Effect of off-axis osteotomy preparation and depth on intraosseous temperature during implant site preparation: an in vitro study

Tolga Yılmaz; Saim Yanık

Effect of off-axis osteotomy preparation and depth on intraosseous temperature during implant site preparation: an in vitro study

Abstract

Aims: Thermal trauma during implant site preparation may adversely affect bone vitality and compromise osseointegration. Drilling parameters such as angulation and depth are considered important factors influencing heat generation in bone during implant surgery. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of different off-axis osteotomy angulations and depths on intraosseous temperature changes during implant site preparation. Methods: This in vitro experimental study was conducted using fresh bovine femur cortical bone specimens. Implant osteotomies were performed at three different off-axis osteotomy angulations (0°, 17°, and 30°) and four measurement depths (0, 9, 11, and 13 mm). Temperature changes were recorded using K-type thermocouple sensors positioned 1 mm from the drilling site. Drilling was performed for a standardized duration under constant irrigation. The maximum temperature reached at each depth and angle was recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: The mean intraosseous temperature increased from 35.69°C, 35.68°C, and 35.79°C at baseline to 41.45°C, 41.86°C, and 42.37°C at 13 mm for the 0°, 17°, and 30° groups, respectively. Temperature increased significantly with depth in all groups (p<0.05), except between 11 and 13 mm in the 17° (p=0.091) and 30° (p=0.138) groups. At 11 and 13 mm, temperatures were significantly higher in the 17° and 30° groups than in the 0° group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, increased drilling angulation and depth were found to significantly elevate intraosseous temperature during implant site preparation. These findings suggest that drilling geometry should be carefully considered during implant site preparation to help control temperature elevation.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.

Ethical Statement

The study was initiated with the approval of Gaziantep University local ethics committee (date: 21.09.2023, decision number:2023/25).

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Tolga Yılmaz
0009-0002-3138-1873
Türkiye

Saim Yanık ^*
0000-0002-1229-2982
Türkiye

Publication Date

June 25, 2026

Submission Date

March 1, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 11, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 7 Number: 3

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA48WG42KB

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yılmaz, T., & Yanık, S. (2026). Effect of off-axis osteotomy preparation and depth on intraosseous temperature during implant site preparation: an in vitro study. Journal of Medicine and Palliative Care, 7(3), 562-568. https://izlik.org/JA48WG42KB

AMA

1.Yılmaz T, Yanık S. Effect of off-axis osteotomy preparation and depth on intraosseous temperature during implant site preparation: an in vitro study. J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / jompac. 2026;7(3):562-568. https://izlik.org/JA48WG42KB

Chicago

Yılmaz, Tolga, and Saim Yanık. 2026. “Effect of Off-Axis Osteotomy Preparation and Depth on Intraosseous Temperature During Implant Site Preparation: An in Vitro Study”. Journal of Medicine and Palliative Care 7 (3): 562-68. https://izlik.org/JA48WG42KB.

EndNote

Yılmaz T, Yanık S (June 1, 2026) Effect of off-axis osteotomy preparation and depth on intraosseous temperature during implant site preparation: an in vitro study. Journal of Medicine and Palliative Care 7 3 562–568.

IEEE

[1]T. Yılmaz and S. Yanık, “Effect of off-axis osteotomy preparation and depth on intraosseous temperature during implant site preparation: an in vitro study”, J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / jompac, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 562–568, June 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA48WG42KB

ISNAD

Yılmaz, Tolga - Yanık, Saim. “Effect of Off-Axis Osteotomy Preparation and Depth on Intraosseous Temperature During Implant Site Preparation: An in Vitro Study”. Journal of Medicine and Palliative Care 7/3 (June 1, 2026): 562-568. https://izlik.org/JA48WG42KB.

JAMA

1.Yılmaz T, Yanık S. Effect of off-axis osteotomy preparation and depth on intraosseous temperature during implant site preparation: an in vitro study. J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / jompac. 2026;7:562–568.

MLA

Yılmaz, Tolga, and Saim Yanık. “Effect of Off-Axis Osteotomy Preparation and Depth on Intraosseous Temperature During Implant Site Preparation: An in Vitro Study”. Journal of Medicine and Palliative Care, vol. 7, no. 3, June 2026, pp. 562-8, https://izlik.org/JA48WG42KB.

Vancouver

1.Tolga Yılmaz, Saim Yanık. Effect of off-axis osteotomy preparation and depth on intraosseous temperature during implant site preparation: an in vitro study. J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / jompac [Internet]. 2026 Jun. 1;7(3):562-8. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA48WG42KB