Research Article
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Development and progression of myopia in emmetropic children in Turkey

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 5, 380 - 384, 27.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.47582/jompac.1342383

Abstract

Aims: To investigate the development and progression of myopia in emmetrope school-aged children in Turkey.
Methods: This retrospective study included emmetrope children aged 6-18 who attended the ophthalmology clinic for regular eye and refractive examinations between 2010 and 2021. Individuals were examined at least twice for six months period. Myopia progression was calculated as the difference between the baseline and the last visit spherical equivalent refractive (SER) values. Individuals were further categorized to determine the age-specific myopia development and progression as 6-11, 12-16, and 17-18 age groups based on the school periods of the country. According to the change in SER values, individuals were classified into those who remain emmetrope and those who develop myopia.
Results: A total of 738 eyes of 369 children (222 female, 147 male) with a mean age of 9.4 ± 2.98 (6-18) years were included in the study. The mean follow-up time of patients was 45.62 ± 26.36 (6-130) months. The baseline mean SER value was -0.01 ± 0.10 D (range: -0.375 and +0.375) and -0.44 ± 0.8 (range: -5.00 and +0.375) at the final visit. The overall mean progression was -0.12 ± 0.25 D/year (range: -2.21 and +0.36). 234 eyes (31.75%) developed myopia, and annual SER change was -0.38 ± 0.31 D/year (p<0.001). 79 (35.7%) of females and 38 (25.9%) of males developed myopia with a statistical significance (p<0.006). There were 163 children between 6–11 years, 169 children between 12-16 years, 37 children between 17-18 years, and 41 (25.2%), 69 (40.8%), and 7 (18.9%) patients of age groups developed myopia, respectively (p=0.15).
Conclusion: The development and progression of myopia is more common in 12-16 ages and females. Myopia prevention recommendations should be carefully advised to predisposed age populations and females to reduce myopia progression.

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References

  • Myopia J, Mariotti S, Kocur I, et al. The impact of myopia and high myopia. Report of the Joint World Health Organization-Brien Holden Vision Institute Global Scientific Meeting on Myopia, 2015.
  • Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, et al. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(5):1036-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha. 2016.01.006
  • Morgan IG, French AN, Ashby RS, et al. The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;62:134-149. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004
  • Iribarren R, Cortinez MF, Chiappe JP. Age of first distance prescription and final myopic refractive error. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2009;16(2):84-9. doi: 10.1080/09286580802624442. PMID: 19353396.
  • Ohno-Matsui K, Wu PC, Yamashiro K, et al. IMI Pathologic Myopia [published correction appears in Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62(7):17]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62(5):5. doi:10.1167/iovs. 62.5.5
  • French AN, Ashby RS, Morgan IG, Rose KA. Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia. Exp Eye Res. 2013;114:58-68. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2013.04.018
  • McCullough SJ, O’Donoghue L, Saunders KJ. Six year refractive change among white children and young adults: evidence for significant ıncrease in myopia among white UK children. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0146332. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146332
  • Villarreal MG, Ohlsson J, Abrahamsson M, Sjöstrom A, Sjöstrand J. Myopisation: the refractive tendency in teenagers. Prevalence of myopia among young teenagers in Sweden. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2000;78(2):177-181. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0420.2000.078002177.x
  • French AN, Morgan IG, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P, Rose KA. Prevalence and 5- to 6-year incidence and progression of myopia and hyperopia in Australian schoolchildren. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(7):1482-1491. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.12.018.
  • Saw SM, Tong L, Chua WH, Chia KS, Koh D, Tan DT, Katz J. Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(1):51-57. doi: 10.1167/iovs.04-0565. .
  • Fan DS, Lam DS, Lam RF, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and progression ofmyopia of school children in Hong Kong. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45(4):1071–1075.
  • Zhou WJ, Zhang YY, Li H, et al. Five-Year Progression of Refractive Errors and Incidence of Myopia in School-Aged Children in Western China. J Epidemiol. 2016;26(7):386-395. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20140258
  • Saxena R, Vashist P, Tandon R, et al. Prevalence of myopia and its risk factors in urban school children in Delhi: the North India Myopia Study (NIM Study). PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0117349. Published 2015 Feb 26. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117349
  • Czepita D, Mojsa A, Ustianowska M, Czepita M, Lachowicz E. Role of gender in the occurrence of refractive errors. Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2007;53(2):5-7.
  • Jobke S, Kasten E, Vorwerk C. The prevalence rates of refractive errors among children, adolescents, and adults in Germany. Clin Ophthalmol. 2008;2(3):601-607. doi: 10.2147/opth.s2836.
  • Grzybowski A, Kanclerz P, Tsubota K, Lanca C, Saw SM. A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide. BMC Ophthalmology. 2020;20(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-019-1220-0
  • Donovan L, Sankaridurg P, Ho A, Naduvilath T, Smith EL 3rd, Holden BA. Myopia progression rates in urban children wearing single-vision spectacles. Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(1):27-32. doi:10.1097/ OPX.0b013e3182357f79
  • Chua WH, Balakrishnan V, Chan YH, et al. Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(12):2285-91. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.05.062.
  • Wong K, Dahlmann-Noor A. Myopia and its progression in children in London, UK: a retrospective evaluation. J Optometry. 2020;13(3):146-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2019.06.002
  • Kaya P, Uzel MM. Development and progression of myopia in children during the COVID-19 pandemic in urban area in Turkey. Int Ophthalmol. 2023;10.1007/s10792-023-02824-w. doi:10.1007/s10792-023-02824-w

Türkiye'de emetrop çocuklarda miyopi gelişimi ve progresyonu

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 5, 380 - 384, 27.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.47582/jompac.1342383

Abstract

Amaç: Türkiye'de okul çağındaki emetrop çocuklarda miyopi gelişimini ve progresyonunu araştırmak.
Yöntemler: Bu retrospektif çalışmaya 2010-2021 yılları arasında göz hastalıkları polikliniğine düzenli göz ve refraktif muayeneleri için başvuran 6-18 yaş arası emetrop çocukları dahil edildi. Bireyler altı aylık süre içinde en az iki kez muayene edildi. Miyopi progresyonu, başlangıç ve son muayenedeki sferik eşdeğer refraktif (SER) değerleri arasındaki fark olarak hesaplandı. Bireyler ayrıca yaşa göre miyopi gelişimi ve progresyonunu belirlemek için ülkenin okul dönemlerine göre 6-11, 12-16 ve 17-18 yaş grupları olarak kategorize edildi. SER değerlerindeki değişime göre bireyler emetrop kalanlar ve miyopi gelişenler olarak sınıflandırıldı.
Bulgular: Yaş ortalaması 9,4 ± 2,98 (6-18) olan 369 çocuğun (222 kız, 147 erkek) toplam 738 gözü çalışmaya dahil edildi. Hastaların ortalama takip süresi 45,62 ± 26,36 (6-130) aydı. Son vizitte başlangıçtaki ortalama SER değeri -0,01 ± 0,10 D (dağılım: -0,375 ve +0,375) ve -0,44 ± 0,8 (dağılım: -5,00 ve +0,375) idi. Genel ortalama SER progresyonu -0.12 ± 0.25 D/yıl (aralık: -2.21 ve +0.36) olarak saptandı. Toplamda 234 gözde (%31,75) miyopi gelişti ve yıllık SER değişimi -0,38 ± 0,31 D/yıl (p<0,001) olarak bulundu. Kızların 79'unda (%35,7) ve erkeklerin 38'inde (%25,9) miyopi gelişti (p<0,006). 6-11 yaş arası 163 çocuk, 12-16 yaş arası 169 çocuk, 17-18 yaş arası 37 çocuk izlendi ve bu yaş gruplarında sırasıyla 41 (%25,2), 69 (%40,8) ve 7 (%18,9) hastada miyopi gelişti (p=0.15).
Sonuç: Miyopi gelişimi ve progresyonu 12-16 yaş ve kadınlarda daha sık görülmektedir. Miyopi önleme önerileri, miyopi ilerlemesini azaltmak için yatkın yaş popülasyonlarına ve kız çocuklarına dikkatle tavsiye edilmelidir.

Project Number

-

References

  • Myopia J, Mariotti S, Kocur I, et al. The impact of myopia and high myopia. Report of the Joint World Health Organization-Brien Holden Vision Institute Global Scientific Meeting on Myopia, 2015.
  • Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, et al. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(5):1036-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha. 2016.01.006
  • Morgan IG, French AN, Ashby RS, et al. The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;62:134-149. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004
  • Iribarren R, Cortinez MF, Chiappe JP. Age of first distance prescription and final myopic refractive error. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2009;16(2):84-9. doi: 10.1080/09286580802624442. PMID: 19353396.
  • Ohno-Matsui K, Wu PC, Yamashiro K, et al. IMI Pathologic Myopia [published correction appears in Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62(7):17]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62(5):5. doi:10.1167/iovs. 62.5.5
  • French AN, Ashby RS, Morgan IG, Rose KA. Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia. Exp Eye Res. 2013;114:58-68. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2013.04.018
  • McCullough SJ, O’Donoghue L, Saunders KJ. Six year refractive change among white children and young adults: evidence for significant ıncrease in myopia among white UK children. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0146332. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146332
  • Villarreal MG, Ohlsson J, Abrahamsson M, Sjöstrom A, Sjöstrand J. Myopisation: the refractive tendency in teenagers. Prevalence of myopia among young teenagers in Sweden. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2000;78(2):177-181. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0420.2000.078002177.x
  • French AN, Morgan IG, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P, Rose KA. Prevalence and 5- to 6-year incidence and progression of myopia and hyperopia in Australian schoolchildren. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(7):1482-1491. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.12.018.
  • Saw SM, Tong L, Chua WH, Chia KS, Koh D, Tan DT, Katz J. Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(1):51-57. doi: 10.1167/iovs.04-0565. .
  • Fan DS, Lam DS, Lam RF, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and progression ofmyopia of school children in Hong Kong. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45(4):1071–1075.
  • Zhou WJ, Zhang YY, Li H, et al. Five-Year Progression of Refractive Errors and Incidence of Myopia in School-Aged Children in Western China. J Epidemiol. 2016;26(7):386-395. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20140258
  • Saxena R, Vashist P, Tandon R, et al. Prevalence of myopia and its risk factors in urban school children in Delhi: the North India Myopia Study (NIM Study). PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0117349. Published 2015 Feb 26. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117349
  • Czepita D, Mojsa A, Ustianowska M, Czepita M, Lachowicz E. Role of gender in the occurrence of refractive errors. Ann Acad Med Stetin. 2007;53(2):5-7.
  • Jobke S, Kasten E, Vorwerk C. The prevalence rates of refractive errors among children, adolescents, and adults in Germany. Clin Ophthalmol. 2008;2(3):601-607. doi: 10.2147/opth.s2836.
  • Grzybowski A, Kanclerz P, Tsubota K, Lanca C, Saw SM. A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide. BMC Ophthalmology. 2020;20(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-019-1220-0
  • Donovan L, Sankaridurg P, Ho A, Naduvilath T, Smith EL 3rd, Holden BA. Myopia progression rates in urban children wearing single-vision spectacles. Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(1):27-32. doi:10.1097/ OPX.0b013e3182357f79
  • Chua WH, Balakrishnan V, Chan YH, et al. Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(12):2285-91. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.05.062.
  • Wong K, Dahlmann-Noor A. Myopia and its progression in children in London, UK: a retrospective evaluation. J Optometry. 2020;13(3):146-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2019.06.002
  • Kaya P, Uzel MM. Development and progression of myopia in children during the COVID-19 pandemic in urban area in Turkey. Int Ophthalmol. 2023;10.1007/s10792-023-02824-w. doi:10.1007/s10792-023-02824-w
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Vision Science
Journal Section Research Articles [en] Araştırma Makaleleri [tr]
Authors

Pınar Kaya 0000-0001-9243-6124

Project Number -
Early Pub Date October 26, 2023
Publication Date October 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 4 Issue: 5

Cite

AMA Kaya P. Development and progression of myopia in emmetropic children in Turkey. J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / jompac. October 2023;4(5):380-384. doi:10.47582/jompac.1342383

TR DİZİN ULAKBİM and International Indexes (1d)

Interuniversity Board (UAK) Equivalency: Article published in Ulakbim TR Index journal [10 POINTS], and Article published in other (excuding 1a, b, c) international indexed journal (1d) [5 POINTS]



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