Research Article
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Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 63 - 79, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.739909

Abstract

References

  • Alvarez, M. D. and Yarcan, S. (2010) Istanbul as a World City: A Cultural Perspective. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(3), pp. 266-76.
  • Ashworth, G. J. and Tunbridge, J. E. (1990) The Tourist - Historic City. London: Belhaven Press.Alvarez, M. and Korzay, M. (2011) ‘Turkey as a Heritage Tourism Destination: The Role of Knowledge’, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 20(n.i.), pp. 425-440.
  • Bailey, E. and Richardson, R. (2010) ‘A New Economic Framework for Tourism Decision Making’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(4), pp. 367-376.
  • Baloğlu, S. and Sahin, Ş. (2011) ‘Brand Personality and Destination Image of Istanbul’, Anatolia – An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 22(1), pp. 69-88.
  • Bayındır, T. (The Turkish Hotels&Investors Association (TUROB)) 10 milyon kişiyi ağırlayacak kapasiteye sahibiz, [Online], Available: http://www.turizmdebusabah.com /haber _detay.aspx?haberNo=53925 (Accessed: 10 May 2011).
  • Beeton, S. (2006) Community Development through Tourism. Collingwood: Landlinks Press.
  • Bezmez, D. (2008) ‘The Politics of Urban Waterfront Regeneration: The Case of Haliç (the Golden Horn), Istanbul’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32(4), pp.815-840.
  • Bilgili, A. E. (ed.) (2010) Şehir ve Kültür: İstanbul [Online]. Available at: http://www.istanbulkulturturizm.gov.tr/dosya/1-280299/h/sehirvekultur.pdf (Accessed: 20 April 2012).
  • Blažević, B. and Živadinov, P. I. (2010) ‘Sustainable Hotels: Sustainable Life Cycle Practice in Croatian Hotels’, Tourism & Hospitality Management 2010, Conference Proceedings, pp. 337-379.Bramwell, B. (2011) ‘Governance, the State and Sustainable Tourism: a Political Economy Approach’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4-5), pp. 459-477.
  • Burns, P. (ed.) (1995) Tourism and Minorities’ Heritage Impacts and Prospects. London: University of North London Press.
  • Cansız, H. and Keskin, A. (2010) ‘Tourism, Turkey and Economic Development’, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(4), pp. 23-46.
  • Chhabra, D. (2008) ‘Proposing a Sustainable Marketing Framework for Heritage Tourism’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(3), pp. 303-320.
  • Chiu, Y., Lee, W. and Chen, T. (2014) Environmentally responsible behaviour in Ecotourism: Antecedents and Implications. Tourism Management, 40, 321-329.
  • Choi, H. C. and Murray, I. (2010) ‘Resident Attitudes Toward Sustainable Community Tourism’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 18(4), pp. 575-594.
  • Coenders, G. and Mundet, L. (2010) ‘Greenways: A Sustainable Leisure Experience Concept for both Communities and Tourists’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(5), pp. 657-674.
  • Dinçer, I., Enlil, Z. and Evren, Y. (2009) ‘An Overview of Istanbul’s Conversation Sites’, Megaron, 4(1), pp. 5-15.
  • Duman, T. and Kozak, M. (2010) ‘The Turkish Tourism Product: Differentiation and Competitiveness’, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 21(1), pp. 89-106.
  • Douglas, J. (2014) What’s political ecology got to do with tourism? Tourism Geographies, 16, pp. 8-13.
  • EC (2000) Towards Quality Urban Tourism. Brussels: The Official Publications of the European Communities. [Online]. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/ tourism/files/studies/ towards _quality_tourism_ rural_urban_coastal/iqm_urban_ en.pdf (Accessed: 2 March 2012).
  • Erkut, B. and Altunel, C. (2015) Cultural Tourism in Istanbul. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management. 10(5), pp. 54-73.
  • Featherstone, M. (1991) Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalisation, and Modernity: A Theory, Culture&Society Special Issue. London: Sage Publication.
  • Fsadni, C. And Selwyn, T. (ed.) (1996) Sustainable tourism in Mediterranean Islands and Small Cities. Malta: MED-CAMPUS Publications.
  • Getz, D. and Timur, S. (2009) ‘Sustainable Tourism Development: How Do Destination Stakeholders Perceive Sustainable Urban Tourism?’, Sustainable Development, 17(November), pp. 220-232.
  • Gospodini, A. (2001) ‘Urban Design, Urban Space Morphology, Urban Tourism: An Emerging New Paradigm Concerning Their Relationship’, European Planning Studies, 9(7), pp. 925-934.
  • Göymen, K. (2008) ‘Istanbul: Mega-city Straddling Two Continents’, Urban Research & Practice, 1(3), pp. 266-275.
  • Gracan, D., Lugaric, A. R. and Sander, I. (2010) ‘Green Strategy of Business Tourism’, Tourism & Hospitality Management 2010, Conference Proceedings, pp. 337-379.
  • Gray, C. (2019) Istanbul Tourism, Turkey: The History and Travel Information, a Guide. Sonittec.
  • Griffin, T. and Bruce, H. (2006) ‘Historic Waterfronts as Tourism Precincts: An Experiential Perspective’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(3), pp. 3-16.
  • Gunay, Z and Dokmeci, V. (2011) ‘Culture-led regeneration of Istanbul waterfront: Golden Horn Cultural Valley Project’, Cities, n.v.(August), pp. 1-10.
  • Güçer, E., Taşçı, A. and Üner, M. M. (2006) ‘The Image of the City of Istanbul as An Emerging Destination in Turkey’s Tourism’, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(2), pp. 189-201.
  • Holden, A. (2016) Environment and Tourism. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Istanbul Gayrimenkul Değerleme (IDG). (2010) Türkiye Turizm Piyasaları Araştırmaları Raporları: Istanbul’10, [Online], Available: http://www.igd.com.tr/Upload/file_4d9f1cae65ceb.pdf (Accessed: 10 May 2011).
  • Jensen, Ø. (2010) ‘Social Mediation in Remote Developing World Tourism Locations – the Significance of Social Ties between Local Guides and Host Communities in Sustainable Tourism Development’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(5), pp. 615-633.
  • Jimura, T. (2019) World Heritage Sites: tourism, local communities and conservation activities. Boston: CAB International.
  • Kaynak, M. and Zeybek, H. (2007) Role of Mega Projects in Sustainable Urban Transport in Develop¬ing Countries: the Case of Istanbul Marmaray Project, Available at: http://www.codatu.org/wp-content/uploads/codCD-Zeybek.pdf (Accessed: 25 March 2012).
  • Koutsouris, A. (2009) ‘Resident Attitudes Toward Sustainable Community Tourism’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(5), pp. 567-581.
  • Kozak, M. and Kozak, N (2018) Tourist Behavior, Tourism, Hospitality and Event Management, 9(7), pp. 170-92.
  • Lefebvre, H. (1991) The Production of Space. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publications.
  • Leiper, N. and Park, S. (2011) ‘Skyscrapers’ Influence on Cities’ Roles as Tourist Destinations’, Current Issues in Tourism, 13(4), pp. 333-349.
  • Lockwood, A. and Medlik, S (ed.) (2001) Tourism and Hospitality in the 21st Century. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Publications.
  • Lowry, L. (2017) The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Travel and Tourism. California: SAGE Publications.
  • LSECities, (2009) ‘Istanbul, City of Intersections’, Urbanage, n.v., November [Online]. Available at: http://urbanage.net/publications/newspapers/istanbul/media/UrbanAge IstanbulNews per_en.pdf (Ac-cessed: 26 March 2012).
  • Malkoç, E. (2011) ‘Türkiye'nin ilk Minyatür parkı: Miniatürk’, ADÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), pp. 1-8.
  • Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. (1992) Tourism - Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. Essex: Longman Publications.
  • McDonald, J. R. (2008) ‘Complexity Science: an Alternative World View for Understanding Sustainable Tourism Development’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(4), pp. 455-471.
  • Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., and Randers, L. (1992) Beyond the Limits: Global Collapse or a Sustainable Future. London: Earthscan Publication.
  • Meethan, K. (2001) Tourism in Global Society - Place, Culture, Consumption. Malaysia: Palgrave Publication.
  • Moscardo, G. (2008) Building Community Capacity for Tourism Development. Cambridge: CAB International.
  • Mostafanezhad, M., Norum, R., Shelton, E. and Thompson-Carr, A. (2016) Political Ecology of Tourism. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Mundet, L. and Coenders, G. (2010) ‘Greenways: a Sustainable Leisure Experience concept for both Communities and Tourists’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(5), pp. 657-674.
  • Murphy, P. E. (1985) Tourism – A Community Approaches. New York: Routledge Publications.
  • Murphy, P. E. and Murphy, A. E. (2004) Strategic Management for Tourism Communities: Bridging the Gaps. Ontario: Channel View Publications.
  • OECD (2009) The Impact of Culture on Tourism. Paris: OECD Publishing. [Online]. Available at: http://www.em.gov.lv/images/modules/items/OECD_Tourism_Culture. pdf (Accessed: 2 May 2012).
  • OECD (2006) Innovation and Growth in Tourism. Paris: OECD Publishing. [Online]. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/document/55/0,3746,en_2649_34389_37987511 _1_1_1_1,00.html (Accessed: 2 May 2012).
  • Phillips, R. and Roberts, S. (2013) Tourism, Planning, and Community Development. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Richards, G. and Hall, D. (2000) Tourism and Sustainable Community Development. London: Routledge.
  • Scott, A. J. (2002) Global City-Regions Trends, Theory, Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Shaw, G and Williams, A. M. (2004) Tourism and Tourism Spaces. London: Sage Publications.
  • The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Directorate of Strategic Planning (2009) Strategic Plan 2010–2014 (seasonal) [Online]. Available at: http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/Kurumsal/Birimler/StratejikPlanlamaMd/Pages/AnaSayfa.aspx (Accessed: 20 March 2012).
  • The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM). (2011) Istanbul Tarihi Yarımada Yönetim Planı [Online]. Available at: http://www.alanbaskanligi.gov.tr/files/Y%C3%B6 netim %20Plan%C4%B1_24%C5%9Fubat2012_k.pdf (Accessed: 19 April 2012).
  • The Republic of Turkey. Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2020) Turizm Verileri [Online]. Available at: https://istanbul.ktb.gov.tr/TR-243067/istanbul-turizm-istatistikleri---2019.html (Accessed: 21 April 2020).
  • The Republic of Turkey. Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation (2009) KENTGES, Bütünleşik Kent¬sel Gelişme Stratejisi ve Eylem Planı 2010–2023 (seasonal) [Online]. Available at: http://www.kentges.gov.tr/_dosyalar/kentges_tr.pdf (Accessed: 2 April 2020).
  • The Republic of Turkey. Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) (2020) What the Figures Say 2019 (an¬nual) [Online]. Available at: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Icerik Getir.do?istab_id=4 (Accessed: 1 April 2019).
  • Tonguç, S. E. and Yale, P. (2010) İstanbul Hakkında Her Şey. İstanbul: Boyut Yayıncılık.
  • UNESCO (2008) Dünya Mirası Konvansiyonunun Uygulanmasına yönelik İşlevsel İlkeler [Online]. Available at: http://www.alanbaskanligi.gov.tr/files/Uygulama%20Reh beri.pdf (Accessed: 20 April 2012).
  • United Nations (UN) (2011) Towards a Green Economy [Online]. Available at: http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/ger/11.0_Tourism.pdf (Accessed: 29 April 2012).
  • Urry, J. (2004) Tourism Mobilites: Places to Play, Places in Play. London: Routledge Publication.
  • World Travel & Tourism Organisation (WTTO) (2019) Travel&Tourism 2011 [Online]. Available at: http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/traveltourism2020.p df (Accessed: 2 May 2020).
  • World Travel & Tourism Organisation (WTTO) (2019) Travel&Tourism Economic Impact 2012 [Online]. Available at: http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/down loads/ wor ld2020.pdf (Accessed: 2 May 2020).
  • World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) (1995) UNWTO technical manual: Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics [Online]. Available at: http://pub.unwto.org/WebRo ot / Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1034/1034-1.pdf (Accessed: 2 May 2012).
  • World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) (2012) Annual Report 2010 [Online]. Available at: https://s3eu¬west1.amazonaws.com/storageapi/sites/all/files/pdf/final_ annual_report_pdf (Accessed: 29 March 2012).
  • World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) (2020) Tourism Highlights 2019 [Online]. Available at: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152 (Accessed: 20 April 2019).
  • Yenen, Ş. (2009) İstanbul. İstanbul: Quick Guide.

Sustainable tourism community: A case study of İstanbul

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 63 - 79, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.739909

Abstract

Considering the changes in the demands and needs of tourism community, sustainability is the most significant and essential guide who leads to diverse changes worldwide. Mindful of environmental, economic, cultural, and social changes worldwide, tourism community is a concept and also a fact that has a diverse range of impacts on locality and thence city life. Related to tourism, tourism is able to be seen as a relationship of three bottom lines between resource, production, and consumption. As a result of not only correlation to economic vitality due to new tourism marketing, but also development of communication and transportation, the world has literally become a local region. Not only a rapidly growing number of tourists but also a growing demand of consumption from society living in cities is one of the reasons why there is an increase in competition for resources citywide. This report will explain a combination of challenges of tourism development and restructuring of sustainable tourism community, which is involved in a new economic, social, cultural, and environmental pattern to understand the impacts of tourism with examining city of Istanbul as a case study.

References

  • Alvarez, M. D. and Yarcan, S. (2010) Istanbul as a World City: A Cultural Perspective. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(3), pp. 266-76.
  • Ashworth, G. J. and Tunbridge, J. E. (1990) The Tourist - Historic City. London: Belhaven Press.Alvarez, M. and Korzay, M. (2011) ‘Turkey as a Heritage Tourism Destination: The Role of Knowledge’, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 20(n.i.), pp. 425-440.
  • Bailey, E. and Richardson, R. (2010) ‘A New Economic Framework for Tourism Decision Making’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(4), pp. 367-376.
  • Baloğlu, S. and Sahin, Ş. (2011) ‘Brand Personality and Destination Image of Istanbul’, Anatolia – An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 22(1), pp. 69-88.
  • Bayındır, T. (The Turkish Hotels&Investors Association (TUROB)) 10 milyon kişiyi ağırlayacak kapasiteye sahibiz, [Online], Available: http://www.turizmdebusabah.com /haber _detay.aspx?haberNo=53925 (Accessed: 10 May 2011).
  • Beeton, S. (2006) Community Development through Tourism. Collingwood: Landlinks Press.
  • Bezmez, D. (2008) ‘The Politics of Urban Waterfront Regeneration: The Case of Haliç (the Golden Horn), Istanbul’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32(4), pp.815-840.
  • Bilgili, A. E. (ed.) (2010) Şehir ve Kültür: İstanbul [Online]. Available at: http://www.istanbulkulturturizm.gov.tr/dosya/1-280299/h/sehirvekultur.pdf (Accessed: 20 April 2012).
  • Blažević, B. and Živadinov, P. I. (2010) ‘Sustainable Hotels: Sustainable Life Cycle Practice in Croatian Hotels’, Tourism & Hospitality Management 2010, Conference Proceedings, pp. 337-379.Bramwell, B. (2011) ‘Governance, the State and Sustainable Tourism: a Political Economy Approach’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4-5), pp. 459-477.
  • Burns, P. (ed.) (1995) Tourism and Minorities’ Heritage Impacts and Prospects. London: University of North London Press.
  • Cansız, H. and Keskin, A. (2010) ‘Tourism, Turkey and Economic Development’, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 24(4), pp. 23-46.
  • Chhabra, D. (2008) ‘Proposing a Sustainable Marketing Framework for Heritage Tourism’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(3), pp. 303-320.
  • Chiu, Y., Lee, W. and Chen, T. (2014) Environmentally responsible behaviour in Ecotourism: Antecedents and Implications. Tourism Management, 40, 321-329.
  • Choi, H. C. and Murray, I. (2010) ‘Resident Attitudes Toward Sustainable Community Tourism’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 18(4), pp. 575-594.
  • Coenders, G. and Mundet, L. (2010) ‘Greenways: A Sustainable Leisure Experience Concept for both Communities and Tourists’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(5), pp. 657-674.
  • Dinçer, I., Enlil, Z. and Evren, Y. (2009) ‘An Overview of Istanbul’s Conversation Sites’, Megaron, 4(1), pp. 5-15.
  • Duman, T. and Kozak, M. (2010) ‘The Turkish Tourism Product: Differentiation and Competitiveness’, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 21(1), pp. 89-106.
  • Douglas, J. (2014) What’s political ecology got to do with tourism? Tourism Geographies, 16, pp. 8-13.
  • EC (2000) Towards Quality Urban Tourism. Brussels: The Official Publications of the European Communities. [Online]. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/ tourism/files/studies/ towards _quality_tourism_ rural_urban_coastal/iqm_urban_ en.pdf (Accessed: 2 March 2012).
  • Erkut, B. and Altunel, C. (2015) Cultural Tourism in Istanbul. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management. 10(5), pp. 54-73.
  • Featherstone, M. (1991) Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalisation, and Modernity: A Theory, Culture&Society Special Issue. London: Sage Publication.
  • Fsadni, C. And Selwyn, T. (ed.) (1996) Sustainable tourism in Mediterranean Islands and Small Cities. Malta: MED-CAMPUS Publications.
  • Getz, D. and Timur, S. (2009) ‘Sustainable Tourism Development: How Do Destination Stakeholders Perceive Sustainable Urban Tourism?’, Sustainable Development, 17(November), pp. 220-232.
  • Gospodini, A. (2001) ‘Urban Design, Urban Space Morphology, Urban Tourism: An Emerging New Paradigm Concerning Their Relationship’, European Planning Studies, 9(7), pp. 925-934.
  • Göymen, K. (2008) ‘Istanbul: Mega-city Straddling Two Continents’, Urban Research & Practice, 1(3), pp. 266-275.
  • Gracan, D., Lugaric, A. R. and Sander, I. (2010) ‘Green Strategy of Business Tourism’, Tourism & Hospitality Management 2010, Conference Proceedings, pp. 337-379.
  • Gray, C. (2019) Istanbul Tourism, Turkey: The History and Travel Information, a Guide. Sonittec.
  • Griffin, T. and Bruce, H. (2006) ‘Historic Waterfronts as Tourism Precincts: An Experiential Perspective’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(3), pp. 3-16.
  • Gunay, Z and Dokmeci, V. (2011) ‘Culture-led regeneration of Istanbul waterfront: Golden Horn Cultural Valley Project’, Cities, n.v.(August), pp. 1-10.
  • Güçer, E., Taşçı, A. and Üner, M. M. (2006) ‘The Image of the City of Istanbul as An Emerging Destination in Turkey’s Tourism’, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(2), pp. 189-201.
  • Holden, A. (2016) Environment and Tourism. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Istanbul Gayrimenkul Değerleme (IDG). (2010) Türkiye Turizm Piyasaları Araştırmaları Raporları: Istanbul’10, [Online], Available: http://www.igd.com.tr/Upload/file_4d9f1cae65ceb.pdf (Accessed: 10 May 2011).
  • Jensen, Ø. (2010) ‘Social Mediation in Remote Developing World Tourism Locations – the Significance of Social Ties between Local Guides and Host Communities in Sustainable Tourism Development’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(5), pp. 615-633.
  • Jimura, T. (2019) World Heritage Sites: tourism, local communities and conservation activities. Boston: CAB International.
  • Kaynak, M. and Zeybek, H. (2007) Role of Mega Projects in Sustainable Urban Transport in Develop¬ing Countries: the Case of Istanbul Marmaray Project, Available at: http://www.codatu.org/wp-content/uploads/codCD-Zeybek.pdf (Accessed: 25 March 2012).
  • Koutsouris, A. (2009) ‘Resident Attitudes Toward Sustainable Community Tourism’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(5), pp. 567-581.
  • Kozak, M. and Kozak, N (2018) Tourist Behavior, Tourism, Hospitality and Event Management, 9(7), pp. 170-92.
  • Lefebvre, H. (1991) The Production of Space. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publications.
  • Leiper, N. and Park, S. (2011) ‘Skyscrapers’ Influence on Cities’ Roles as Tourist Destinations’, Current Issues in Tourism, 13(4), pp. 333-349.
  • Lockwood, A. and Medlik, S (ed.) (2001) Tourism and Hospitality in the 21st Century. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Publications.
  • Lowry, L. (2017) The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Travel and Tourism. California: SAGE Publications.
  • LSECities, (2009) ‘Istanbul, City of Intersections’, Urbanage, n.v., November [Online]. Available at: http://urbanage.net/publications/newspapers/istanbul/media/UrbanAge IstanbulNews per_en.pdf (Ac-cessed: 26 March 2012).
  • Malkoç, E. (2011) ‘Türkiye'nin ilk Minyatür parkı: Miniatürk’, ADÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), pp. 1-8.
  • Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. (1992) Tourism - Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. Essex: Longman Publications.
  • McDonald, J. R. (2008) ‘Complexity Science: an Alternative World View for Understanding Sustainable Tourism Development’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(4), pp. 455-471.
  • Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., and Randers, L. (1992) Beyond the Limits: Global Collapse or a Sustainable Future. London: Earthscan Publication.
  • Meethan, K. (2001) Tourism in Global Society - Place, Culture, Consumption. Malaysia: Palgrave Publication.
  • Moscardo, G. (2008) Building Community Capacity for Tourism Development. Cambridge: CAB International.
  • Mostafanezhad, M., Norum, R., Shelton, E. and Thompson-Carr, A. (2016) Political Ecology of Tourism. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Mundet, L. and Coenders, G. (2010) ‘Greenways: a Sustainable Leisure Experience concept for both Communities and Tourists’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(5), pp. 657-674.
  • Murphy, P. E. (1985) Tourism – A Community Approaches. New York: Routledge Publications.
  • Murphy, P. E. and Murphy, A. E. (2004) Strategic Management for Tourism Communities: Bridging the Gaps. Ontario: Channel View Publications.
  • OECD (2009) The Impact of Culture on Tourism. Paris: OECD Publishing. [Online]. Available at: http://www.em.gov.lv/images/modules/items/OECD_Tourism_Culture. pdf (Accessed: 2 May 2012).
  • OECD (2006) Innovation and Growth in Tourism. Paris: OECD Publishing. [Online]. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/document/55/0,3746,en_2649_34389_37987511 _1_1_1_1,00.html (Accessed: 2 May 2012).
  • Phillips, R. and Roberts, S. (2013) Tourism, Planning, and Community Development. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Richards, G. and Hall, D. (2000) Tourism and Sustainable Community Development. London: Routledge.
  • Scott, A. J. (2002) Global City-Regions Trends, Theory, Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Shaw, G and Williams, A. M. (2004) Tourism and Tourism Spaces. London: Sage Publications.
  • The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Directorate of Strategic Planning (2009) Strategic Plan 2010–2014 (seasonal) [Online]. Available at: http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/Kurumsal/Birimler/StratejikPlanlamaMd/Pages/AnaSayfa.aspx (Accessed: 20 March 2012).
  • The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM). (2011) Istanbul Tarihi Yarımada Yönetim Planı [Online]. Available at: http://www.alanbaskanligi.gov.tr/files/Y%C3%B6 netim %20Plan%C4%B1_24%C5%9Fubat2012_k.pdf (Accessed: 19 April 2012).
  • The Republic of Turkey. Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2020) Turizm Verileri [Online]. Available at: https://istanbul.ktb.gov.tr/TR-243067/istanbul-turizm-istatistikleri---2019.html (Accessed: 21 April 2020).
  • The Republic of Turkey. Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation (2009) KENTGES, Bütünleşik Kent¬sel Gelişme Stratejisi ve Eylem Planı 2010–2023 (seasonal) [Online]. Available at: http://www.kentges.gov.tr/_dosyalar/kentges_tr.pdf (Accessed: 2 April 2020).
  • The Republic of Turkey. Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) (2020) What the Figures Say 2019 (an¬nual) [Online]. Available at: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/Icerik Getir.do?istab_id=4 (Accessed: 1 April 2019).
  • Tonguç, S. E. and Yale, P. (2010) İstanbul Hakkında Her Şey. İstanbul: Boyut Yayıncılık.
  • UNESCO (2008) Dünya Mirası Konvansiyonunun Uygulanmasına yönelik İşlevsel İlkeler [Online]. Available at: http://www.alanbaskanligi.gov.tr/files/Uygulama%20Reh beri.pdf (Accessed: 20 April 2012).
  • United Nations (UN) (2011) Towards a Green Economy [Online]. Available at: http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/ger/11.0_Tourism.pdf (Accessed: 29 April 2012).
  • Urry, J. (2004) Tourism Mobilites: Places to Play, Places in Play. London: Routledge Publication.
  • World Travel & Tourism Organisation (WTTO) (2019) Travel&Tourism 2011 [Online]. Available at: http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/traveltourism2020.p df (Accessed: 2 May 2020).
  • World Travel & Tourism Organisation (WTTO) (2019) Travel&Tourism Economic Impact 2012 [Online]. Available at: http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/down loads/ wor ld2020.pdf (Accessed: 2 May 2020).
  • World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) (1995) UNWTO technical manual: Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics [Online]. Available at: http://pub.unwto.org/WebRo ot / Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1034/1034-1.pdf (Accessed: 2 May 2012).
  • World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) (2012) Annual Report 2010 [Online]. Available at: https://s3eu¬west1.amazonaws.com/storageapi/sites/all/files/pdf/final_ annual_report_pdf (Accessed: 29 March 2012).
  • World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) (2020) Tourism Highlights 2019 [Online]. Available at: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152 (Accessed: 20 April 2019).
  • Yenen, Ş. (2009) İstanbul. İstanbul: Quick Guide.
There are 73 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Research Papers
Authors

Cumhur Olcar 0000-0003-3020-4875

Publication Date December 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Olcar, C. (2020). Sustainable tourism community: A case study of İstanbul. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism, 5(2), 63-79. https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.739909



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