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A Review of Medicinal Properties of Ginkgo biloba L.

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 1 - 19, 20.06.2023

Demet Dincel , Göktuğ Gürkan Aydemir , Onur Altınbaşak , Betül Büyükkılıç Altınbaşak , Pelin Yüksel Mayda

Öz

The history of the Ginkgo biloba L. species dates back to very ancient times. It can live for approximately a thousand years and is quite resistant to adverse conditions. Its leaves contain important components that make it useful for medicinal purposes. In addition, its seeds have also been used as a therapeutic agent in traditional Chinese medicine. G. biloba extracts are usually used in standardized dosage forms in medicinal preparations. Today, a standardized extract of G. biloba called Tebonin Egb761 is the preferred form.
Studies have shown that G. biloba leaf extract is effective in treating symptomatic relief of mild to moderate cerebral insufficiency in humans. It provides effective treatment in both Alzheimer's and vascular dementia patients. The herbal extract can also have positive effects on the quality of life in healthy individuals. G. biloba is effective against inner ear disorders and provides protection against endothelial damage. Besides, scientific studies have demonstrated that it has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and many other effects. G. biloba is considered an important nutraceutical due to its scientifically proven effects. There is a growing interest in the scientific community regarding this plant.
In this study, a review was made by compiling the data obtained from the literature on the "botanical characteristics", "history", "bioactive components", and "biological activities" of the G. biloba species.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ginkgo biloba L. ethnobotany biological activity.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Attar, A. M. (2012). Attenuating effect of Ginkgo biloba leaves extract on liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide in mice. J Biomed Biotechnol, 2012, 761450. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/761450
  • An, H. M., Tan, Y. L., Shi, J., Wang, Z., Lv, M. H., Soares, J. C., Zhou, D., Yang, F., & Zhang, X. Y. (2016). Ginkgo biloba leaf extract and alpha-tocopherol attenuate haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia in rats: Possible implication of antiapoptotic mechanisms by preventing Bcl-2 decrease and Bax elevation. Phytomedicine, 23(13), 1653-1660.     
  • Bai, Y., Zhao, F., Li, Y., Wang, L., Fang, X. J., & Wang, C. Y. (2015). Ginkgo biloba extract induce cell apoptosis and G0/G1 cycle arrest in gastric cancer cells. Int J Clin Exp Med, 8(11), 20977-20982.           
  • Balkaya, A., & Yanmaz, R. (2001). Bitki genetik kaynaklarının muhafaza imkanları ve tohum gen bankalarının çalışma sistemleri. Ekoloji Çevre Dergisi, 10(39), 25-30.           
  • Barnes, J., Anderson, L. A., & Phillipson, J. D. (2007). Herbal medicines. Pharmaceutical press.
  • Beck, S. M., Ruge, H., Schindler, C., Burkart, M., Miller, R., Kirschbaum, C., & Goschke, T. (2016). Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® on cognitive control functions, mental activity of the prefrontal cortex and stress reactivity in elderly adults with subjective memory impairment–a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 31(3), 227-242.  
  • Bikram, S., Pushpinder, K., Gopichand, S. R., & Ahuja, P. (2008). Biology and chemistry of Ginkgo biloba. Fitoterapia, 79(6), 401-418.          
  • Blumenthal, M., Busse, W. R., Medizinprodukte, B. f. A. u., & Council, A. B. (1998). The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. American Botanical Council.
  • Blumenthal, M., Goldberg, A., & Brinckmann, J. (2000). Herbal medicine. Expanded commission E monographs. Integrative Medicine Communications.   
  • Bressler, R. (2005). Herb-drug interactions. Geriatrics, 60(4).      
  • Cao, C., Su, Y., Han, D., Gao, Y., Zhang, M., Chen, H., & Xu, A. (2017, Feb 23). Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts induces apoptosis in Lewis lung cancer cells involving MAPK signaling pathways. J Ethnopharmacol, 198, 379-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.009         
  • Çekkayan, S., Özlüoğlu, L., Yoloğlu, S., Söylemezoğlu, S., & Erpek, G. (1996). Tinnituslu Hastalarda Betahistin ve Ginkgo Biloba Ekstresinin Etkinliğinin Karşilaştirilması.
  • Çelik, O., & MB, Ş. (2002). Otoloji ve nöro-otolojide öykü, muayene ve değerlendirme. Kulak Burun Boğaz Hastalıkları ve Baş Boyun Cerrahisi. Turgut Yayıncılık İstanbul, 1, 29.         
  • Chao, J. C.-J., Hung, H.-C., Chen, S.-H., & Fang, C.-L. (2004). Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cytoprotective factors in rats with duodenal ulcer. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 10(4), 560.     
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  • Iriti, M., Vitalini, S., Fico, G., & Faoro, F. (2010). Neuroprotective herbs and foods from different traditional medicines and diets. Molecules, 15(5), 3517-3555.   
  • Jiang, W., Qiu, W., Wang, Y., Cong, Q., Edwards, D., Ye, B., & Xu, C. (2011, Nov). Ginkgo may prevent genetic-associated ovarian cancer risk: multiple biomarkers and anticancer pathways induced by ginkgolide B in BRCA1-mutant ovarian epithelial cells. Eur J Cancer Prev, 20(6), 508-517. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328348fbb7  
  • Kızkın, S., İlhan, A., Özışık, H. I., & Özcan, C. (2003). Vertebrobaziler yetmezlikte ginkgo biloba ekstrelerinin transkraniyal doppler ultrasonografi ile değerlendirilmesi: Ön çalışma. Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center, 10(2).               
  • Kleijnen, J., & Knipschild, P. (1992, Nov 7). Ginkgo biloba. Lancet, 340(8828), 1136-1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)93158-j  
  • Koçyiğit, M. (2005). Yalova ilinde etnobotanik bir araştırma. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü,(Basılmamış) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 82s.           
  • Koltermann, A., Hartkorn, A., Koch, E., Fürst, R., Vollmar, A. M., & Zahler, S. (2007, Jul). Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 increases endothelial nitric oxide production in vitro and in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci, 64(13), 1715-1722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-007-7085-z           
  • Le Bars, P. L., Katz, M. M., Berman, N., Itil, T. M., Freedman, A. M., & Schatzberg, A. F. (1997). A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. Jama, 278(16), 1327-1332.        
  • Liang, T.-W., Tarsy, D., & Marder, S. Tardive dyskinesia: Prevention, treatment, and prognosis.
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  • Liu, T., Zhang, J., Chai, Z., Wang, G., Cui, N., & Zhou, B. (2017). Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761-induced upregulation of LincRNA-p21 inhibits colorectal cancer metastasis by associating with EZH2. Oncotarget, 8(53), 91614-91627. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.21345     
  • Liu, Y., Xin, H., Zhang, Y., Che, F., Shen, N., & Cui, Y. (2022). Leaves, seeds and exocarp of Ginkgo biloba L.(Ginkgoaceae): a comprehensive review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, resource utilization and toxicity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 115645.   
  • Logani, S., Chen, M. C., Tran, T., Le, T., & Raffa, R. B. (2000). Actions of Ginkgo biloba related to potential utility for the treatment of conditions involving cerebral hypoxia. Life Sciences, 67(12), 1389-1396.      
  • McKenna, D. J., Jones, K., & Hughes, K. (2001, Sep-Oct). Efficacy, safety, and use of Ginkgo biloba in clinical and preclinical applications. Altern Ther Health Med, 7(5), 70-86, 88-90.      
  • Naik, S. R., Pilgaonkar, V. W., & Panda, V. S. (2006). Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba phytosomes in rat brain. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 20(11), 1013-1016.              
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  • Park, Y. J., Kim, M. J., Kim, H. R., Yi, M. S., Chung, K. H., & Oh, S. M. (2013, Jan). Chemopreventive effects of Ginkgo biloba extract in estrogen-negative human breast cancer cells. Arch Pharm Res, 36(1), 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-013-0002-0            
  • Pretner, E., Amri, H., Li, W., Brown, R., Lin, C. S., Makariou, E., Defeudis, F. V., Drieu, K., & Papadopoulos, V. (2006, Jan-Feb). Cancer-related overexpression of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and cytostatic anticancer effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). Anticancer Res, 26(1a), 9-22.
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  • Ramassamy, C., Girbe, F., Christen, Y., & Costentin, J. (1993). Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 or trolox C prevent the ascorbic acid/Fe2+ induced decrease in synaptosomal membrane fluidity. Free Radic Res Commun, 19(5), 341-350. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715769309056523
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  • Ren, Q., Chen, J., Ding, Y., Cheng, J., Yang, S., Ding, Z., Dai, Q., & Ding, Z. (2019). In vitro antioxidant and immunostimulating activities of polysaccharides from Ginkgo biloba leaves. International journal of biological macromolecules, 124, 972-980.    
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  • Sati, S., & Joshi, S. (2011). Antibacterial activities of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extracts. TheScientificWorldJOURNAL, 11, 2237-2242.   
  • Schulz, V. (2003). Ginkgo extract or cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with dementia: what clinical trials and guidelines fail to consider. Phytomedicine, 10, 74-79.    
  • Singh, B., Kaur, P., Singh, R., & Ahuja, P. (2008). Biology and chemistry of Ginkgo biloba. Fitoterapia, 79(6), 401-418.     
  • Singh, S. K., Srivastav, S., Castellani, R. J., Plascencia-Villa, G., & Perry, G. (2019). Neuroprotective and antioxidant effect of Ginkgo biloba extract against AD and other neurological disorders. Neurotherapeutics, 16, 666-674.             
  • Spiegel, R., Kalla, R., Mantokoudis, G., Maire, R., Mueller, H., Hoerr, R., & Ihl, R. (2018). Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® alleviates neurosensory symptoms in patients with dementia: a meta-analysis of treatment effects on tinnitus and dizziness in randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Clinical interventions in aging, 1121-1127.            
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  • Yang, X., Zheng, T., Hong, H., Cai, N., Zhou, X., Sun, C., Wu, L., Liu, S., Zhao, Y., & Zhu, L. (2018). Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract and Ginkgolide B against oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation and glucose injury in a new in vitro multicellular network model. Frontiers of Medicine, 12, 307-318.        
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  • Zheng, W., Xiang, Y.-Q., Ng, C., Ungvari, G., Chiu, H., & Xiang, Y.-T. (2016). Extract of Ginkgo biloba for tardive dyskinesia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacopsychiatry, 26(03), 107-111.            
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Ginkgo biloba L.'nin Tıbbi Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 1 - 19, 20.06.2023

Demet Dincel , Göktuğ Gürkan Aydemir , Onur Altınbaşak , Betül Büyükkılıç Altınbaşak , Pelin Yüksel Mayda

Öz

Ginkgo biloba L. türünün geçmişi çok eskilere dayanmaktadır. Yaklaşık bin yıl yaşayabilmekte olup, olumsuz koşullara karşı oldukça dayanıklıdır. Yaprakları bitkiyi tıbbi açıdan faydalı kılan önemli bileşenler taşımaktadır. Ayrıca tohumları geleneksel Çin tıbbında terapötik bir ajan olarak da kullanılmıştır. G. biloba ekstraktları genellikle tıbbi müstahzarlarda standartlaştırılmış dozaj formlarında kullanılır. Günümüzde, G. biloba’nın standartlaştırılmış bir özü olan Tebonin Egb761 tercih edilmektedir.
Çalışmalar, G. biloba yaprağı ekstraktının insanlarda hafif ila orta dereceli serebral yetmezliğin semptomatik tedavisinde etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Alzheimer ve vasküler demans hastalarında da etkin tedavi sağlamaktadır. Bitki ekstresi ayrıca sağlıklı bireylerde yaşam kalitesi üzerinde olumlu etkilere sahip olabilir. G. biloba, iç kulak rahatsızlıklarına karşı etkilidir ve endotel hasarına karşı koruma sağlar. Ayrıca bilimsel çalışmalar antioksidan, antienflamatuar, antiviral, antibakteriyel, antidiyabetik, antikanser, nöroprotektif, kalp koruyucu ve daha birçok etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. G. biloba, bilimsel olarak kanıtlanmış etkileri nedeniyle önemli bir nutrasötik olarak kabul edilir. Bilim camiasında bitkiye artan bir ilgi vardır.
Bu çalışmada G. biloba türünün "botanik özellikleri", "tarihçesi", "biyoaktif bileşenleri" ve "biyolojik aktiviteleri" ile ilgili literatürden elde edilen veriler derlenerek bir inceleme yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ginkgo biloba L. etnobotanik biyolojik aktivite

Kaynakça

  • Al-Attar, A. M. (2012). Attenuating effect of Ginkgo biloba leaves extract on liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide in mice. J Biomed Biotechnol, 2012, 761450. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/761450
  • An, H. M., Tan, Y. L., Shi, J., Wang, Z., Lv, M. H., Soares, J. C., Zhou, D., Yang, F., & Zhang, X. Y. (2016). Ginkgo biloba leaf extract and alpha-tocopherol attenuate haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia in rats: Possible implication of antiapoptotic mechanisms by preventing Bcl-2 decrease and Bax elevation. Phytomedicine, 23(13), 1653-1660.     
  • Bai, Y., Zhao, F., Li, Y., Wang, L., Fang, X. J., & Wang, C. Y. (2015). Ginkgo biloba extract induce cell apoptosis and G0/G1 cycle arrest in gastric cancer cells. Int J Clin Exp Med, 8(11), 20977-20982.           
  • Balkaya, A., & Yanmaz, R. (2001). Bitki genetik kaynaklarının muhafaza imkanları ve tohum gen bankalarının çalışma sistemleri. Ekoloji Çevre Dergisi, 10(39), 25-30.           
  • Barnes, J., Anderson, L. A., & Phillipson, J. D. (2007). Herbal medicines. Pharmaceutical press.
  • Beck, S. M., Ruge, H., Schindler, C., Burkart, M., Miller, R., Kirschbaum, C., & Goschke, T. (2016). Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® on cognitive control functions, mental activity of the prefrontal cortex and stress reactivity in elderly adults with subjective memory impairment–a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 31(3), 227-242.  
  • Bikram, S., Pushpinder, K., Gopichand, S. R., & Ahuja, P. (2008). Biology and chemistry of Ginkgo biloba. Fitoterapia, 79(6), 401-418.          
  • Blumenthal, M., Busse, W. R., Medizinprodukte, B. f. A. u., & Council, A. B. (1998). The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. American Botanical Council.
  • Blumenthal, M., Goldberg, A., & Brinckmann, J. (2000). Herbal medicine. Expanded commission E monographs. Integrative Medicine Communications.   
  • Bressler, R. (2005). Herb-drug interactions. Geriatrics, 60(4).      
  • Cao, C., Su, Y., Han, D., Gao, Y., Zhang, M., Chen, H., & Xu, A. (2017, Feb 23). Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts induces apoptosis in Lewis lung cancer cells involving MAPK signaling pathways. J Ethnopharmacol, 198, 379-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.009         
  • Çekkayan, S., Özlüoğlu, L., Yoloğlu, S., Söylemezoğlu, S., & Erpek, G. (1996). Tinnituslu Hastalarda Betahistin ve Ginkgo Biloba Ekstresinin Etkinliğinin Karşilaştirilması.
  • Çelik, O., & MB, Ş. (2002). Otoloji ve nöro-otolojide öykü, muayene ve değerlendirme. Kulak Burun Boğaz Hastalıkları ve Baş Boyun Cerrahisi. Turgut Yayıncılık İstanbul, 1, 29.         
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  • DeKosky, S. T., Williamson, J. D., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Kronmal, R. A., Ives, D. G., Saxton, J. A., Lopez, O. L., Burke, G., Carlson, M. C., & Fried, L. P. (2008). Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 300(19), 2253-2262.  
  • Demirezer, L., Ersöz, T., Saraçoğlu, İ., & Şener, B. (2012). Tedavide Kullanılan Bitkiler FFD Monografları.            
  • Di Meo, F., Cuciniello, R., Margarucci, S., Bergamo, P., Petillo, O., Peluso, G., Filosa, S., & Crispi, S. (2020). Ginkgo biloba prevents oxidative stress-induced apoptosis blocking p53 activation in neuroblastoma cells. Antioxidants, 9(4), 279.          
  • Dong, X. X., Hui, Z. J., Xiang, W. X., Rong, Z. F., Jian, S., & Zhu, C. J. (2007). Ginkgo biloba extract reduces endothelial progenitor-cell senescence through augmentation of telomerase activity. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 49(2), 111-115.          
  • Ellnain-Wojtaszek, M., Kruczyński, Z., & Kasprzak, J. (2003). Investigation of the free radical scavenging activity of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves. Fitoterapia, 74(1-2), 1-6.       
  • Ergun, U., Yurtcu, E., & Ergun, M. A. (2005). Protective effect of ginkgo biloba against gossypol‐induced apoptosis in human lymphocytes. Cell biology international, 29(8), 717-720.         
  • Escop, & Phytotherapy, E. S. C. o. (2003). ESCOP Monographs: the scientific foundation for herbal medicinal products (2 ed.). George Thieme Verlag.      
  • Faydaoğlu, E., & Sürücüoğlu, M. S. (2011). Geçmişten günümüze tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin kullanılması ve ekonomik önemi. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 11(1), 52-67.         
  • Fei, R., Fei, Y., Zheng, S., Gao, Y.-g., Sun, H.-x., & Zeng, X.-l. (2008). Purified polysaccharide from Ginkgo biloba leaves inhibits P-selectin-mediated leucocyte adhesion and inflammation. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 29(4), 499-506.               
  • Gezgin, D. (2006). Bitki Mitosları.     
  • Haruyama, T., & Nagata, K. (2013). Anti-influenza virus activity of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts. Journal of natural medicines, 67, 636-642.   
  • He, J., Lin, J., Li, J., Zhang, J. H., Sun, X. M., & Zeng, C. M. (2009). Dual effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on human red blood cells. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 104(2), 138-144.
  • Hilton, M. P., Zimmermann, E. F., & Hunt, W. T. (2013). Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(3).
  • Huang, X. F., Zhang, S. Z., You, Y. Y., Zhang, N., Lu, H., Daugherty, A., & Xie, X. J. (2019, Feb). Ginkgo biloba extracts prevent aortic rupture in angiotensin II-infused hypercholesterolemic mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 40(2), 192-198. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41401-018-0017-7     
  • Huang, X., Whitworth, C. A., & Rybak, L. P. (2007, Sep). Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in rats. Otol Neurotol, 28(6), 828-833. https://doi.org/10.1097/mao.0b013e3180430163
  • Iriti, M., Vitalini, S., Fico, G., & Faoro, F. (2010). Neuroprotective herbs and foods from different traditional medicines and diets. Molecules, 15(5), 3517-3555.   
  • Jiang, W., Qiu, W., Wang, Y., Cong, Q., Edwards, D., Ye, B., & Xu, C. (2011, Nov). Ginkgo may prevent genetic-associated ovarian cancer risk: multiple biomarkers and anticancer pathways induced by ginkgolide B in BRCA1-mutant ovarian epithelial cells. Eur J Cancer Prev, 20(6), 508-517. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328348fbb7  
  • Kızkın, S., İlhan, A., Özışık, H. I., & Özcan, C. (2003). Vertebrobaziler yetmezlikte ginkgo biloba ekstrelerinin transkraniyal doppler ultrasonografi ile değerlendirilmesi: Ön çalışma. Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center, 10(2).               
  • Kleijnen, J., & Knipschild, P. (1992, Nov 7). Ginkgo biloba. Lancet, 340(8828), 1136-1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)93158-j  
  • Koçyiğit, M. (2005). Yalova ilinde etnobotanik bir araştırma. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü,(Basılmamış) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 82s.           
  • Koltermann, A., Hartkorn, A., Koch, E., Fürst, R., Vollmar, A. M., & Zahler, S. (2007, Jul). Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 increases endothelial nitric oxide production in vitro and in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci, 64(13), 1715-1722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-007-7085-z           
  • Le Bars, P. L., Katz, M. M., Berman, N., Itil, T. M., Freedman, A. M., & Schatzberg, A. F. (1997). A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. Jama, 278(16), 1327-1332.        
  • Liang, T.-W., Tarsy, D., & Marder, S. Tardive dyskinesia: Prevention, treatment, and prognosis.
  • Lin, H-Y, Li, W-H, Lin, C-F, Wu, H-R & Zhao, Y-P (2022). International biological flora: Ginkgo biloba. Journal of Ecology, 110, 951– 982. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13856
  • Liskova, A., Samec, M., Koklesova, L., Samuel, S. M., Zhai, K., Al-Ishaq, R. K., ... & Kubatka, P. (2021). Flavonoids against the SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammatory storm. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 138, 111430.
  • Liu, F. Q., Gao, Q., Wang, D. D., & Zhang, Z. X. (2018). Effects of GBE50 on LPS/ATP induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in primary rat microglia. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi= China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 43(16), 3346-3352.
  • Liu, T., Zhang, J., Chai, Z., Wang, G., Cui, N., & Zhou, B. (2017). Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761-induced upregulation of LincRNA-p21 inhibits colorectal cancer metastasis by associating with EZH2. Oncotarget, 8(53), 91614-91627. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.21345     
  • Liu, Y., Xin, H., Zhang, Y., Che, F., Shen, N., & Cui, Y. (2022). Leaves, seeds and exocarp of Ginkgo biloba L.(Ginkgoaceae): a comprehensive review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, resource utilization and toxicity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 115645.   
  • Logani, S., Chen, M. C., Tran, T., Le, T., & Raffa, R. B. (2000). Actions of Ginkgo biloba related to potential utility for the treatment of conditions involving cerebral hypoxia. Life Sciences, 67(12), 1389-1396.      
  • McKenna, D. J., Jones, K., & Hughes, K. (2001, Sep-Oct). Efficacy, safety, and use of Ginkgo biloba in clinical and preclinical applications. Altern Ther Health Med, 7(5), 70-86, 88-90.      
  • Naik, S. R., Pilgaonkar, V. W., & Panda, V. S. (2006). Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba phytosomes in rat brain. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 20(11), 1013-1016.              
  • Omidkhoda, S. F., Razavi, B. M., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2019). Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba L. against natural toxins, chemical toxicities, and radiation: A comprehensive review. Phytotherapy Research, 33(11), 2821-2840.
  • Park, Y. J., Kim, M. J., Kim, H. R., Yi, M. S., Chung, K. H., & Oh, S. M. (2013, Jan). Chemopreventive effects of Ginkgo biloba extract in estrogen-negative human breast cancer cells. Arch Pharm Res, 36(1), 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-013-0002-0            
  • Pretner, E., Amri, H., Li, W., Brown, R., Lin, C. S., Makariou, E., Defeudis, F. V., Drieu, K., & Papadopoulos, V. (2006, Jan-Feb). Cancer-related overexpression of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and cytostatic anticancer effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). Anticancer Res, 26(1a), 9-22.
  • Rabiei, Z., Solati, K., & Amini-Khoei, H. (2019). Phytotherapy in treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a review. Pharmaceutical biology, 57(1), 355-362.  
  • Ramassamy, C., Girbe, F., Christen, Y., & Costentin, J. (1993). Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 or trolox C prevent the ascorbic acid/Fe2+ induced decrease in synaptosomal membrane fluidity. Free Radic Res Commun, 19(5), 341-350. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715769309056523
  • Ran, K., Yang, D., Chang, Y., Duan, K., Ou, Y., Wang, H., & Li, Z. (2014). Ginkgo biloba extract postconditioning reduces myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Genet Mol Res, 13(2), 2703-2708.      
  • Ren, Q., Chen, J., Ding, Y., Cheng, J., Yang, S., Ding, Z., Dai, Q., & Ding, Z. (2019). In vitro antioxidant and immunostimulating activities of polysaccharides from Ginkgo biloba leaves. International journal of biological macromolecules, 124, 972-980.    
  • Sadowska-Krępa, E., Kłapcińska, B., Pokora, I., Domaszewski, P., Kempa, K., & Podgórski, T. (2017). Effects of six-week Ginkgo biloba supplementation on aerobic performance, blood pro/antioxidant balance, and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in physically active men. Nutrients, 9(8), 803.       
  • Sati, S., & Joshi, S. (2011). Antibacterial activities of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extracts. TheScientificWorldJOURNAL, 11, 2237-2242.   
  • Schulz, V. (2003). Ginkgo extract or cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with dementia: what clinical trials and guidelines fail to consider. Phytomedicine, 10, 74-79.    
  • Singh, B., Kaur, P., Singh, R., & Ahuja, P. (2008). Biology and chemistry of Ginkgo biloba. Fitoterapia, 79(6), 401-418.     
  • Singh, S. K., Srivastav, S., Castellani, R. J., Plascencia-Villa, G., & Perry, G. (2019). Neuroprotective and antioxidant effect of Ginkgo biloba extract against AD and other neurological disorders. Neurotherapeutics, 16, 666-674.             
  • Spiegel, R., Kalla, R., Mantokoudis, G., Maire, R., Mueller, H., Hoerr, R., & Ihl, R. (2018). Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® alleviates neurosensory symptoms in patients with dementia: a meta-analysis of treatment effects on tinnitus and dizziness in randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Clinical interventions in aging, 1121-1127.            
  • Tanaka, K., S-Galduroz, R., Gobbi, L., & Galduróz, J. C. F. (2013). Ginkgo biloba extract in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Current neuropharmacology, 11(4), 430-435.     
  • Tao, Z., Jin, W., Ao, M., Zhai, S., Xu, H., & Yu, L. (2019). Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of the active constituents in Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of pulmonary diseases. Food & function, 10(4), 2209-2220.
  • Wang, R., Shao, X., Yang, J., Liu, Z., Chew, L., & Shao, Y. (2020). Ginkgo biloba Extract Mechanism Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma through the Nuclear Factor-κB/p53 Signaling Pathway. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 39(2), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2020034510               
  • WHO, G. (1999). WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants.             
  • Xin, Y., Nan, C., Chun-Hua, M., Jing, T., Jian-An, B., Zong-Qi, C., Zu-Tao, C., & Li-Yan, M. (2015). Ginkgo biloba extracts attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in acute lung injury by inhibiting the COX-2 and NF-κB pathways. Chinese journal of natural medicines, 13(1), 52-58.        
  • Yang, X., Zheng, T., Hong, H., Cai, N., Zhou, X., Sun, C., Wu, L., Liu, S., Zhao, Y., & Zhu, L. (2018). Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract and Ginkgolide B against oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation and glucose injury in a new in vitro multicellular network model. Frontiers of Medicine, 12, 307-318.        
  • Yuan, Q., Wang, C.-w., Shi, J., & Lin, Z.-x. (2017). Effects of Ginkgo biloba on dementia: An overview of systematic reviews. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 195, 1-9.             
  • Zhang, H.-F., Huang, L.-B., Zhong, Y.-B., Zhou, Q.-H., Wang, H.-L., Zheng, G.-Q., & Lin, Y. (2016). An overview of systematic reviews of Ginkgo biloba extracts for mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 8, 276.   
  • Zhang, M., & Cai, J. (2005). Extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves reverses yohimbine-induced spatial working memory deficit in rats. Behavioural pharmacology, 16(8), 651-656.            
  • Zhang, S., Yi, X., Su, X., Jian, Z., Cui, T., Guo, S., Gao, T., Li, C., Li, S., & Xiao, Q. (2019). Ginkgo biloba extract protects human melanocytes from H2O2‐induced oxidative stress by activating Nrf2. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 23(8), 5193-5199.     
  • Zheng, W., Xiang, Y.-Q., Ng, C., Ungvari, G., Chiu, H., & Xiang, Y.-T. (2016). Extract of Ginkgo biloba for tardive dyskinesia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacopsychiatry, 26(03), 107-111.            
  • Zhou, L., Meng, Q., Qian, T., & Yang, Z. (2011). Ginkgo biloba extract enhances glucose tolerance in hyperinsulinism-induced hepatic cells. Journal of natural medicines, 65, 50-56.            
  • Zhou, Z. Y., Yang, X. J. & Wu, X. W. (2020). Paleobotanica Sinica: Ginkgophytes. Science Press (in Chinese).
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Demet Dincel 0000-0001-8319-9307

Göktuğ Gürkan Aydemir 0009-0001-9730-200X

Onur Altınbaşak 0000-0002-7167-7663

Betül Büyükkılıç Altınbaşak 0000-0002-9250-776X

Pelin Yüksel Mayda 0000-0002-6998-5421

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Dincel, D., Aydemir, G. G., Altınbaşak, O., Büyükkılıç Altınbaşak, B., vd. (2023). A Review of Medicinal Properties of Ginkgo biloba L. Journal of Kocaeli Health and Technology University, 1(1), 1-19.
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