The Effects of Wax Application on Certain Surface Properties of Olive (Olea europaea L.) wood

Year 2024, , 1 - 10, 23.06.2024

Hüseyin Peker , Elif Hümeyra Bilginer , Ümit Ayata , Osman Çamlıbel , Levent Gürleyen

https://doi.org/10.58771/joinmet.1406915

Abstract

The olive wood is used in turning and furniture making. In this study, the effects of wax application (at 1, 2, and 3 coats) on some surface properties [color, whiteness index (WI*), and glossiness] of olive (Olea europaea L.) wood were investigated. According to the determined results, variance analyses were found to be significant for all tests. With the increase in the number of wax applications on wooden surfaces, it was observed that C*, a*, b*, and glossiness values increased, whereas L*, ho, and WI* (both directions) values decreased. ∆E* values were obtained as 5.73 for the 1-coat application, 11.39 for the 2-coat application, and 12.00 for the 3-coat application. As the results for the 2 and 3-coat applications were very close according to the ∆E* value, it can be said that the 3-coat application might not be necessary.

Keywords

Wax, Glossiness, Olive, Color, Whiteness index

Zeytin (Olea europaea L.) Ahşabında Bazı Yüzey Özellikleri Üzerine Balmumu Uygulamasının Etkileri

Abstract

Zeytin ahşabı, tornacılık ve mobilya yapımında kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada zeytin (Olea europaea L.) ahşabında bazı yüzey özellikleri [renk, beyazlık indeksi (WI*) ve parlaklık] üzerine balmumu uygulamasının (1, 2 ve 3 kat olarak) etkileri araştırılmıştır. Belirlenmiş olan sonuçlara göre, bütün testler üzerinde varyans analizleri anlamlı olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ahşap malzeme yüzeylerine balmumu uygulamasında kat sayısının artması uygulaması sonrasında C*, a*, b* ve parlaklık değerleri arttığı belirlenirken, L*, ho ve WI* (her iki yön) değerleri azaldığı görülmüştür. ∆E* değerleri 5.73 ile 1 kat uygulamasında 5.73, 2 kat uygulamasında 11.39 ve 3 kat uygulamasında 12.00 olarak elde edilmiştir. ∆E* değerline göre 2 ve 3 kat uygulamasına ait sonuçlar birbirine çok yakın elde edildiği için 3. kat uygulamasına gerek olmadığı söylene bilinir.

Keywords

Balmumu, Parlaklık, Zeytin, Renk, Beyazlık indeksi

References

• Akçay, Ç. (2020). Determination of decay, larvae resistance, water uptake, color, and hardness properties of wood impregnated with honeybee wax. BioResources, 15(4), 8339-8354. DOI: 10.15376/biores.15.4.8339-8354.
• Anonim, (1991). Regulation ECC/2568/91on the characteristics of olive oil and olive pomace oils and on their analytical methods, Official Journal of the European Communities: Legislation, European Union, Brussels.
• ASTM D 2244-3, (2007). Standard practice for calculation or color tolerances and color, differences from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
• ASTM E313-15e1, (2015). Standard practice for calculating yellowness and whiteness indices from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
• Bown, D. (1995). Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses, Dorling Kindersley, London. ISBN: 0-7513-020-31.
• Cavus, V., Sahin, S., Esteves, B., and Ayata, U. (2019). Determination of thermal conductivity properties in some wood species obtained from Turkey. Bioresources, 14(3), 6709-6715. DOI: 10.15376/biores.14.3.6709-6715.
• Chiej, R. (1984). Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald. ISBN: 0-356-10541-5.
• Ciftci, I., and Gokce, H. (2019). Optimisation of cutting tool and cutting parameters in machining of molybdenum alloys through the Taguchi method. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 34(1), 201-213. DOI: 10.17341/gazimmfd.416482.
• Cottom, W. P. (2000). Waxes, Kirk‐Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. DOI: 10.1002/0471238961.2301240503152020.a01.
• DIN 5033, (1979). Deutsche Normen, Farbmessung. Normenausschuß Farbe (FNF) im DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung eV, Beuth, Berlin März.
• Eaton, R. A. (1985). Preservation of marine timbers. In Preservation of Timber in the Tropics (pp. 157-191). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
• Grae, I. (1974). Nature’s Colors - Dyes from Plants, MacMillan Publishing Co. New York. ISBN: 0-02-544950-8.
• Grieve, (1984). A Modern Herbal, Penguin. ISBN: 0-14-046-440-9.
• Huxley, A. (1992). The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening, MacMillan Press. ISBN: 0-333-47494-5.
• ISO 2813, (1994). Paints and varnishes - determination of specular gloss of non-metallic paint films at 20 degrees, 60 degrees and 85 degrees, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
• Khan, Y., Panchal, S., Vyas, N., Butani, A., and Kumar, V. (2007). Olea europaea: a phyto-pharmacological review. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 1(1), 114-118.
• Lange, D. R. (1999). Fundamentals of Colourimetry - Application Report No. 10e. DR Lange: New York, NY, USA.
• Leray, C. (2006). Waxes. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. DOI: 10.1002/0471238961.2301240503152020.a01.pub2.
• Liu, X., Timar, M. C., Varodi, A. M., Nedelcu, R., & Torcătoru, M. J. (2022). Colour and surface chemistry changes of wood surfaces coated with two types of waxes after seven years exposure to natural light in indoor conditions. Coatings, 12(11), 1689. DOI: 10.3390/coatings12111689.
• Lust, J. (1983). The Herb Book. Bantam books. ISBN: 0-553-23827-2.
• Olsson, A. (2006). The Rutilus Project. Strategies for a sustainable development of the underwater cultural heritage in the Baltic Sea Region. The Swedish Maritime Museums.
• Polunin, O. (1969). Flowers of Europe - A Field Guide, Oxford University Press. ISBN: 0192176218.
• Soni, M. G., Burdock, G. A., Christian, M. S., Bitler, C. M., and Crea, R. (2006). Safety assessment of aqueous olive pulp extract as an antioxidant or antimicrobial agent in foods. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44(7), 903-915. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.008.
• Topaloğlu, E., ve Ustaömer, D. (2020). Bazı meyve ağaçları gövde odunlarının fiziksel, mekanik ve yüzey özelliklerinin araştırılması. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 8(1), 123-136. DOI: 10.29130/dubited.574229.
• Tribulová, T., Kačík, F., and Evtuguin, D. V. (2017). Impacts of inorganic chemicals used for wood protection: a review. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae Zvolen res Publica Slovaca, 59(2), 5-22. DOI: 10.17423/afx.2017.59.2.01
• TS ISO 13061-1, (2021). Odunun fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri - Kusursuz küçük ahşap numunelerin deney yöntemleri - Bölüm 1: Fiziksel ve mekanik deneyler için nem muhtevasının belirlenmesi, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Uphof, J. C. Th. (1959). Dictionary of Economic Plants, Weinheim.
• Zohary, D., and Spiegel-Roy, P. (1975). Beginnings of Fruit Growing in the Old World: Olive, grape, date, and fig emerge as important Bronze Age additions to grain agriculture in the Near East. Science, 187(4174), 319-327. DOI: 10.1126/science.187.4174.319.