-14.
  • Coyle, E. F., Jeukendrup, A. E., Oseto, M. C., Hodgkinson, B. J., & Zderic, T. W. (2001). Low-fat diet alters intramuscular substrates and reduces lipolysis and fat oxidation during exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism, 280(3), E391-E398.
  • Coyle, E. F. (2004). Fluid and fuel intake during exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(1), 39-55. Febbraio, M. A., Snow, R. J., Stathis, C. G., Hargreaves, M., & Carey, M. F. (1994). Effect of heat stress on muscle energy metabolism during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 77(6), 2827-2831.
  • Getzin, A. R., Milner, C., & LaFace, K. M. (2011). Nutrition update for the ultraendurance athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 10(6), 330-339.

  • Getzin, A. R., Milner, C., & Harkins, M. (2017). Fueling the triathlete: evidence-based practical advice for athletes of all levels. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 16(4), 240-246.
  • Grgic, J., & Mikulic, P. (2017). Caffeine ingestion acutely enhances muscular strength and power but not muscular endurance in resistance-trained men. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(8), 1029-1036.
  • Henry, R. R., Crapo, P. A., & Thorburn, A. W. (1991). Current issues in fructose metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition, 11(1), 21-39.
  • Hew-Butler, T., Ayus, J. C., Kipps, C., Maughan, R. J., Mettler, S., Meeuwisse, W. H., ... & Wharam, P. (2008). Statement of the second international exercise-associated hyponatremia consensus development conference, New Zealand, 2007. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 18(2), 111-121.
  • Hoffman, M. D., & Stuempfle, K. J. (2014). Hydration strategies, weight change and performance in a 161 km ultramarathon. Research in Sports Medicine, 22(3), 213-225.
  • Hurrell, R. F., Reddy, M. B., Juillerat, M., & Cook, J. D. (2006). Meat protein fractions enhance nonheme iron absorption in humans. The Journal of nutrition, 136(11), 2808-2812.
  • Jäger, R., Kerksick, C. M., Campbell, B. I., Cribb, P. J., Wells, S. D., Skwiat, T. M., ... & Antonio, J. (2017). International society of sports nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14(1), 20.
  • Jentjens, R. L., Van Loon, L. J., Mann, C. H., Wagenmakers, A. J., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2001). Addition of protein and amino acids to carbohydrates does not enhance postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis. Journal of Applied Physiology, 91(2), 839-846.
  • Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004). Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance. Nutrition, 20, 669–677. Jeukendrup, A. E., Jentjens, R. L., & Moseley, L. (2005). Nutritional considerations in triathlon. Sports Medicine, 35, 163-181.
  • Jones, A. M. (2014). Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance. Sports medicine, 44(Suppl 1), 35-45.
  • Jówko, E., Sacharuk, J., Balasinska, B., Wilczak, J., Charmas, M., Ostaszewski, P., & Charmas, R. (2012). Effect of a single dose of green tea polyphenols on the blood markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress in soccer players. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22(6), 486-496.
  • Keizer, H. A., Kuipers, H., Van Kranenburg, G., & Geurten, P. (1987). Influence of liquid and solid meals on muscle glycogen resynthesis, plasma fuel hormone response, and maximal physical working capacity. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 8(02), 99-104.
  • Kerksick, C. M., Arent, S., Schoenfeld, B. J., Stout, J. R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C. D., ... & Antonio, J. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. Journal of the international society of sports nutrition, 14(1), 33.
  • Kimber, N. E., Ross, J. J., Mason, S. L., & Speedy, D. B. (2002). Energy balance during an ironman triathlon in male and female triathletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 12(1), 47-62. Knez, W. L., Coombes, J. S., & Jenkins, D. G. (2006). Ultra-endurance exercise and oxidative damage: implications for cardiovascular health. Sports Medicine, 36, 429-441.
  • Larson-Meyer, D. E., & Willis, K. S. (2010). Vitamin D and athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 220-226.
  • Lukaski, H. C. (2004). Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical performance. Nutrition, 20(7-8), 632-644.
  • Macaluso, F., Barone, R., Catanese, P., Carini, F., Rizzuto, L., Farina, F., & Felice, V. D. (2013). Do fat supplements increase physical performance?. Nutrients, 5(2), 509-5.
  • Mills, C. E., Khatri, J., Maskell, P., Odongerel, C., & Webb, A. J. (2017). It is rocket science–why dietary nitrate is hard to ‘beet’! Part II: further mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the nitrate‐nitrite‐NO pathway. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 83(1), 140-151.
  • Morgan, K. T. (2008). Nutritional determinants of bone health. Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly, 27(1-2), 3-27. Moseley, L., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2001). The reliability of cycling efficiency. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 33(4), 621-627.
  • Noakes, T. D. (2000). Physiological models to understand exercise fatigue and the adaptations that predict or enhance athletic performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports: Review Article, 10(3), 123-145.
  • Ogan, D., & Pritchett, K. (2013). Vitamin D and the athlete: risks, recommendations, and benefits. Nutrients, 5(6), 1856-1868.
  • Ormsbee, M. J., Bach, C. W., & Baur, D. A. (2014). Pre-exercise nutrition: the role of macronutrients, modified starches and supplements on metabolism and endurance performance. Nutrients, 6(5), 1782-1808.
  • Peeling, P., Dawson, B., Goodman, C., Landers, G., Wiegerinck, E. T., Swinkels, D. W., & Trinder, D. (2009). Effects of exercise on hepcidin response and iron metabolism during recovery. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 19(6), 583-597.
  • Petrovski, G., Gurusamy, N., & Das, D. K. (2011). Resveratrol in cardiovascular health and disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1215(1), 22-33.
  • Potgieter, S., Wright, H. H., & Smith, C. (2018). Caffeine improves triathlon performance: a field study in males and females. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(3), 228-237.
  • Prasad, A. S. (2013). Discovery of human zinc deficiency: its impact on human health and disease. Advances in Nutrition, 4(2), 176-190.
  • Ravindra, P. V., Janhavi, P., Divyashree, S., & Muthukumar, S. P. (2022). Nutritional interventions for improving the endurance performance in athletes. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 128(4), 851-858.
  • Rehrer, N. J., Beckers, E. J., Brouns, F., Ten Hoor, F., & Saris, W. H. (1990). Effects of dehydration on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal distress while running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22(6), 790-795.
  • Rocha, A., Bolin, A. P., Cardoso, C. A. L., & Otton, R. (2016). Green tea extract activates AMPK and ameliorates white adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction induced by obesity. European Journal of Nutrition, 55, 2231-2244.
  • Rude, R. K. (1993). Magnesium metabolism and deficiency. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 22(2), 377-395.
  • Sawka, M. N., Burke, L. M., Eichner, E. R., Maughan, R. J., Montain, S. J., & Stachenfeld, N. S. (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39, 377–390.
  • Sies, H. (1997). Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants. Experimental Physiology: Translation and Integration, 82(2), 291-295.
  • Stand, P. (1996). Exercise and fluid replacement. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 28.
  • Starling, R. D., Trappe, T. A., Parcell, A. C., Kerr, C. G., Fink, W. J., & Costill, D. L. (1997). Effects of diet on muscle triglyceride and endurance performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(4), 1185-1189.
  • Stuart, S. M., & Van Loon, L. J. (2011). Dietary protein for athletes: From requirements to optimum adaptation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(1).
  • Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: nutrition and athletic performance. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(3), 501-528.
  • Trumbo, P., Schlicker, S., Yates, A. A., & Poos, M. (2002). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids.(Commentary). Journal of The American Dietetic Association, 102(11), 1621-1631.
  • Van Loon, L. J., Saris, W. H., Kruijshoop, M., & Wagenmakers, A. J. (2000). Maximizing postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis: carbohydrate supplementation and the application of amino acid or protein hydrolysate mixtures. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(1), 106-111.
  • Vitale, K., & Getzin, A. (2019). Nutrition and Supplement Update for the Endurance Athlete: Review and Recommendations. Nutrients, 11(6), 1289.
  • Volek, J. S., Noakes, T., & Phinney, S. D. (2015). Rethinking fat as a fuel for endurance exercise. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(1), 13-20.
  • Wilmore, J. H., Costill, D. L., & Kenney, W. L. (2008). Fuel for exercising muscle: metabolism and hormonal control. Physiology of Sport and Exercise. 4th ed. Champaign Illinois: Human Kinetics, 48-59.
  • Yavari, A., Javadi, M., Mirmiran, P., & Bahadoran, Z. (2015). Exercise-induced oxidative stress and dietary antioxidants. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 6(1).
Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 48 - 63, 30.06.2024

Abstract

References

  • Beck, K. L., Thomson, J. S., Swift, R. J., & Von Hurst, P. R. (2015). Role of nutrition in performance enhancement and postexercise recovery. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 259-267.
  • Bergström, J., Hermansen, L., Hultman, E., & Saltin, B. (1967). Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 71(2‐3), 140-150.
  • Bentley, D. J., Millet, G. P., Vleck, V. E., & McNaughton, L. R. (2002). Specific aspects of contemporary triathlon: implications for physiological analysis and performance. Sports Medicine, 32, 345-359.
  • Blancquaert, L., Everaert, I., & Derave, W. (2015). Beta-alanine supplementation, muscle carnosine and exercise performance. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 18(1), 63-70.
  • Blom, P. C., Høstmark, A. T., Vaage, O., Kardel, K. R., & MæHLUM, S. V. E. R. R. E. (1987). Effect of different post-exercise sugar diets on the rate of muscle glycogen synthesis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19(5), 491-496.
  • Burke, L. M., Collier, G. R., & Hargreaves, M. (1993). Muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise: effect of the glycemic index of carbohydrate feedings. Journal of Applied Physiology, 75(2), 1019-1023.
  • Burke, L. M., Castell, L. M., & Stear, S. J. (2009). BJSM reviews: A–Z of supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance Part 1. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(10), 728-729.
  • Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Wong, S. H., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2013). Carbohydrates for training and competition. Food, Nutrition and Sports Performance III, 17-27.
  • Bussau, V. A., Fairchild, T. J., Rao, A., Steele, P., & Fournier, P. A. (2002). Carbohydrate loading in human muscle: an improved 1 day protocol. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 87, 290-295.
  • Convertino, V. A., Armstrong, L. E., Coyle, E. F., Mack, G. W., Sawka, M. N., Senay Jr, L. C., & Sherman, W. M. (1996). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(1), i-vii.
  • Costa, R. J., Teixeira, A., Rama, L., Swancott, A. J., Hardy, L. D., Lee, B., ... & Thake, C. D. (2013). Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment: an observational field based study. Nutrition Journal, 12(1), 1-16.
  • Costa, R. J., Snipe, R., Camões-Costa, V., Scheer, V., & Murray, A. (2016). The impact of gastrointestinal symptoms and dermatological injuries on nutritional intake and hydration status during ultramarathon events. Sports Medicine-Open, 2, 1-14.
  • Coyle, E. F., Jeukendrup, A. E., Oseto, M. C., Hodgkinson, B. J., & Zderic, T. W. (2001). Low-fat diet alters intramuscular substrates and reduces lipolysis and fat oxidation during exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism, 280(3), E391-E398.
  • Coyle, E. F. (2004). Fluid and fuel intake during exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(1), 39-55. Febbraio, M. A., Snow, R. J., Stathis, C. G., Hargreaves, M., & Carey, M. F. (1994). Effect of heat stress on muscle energy metabolism during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 77(6), 2827-2831.
  • Getzin, A. R., Milner, C., & LaFace, K. M. (2011). Nutrition update for the ultraendurance athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 10(6), 330-339.

  • Getzin, A. R., Milner, C., & Harkins, M. (2017). Fueling the triathlete: evidence-based practical advice for athletes of all levels. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 16(4), 240-246.
  • Grgic, J., & Mikulic, P. (2017). Caffeine ingestion acutely enhances muscular strength and power but not muscular endurance in resistance-trained men. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(8), 1029-1036.
  • Henry, R. R., Crapo, P. A., & Thorburn, A. W. (1991). Current issues in fructose metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition, 11(1), 21-39.
  • Hew-Butler, T., Ayus, J. C., Kipps, C., Maughan, R. J., Mettler, S., Meeuwisse, W. H., ... & Wharam, P. (2008). Statement of the second international exercise-associated hyponatremia consensus development conference, New Zealand, 2007. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 18(2), 111-121.
  • Hoffman, M. D., & Stuempfle, K. J. (2014). Hydration strategies, weight change and performance in a 161 km ultramarathon. Research in Sports Medicine, 22(3), 213-225.
  • Hurrell, R. F., Reddy, M. B., Juillerat, M., & Cook, J. D. (2006). Meat protein fractions enhance nonheme iron absorption in humans. The Journal of nutrition, 136(11), 2808-2812.
  • Jäger, R., Kerksick, C. M., Campbell, B. I., Cribb, P. J., Wells, S. D., Skwiat, T. M., ... & Antonio, J. (2017). International society of sports nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14(1), 20.
  • Jentjens, R. L., Van Loon, L. J., Mann, C. H., Wagenmakers, A. J., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2001). Addition of protein and amino acids to carbohydrates does not enhance postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis. Journal of Applied Physiology, 91(2), 839-846.
  • Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004). Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance. Nutrition, 20, 669–677. Jeukendrup, A. E., Jentjens, R. L., & Moseley, L. (2005). Nutritional considerations in triathlon. Sports Medicine, 35, 163-181.
  • Jones, A. M. (2014). Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance. Sports medicine, 44(Suppl 1), 35-45.
  • Jówko, E., Sacharuk, J., Balasinska, B., Wilczak, J., Charmas, M., Ostaszewski, P., & Charmas, R. (2012). Effect of a single dose of green tea polyphenols on the blood markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress in soccer players. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22(6), 486-496.
  • Keizer, H. A., Kuipers, H., Van Kranenburg, G., & Geurten, P. (1987). Influence of liquid and solid meals on muscle glycogen resynthesis, plasma fuel hormone response, and maximal physical working capacity. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 8(02), 99-104.
  • Kerksick, C. M., Arent, S., Schoenfeld, B. J., Stout, J. R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C. D., ... & Antonio, J. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. Journal of the international society of sports nutrition, 14(1), 33.
  • Kimber, N. E., Ross, J. J., Mason, S. L., & Speedy, D. B. (2002). Energy balance during an ironman triathlon in male and female triathletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 12(1), 47-62. Knez, W. L., Coombes, J. S., & Jenkins, D. G. (2006). Ultra-endurance exercise and oxidative damage: implications for cardiovascular health. Sports Medicine, 36, 429-441.
  • Larson-Meyer, D. E., & Willis, K. S. (2010). Vitamin D and athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 220-226.
  • Lukaski, H. C. (2004). Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical performance. Nutrition, 20(7-8), 632-644.
  • Macaluso, F., Barone, R., Catanese, P., Carini, F., Rizzuto, L., Farina, F., & Felice, V. D. (2013). Do fat supplements increase physical performance?. Nutrients, 5(2), 509-5.
  • Mills, C. E., Khatri, J., Maskell, P., Odongerel, C., & Webb, A. J. (2017). It is rocket science–why dietary nitrate is hard to ‘beet’! Part II: further mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the nitrate‐nitrite‐NO pathway. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 83(1), 140-151.
  • Morgan, K. T. (2008). Nutritional determinants of bone health. Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly, 27(1-2), 3-27. Moseley, L., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2001). The reliability of cycling efficiency. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 33(4), 621-627.
  • Noakes, T. D. (2000). Physiological models to understand exercise fatigue and the adaptations that predict or enhance athletic performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports: Review Article, 10(3), 123-145.
  • Ogan, D., & Pritchett, K. (2013). Vitamin D and the athlete: risks, recommendations, and benefits. Nutrients, 5(6), 1856-1868.
  • Ormsbee, M. J., Bach, C. W., & Baur, D. A. (2014). Pre-exercise nutrition: the role of macronutrients, modified starches and supplements on metabolism and endurance performance. Nutrients, 6(5), 1782-1808.
  • Peeling, P., Dawson, B., Goodman, C., Landers, G., Wiegerinck, E. T., Swinkels, D. W., & Trinder, D. (2009). Effects of exercise on hepcidin response and iron metabolism during recovery. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 19(6), 583-597.
  • Petrovski, G., Gurusamy, N., & Das, D. K. (2011). Resveratrol in cardiovascular health and disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1215(1), 22-33.
  • Potgieter, S., Wright, H. H., & Smith, C. (2018). Caffeine improves triathlon performance: a field study in males and females. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(3), 228-237.
  • Prasad, A. S. (2013). Discovery of human zinc deficiency: its impact on human health and disease. Advances in Nutrition, 4(2), 176-190.
  • Ravindra, P. V., Janhavi, P., Divyashree, S., & Muthukumar, S. P. (2022). Nutritional interventions for improving the endurance performance in athletes. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 128(4), 851-858.
  • Rehrer, N. J., Beckers, E. J., Brouns, F., Ten Hoor, F., & Saris, W. H. (1990). Effects of dehydration on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal distress while running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22(6), 790-795.
  • Rocha, A., Bolin, A. P., Cardoso, C. A. L., & Otton, R. (2016). Green tea extract activates AMPK and ameliorates white adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction induced by obesity. European Journal of Nutrition, 55, 2231-2244.
  • Rude, R. K. (1993). Magnesium metabolism and deficiency. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 22(2), 377-395.
  • Sawka, M. N., Burke, L. M., Eichner, E. R., Maughan, R. J., Montain, S. J., & Stachenfeld, N. S. (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39, 377–390.
  • Sies, H. (1997). Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants. Experimental Physiology: Translation and Integration, 82(2), 291-295.
  • Stand, P. (1996). Exercise and fluid replacement. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 28.
  • Starling, R. D., Trappe, T. A., Parcell, A. C., Kerr, C. G., Fink, W. J., & Costill, D. L. (1997). Effects of diet on muscle triglyceride and endurance performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(4), 1185-1189.
  • Stuart, S. M., & Van Loon, L. J. (2011). Dietary protein for athletes: From requirements to optimum adaptation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(1).
  • Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: nutrition and athletic performance. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(3), 501-528.
  • Trumbo, P., Schlicker, S., Yates, A. A., & Poos, M. (2002). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids.(Commentary). Journal of The American Dietetic Association, 102(11), 1621-1631.
  • Van Loon, L. J., Saris, W. H., Kruijshoop, M., & Wagenmakers, A. J. (2000). Maximizing postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis: carbohydrate supplementation and the application of amino acid or protein hydrolysate mixtures. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(1), 106-111.
  • Vitale, K., & Getzin, A. (2019). Nutrition and Supplement Update for the Endurance Athlete: Review and Recommendations. Nutrients, 11(6), 1289.
  • Volek, J. S., Noakes, T., & Phinney, S. D. (2015). Rethinking fat as a fuel for endurance exercise. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(1), 13-20.
  • Wilmore, J. H., Costill, D. L., & Kenney, W. L. (2008). Fuel for exercising muscle: metabolism and hormonal control. Physiology of Sport and Exercise. 4th ed. Champaign Illinois: Human Kinetics, 48-59.
  • Yavari, A., Javadi, M., Mirmiran, P., & Bahadoran, Z. (2015). Exercise-induced oxidative stress and dietary antioxidants. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 6(1).
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Nutrition
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Melike Nur Eroğlu

Early Pub Date June 30, 2024
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date February 21, 2024
Acceptance Date May 29, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Eroğlu, M. N. (2024). Dayanıklılık Sporcularında Beslenme Müdahaleleri: Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Egzersiz Ve Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 48-63.