Effects of smoking on the cardiopulmonary modulation during physical exercise in middle-aged non-obese healthy individuals

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the overall effects of smoking and its duration on various cardiopulmonary modulation mechanisms during physical exercise in middle-aged non-obese healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: Two hundred forty-three (142 smokers and 101 non-smokers), middle-aged, non-obese, healthy individuals were evaluated in this cross-sectional study. Parameters of pulmonary function including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC ratio were evaluated using a spirometer and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) were measured by echocardiography on rest and during various levels of exercise. A treadmill exercise test was used to assess heart rate recovery index (HRRI), the chronotropic index (CI) and the maximum rate of oxygen consumption during exercise (VO2max). Results: Resting sPAP values were higher and FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC values were lower among smokers. As compared to resting values; FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio in smokers decreased significantly at peak exercise level (2.66±0.54 vs 2.35±0.49, p<0.01 and 81.57±8.21 vs 75.11±8.12, p<0.01 respectively). The HRRI values of all 1st, 2nd and 3rd minutes were significantly lower in the smoker group. Similar results were observed with CI and VO2max values (0.67±0.21 vs 0.76±0.19, p<0.01 and 34.91±4.63 vs 38.47±3.24, p<0.01 respectively). In addition, all mentioned parameters were significantly correlated with smoking duration. Conclusion: Smoking is associated with a variety of adverse effects that may eventually reduce the exercise capacity of healthy individuals. These effects can manifest at early stages, and their severity correlates significantly with smoking duration.

Keywords

• Smoking
• physical exercise
• cardiopulmonary function
• chronotropic incompetence

Orta yaşlı obez olmayan sağlıklı bireylerde sigara kullanımının egzersiz sırasındaki kardiyopulmoner modülasyon mekanizmaları üzerine etkileri

Abstract

Amaçlar: Bu çalışmada, orta yaşlı obez olmayan sağlıklı bireylerde, sigara içmenin egzersiz sırasındaki çeşitli kardiyopulmoner modülasyon mekanizmaları üzerindeki etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntemler: Bu çalışmaya 243 (142 sigara içen ve 101 sigara içmeyen) katılımcı dahil edildi. Zorlu vital kapasite (FVC), zorlu ekspiryumun 1. saniyesinde çıkarılan hava hacmi (FEV1) ve FEV1/FVC oranı gibi solunum fonksiyon parametrelerinin yanı sıra ekokardiyografi kullanarak sistolik pulmoner arter basıncı (sPAP) istirahat ve egzersiz sırasında ölçüldü. Kalp atış hızı toparlanma indeksini (HRRI), kronotropik indeks (CI) ve egzersiz sırasında maksimum oksijen tüketim oranını (VO2max) değerlendirmek için egzersiz testi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Sigara içenlerde istirahat sPAP değerleri daha yüksek, FEV1, FVC ve FEV1/FVC değerleri daha düşüktü. Dinlenme değerleri ile karşılaştırıldığında; Sigara içenlerde FEV1 ve FEV1/FVC oranı egzersizin zirve noktasında anlamlı olarak azaldı (sırasıyla 2,66±0,54'e karşı 2,35±0,49, p<0,01 ve 81,57±8,21'e karşı 75,11±8,12, p<0,01). Ayrıca, tüm HRRI değerleri sigara içen grupta anlamlı olarak düşüktü. CI ve VO2max değerlerinde de benzer sonuçlar gözlendi (sırasıyla 0,67±0,21'e karşı 0,76±0,19, p<0,01 ve 34,91±4,63'e karşı 38,47±3,24, p<0,01). Tüm bu parametreler sigara kullanım süresi ile anlamlı şekilde ilişkili bulundu. Sonuç: Sigara kullanımı, sağlıklı bireylerin egzersiz kapasitesini azaltabilecek çeşitli etkilerle ilişkilidir. Bu etkiler erken dönemde ortaya çıkabildiği gibi, şiddetleri sigara kullanım süresi ile anlamlı olarak ilişkilidir.

Keywords

• Sigara
• egzersiz
• kardiyopulmoner fonksiyon
• kronotropik yetersizlik

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