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Risk factors for antibiotic-resistant respiratory infections among patients requiring ward admission

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 98 - 104, 23.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.47582/jompac.1631919

Abstract

Aims: The airway flora has been recognized as non-sterile, and sputum sampling is recommended for hospitalized patients with respiratory infections. Empiric antibiotic treatment is often initiated without culture confirmation, potentially contributing to antimicrobial resistance. This study aims to assess the influence of demographic factors, prior antibiotic use, and other risk factors on resistant respiratory cultures in ward-admitted patients.
Methods: A single-center cohort study was conducted in a pulmonary medicine ward of a tertiary hospital between the dates of March 2024 and September 2024. Patients over 18 years old with sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), or endotracheal aspiration culture results were included. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, vaccination status, prior infections, respiratory support needs, antibiotic history, and hospital admission records were collected. Nonparametric statistical analyses were used to evaluate associations, including the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Results: Among 70 patients (mean age 68 ±9 years, 87% male), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (71.4%) was the most prevalent comorbidity. A total of 75.7% of cultures were from sputum samples, with Pseudomonas spp. (27.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20%) and Escherichia coli (14.3%) being the most frequently isolated organisms. Resistant cultures were more common in patients with intensive care unit (ICU) admission history (p=0.007), intubation history (p=0.003), and non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) use (p=0.038). No correlation was found between prior antibiotic use and resistance.
Conclusion: ICU admission and respiratory support requirements were key risk factors for resistance. Contrary to previous studies, prior antibiotic use and comorbidities did not significantly impact resistance rates. These findings highlight the need for targeted antimicrobial stewardship and careful risk assessment among patients requiring pulmonary ward admission.

References

  • García-Vázquez E, Marcos MA, Mensa J, et al. Assessment of the usefulness of sputum culture for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia using the PORT predictive scoring system. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(16):1807-1811. doi:10.1001/ARCHINTE.164.16.1807
  • Derbyshire EJ, Calder PC. Respiratory tract ınfections and antibiotic resistance: a protective role for vitamin D? Front Nutr. 2021;8:652469. doi:10.3389/FNUT.2021.652469/BIBTEX
  • Pailhoriès H, Herrmann JL, Velo-Suarez L, et al. Antibiotic resistance in chronic respiratory diseases: from susceptibility testing to the resistome. Eur Respir Rev. 2022;31(164):210259. doi:10.1183/16000617.0259-2021
  • Guitor AK, Wright GD. Antimicrobial resistance and respiratory ınfections. Chest. 2018;154(5):1202-1212. doi:10.1016/J.CHEST.2018.06. 019
  • Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American thoracic society and ınfectious diseases society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(7):e45-e67. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST
  • Zhao J, Schloss PD, Kalikin LM, et al. Decade-long bacterial community dynamics in cystic fibrosis airways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(15):5809-5814. doi:10.1073/PNAS.1120577109/SUPPL_FILE/PNAS.201120577SI.PDF
  • Savanur SS, Gururaj H. Study of antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern of bacterial ısolates in ıntensive care unit setup of a tertiary care hospital ndian J Crit Care Med. 2019;23(12):547-555. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23295
  • Al-Sunaidar KA, Aziz NA, Hassan Y, Jamshed S, Sekar M. Association of multidrug resistance bacteria and clinical outcomes of adult patients with sepsis in the ıntensive care unit. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022;7(11):365. doi:10.3390/tropicalmed7110365
  • Martin-Loeches I, Torres A, Nagavci B, et al. ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2023;61(4):2200735. doi:10.1183/13993003. 00735-2022
  • Restrepo MI, Babu BL, Reyes LF, et al. Burden and risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa community-acquired pneumonia: a multinational point prevalence study of hospitalised patients. Eur Respir J. 2018;52(2):1701190. doi:10.1183/13993003.01190-2017
  • Tacconelli E. New strategies to identify patients harbouring antibiotic-resistant bacteria at hospital admission. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12(2): 102-109. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01326.x
  • Chiș AA, Rus LL, Morgovan C, et al. Microbial resistance to antibiotics and effective antibiotherapy. Biomedicines. 2022;10(5):1121. doi:10.3390/biomedicines10051121
  • MacFadden DR, Coburn B, Shah N, et al. Utility of prior cultures in predicting antibiotic resistance of bloodstream infections due to gram-negative pathogens: a multicentre observational cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(5):493-499. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2017.07.032
  • Holm M, Zellweger RM, Poudyal N, Smith KH, Joh HS, Marks F. Measuring the link between vaccines and antimicrobial resistance in low resource settings – limitations and opportunities in direct and ındirect assessments and ımplications for ımpact studies. Front Trop Dis. 2022;3:805833. doi:10.3389/fitd.2022.805833
  • Mishra RP, Oviedo-Orta E, Prachi P, Rappuoli R, Bagnoli F. Vaccines and antibiotic resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2012;15(5):596-602. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.08.002
  • Kuster SP, Rudnick W, Shigayeva A, et al. Previous antibiotic exposure and antimicrobial resistance in ınvasive pneumococcal disease: results from prospective surveillance. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(7):944-952. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu497

Hastane yatışı gerektiren hastalarda dirençli solunum yolu enfeksiyonları için risk faktörleri

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 98 - 104, 23.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.47582/jompac.1631919

Abstract

Amaç:
Hava yolu florasının steril olmadığı kabul edilmekte olup, solunum yolu enfeksiyonu nedeniyle hastaneye yatırılan hastalarda balgam örneklemesi önerilmektedir. Kültür doğrulaması yapılmadan ampirik antibiyotik tedavisine başlanması, antimikrobiyal dirence katkıda bulunabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, hastane servisinde takip edilen hastalarda demografik faktörler, önceki antibiyotik kullanımı ve diğer risk faktörlerinin dirençli solunum yolu kültürleri üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmektir.
Yöntemler:
Bu tek merkezli kohort çalışması, üçüncü basamak bir hastanenin göğüs hastalıkları servisinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmaya, balgam, bronkoalveoler lavaj (BAL) veya endotrakeal aspirasyon kültür sonuçları bulunan 18 yaş üzeri hastalar dahil edilmiştir. Demografik özellikler, ek hastalıklar, maruziyet öyküsü, aşı durumu, önceki enfeksiyonlar, solunum desteği gereksinimi, antibiyotik kullanım öyküsü ve hastane yatış hikayesi kayıt altında alınmıştır. Korelasyonların değerlendirilmesinde Mann-Whitney U ve Kruskal-Wallis testleri kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular:
Çalışmaya dahil edilen 70 hastanın yaş ortalaması 68 ± 9 yıl olup, %87’si erkekti. En yaygın komorbidite KOAH (%71,4) idi. Kültürlerin %75,7’si balgam örneklerinden elde edilmiş olup, en sık izole edilen mikroorganizmalar Pseudomonas spp. (%27,1), Klebsiella pneumoniae (%20) ve Escherichia coli (%14,3) idi. Dirençli kültürlerin, yoğun bakım yatış öyküsü olan (p=0.007), entübasyon öyküsü bulunan (p=0.003) ve non-invaziv mekanik ventilasyon (NIMV) kullanımı olan hastalarda (p=0.038) daha yaygın olduğu saptandı. Önceki antibiyotik kullanımı ile direnç arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamadı.
Tartışma:
Yoğun bakım yatışı ve solunum desteği gereksinimi, direnç gelişimi açısından önemli risk faktörleri olarak belirlendi. Önceki çalışmalardan farklı olarak, daha önce antibiyotik kullanımı ve komorbiditelerin direnç oranları üzerinde belirgin bir etkisi olmadığı görüldü. Bu bulgular, akılcı antibiyoterapi yönetim stratejilerinin ve risk değerlendirmelerinin, göğüs hastalıkları servisine yatışı gereken hastalar arasında önemli olduğunu vurgulamaktadır.

References

  • García-Vázquez E, Marcos MA, Mensa J, et al. Assessment of the usefulness of sputum culture for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia using the PORT predictive scoring system. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(16):1807-1811. doi:10.1001/ARCHINTE.164.16.1807
  • Derbyshire EJ, Calder PC. Respiratory tract ınfections and antibiotic resistance: a protective role for vitamin D? Front Nutr. 2021;8:652469. doi:10.3389/FNUT.2021.652469/BIBTEX
  • Pailhoriès H, Herrmann JL, Velo-Suarez L, et al. Antibiotic resistance in chronic respiratory diseases: from susceptibility testing to the resistome. Eur Respir Rev. 2022;31(164):210259. doi:10.1183/16000617.0259-2021
  • Guitor AK, Wright GD. Antimicrobial resistance and respiratory ınfections. Chest. 2018;154(5):1202-1212. doi:10.1016/J.CHEST.2018.06. 019
  • Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American thoracic society and ınfectious diseases society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(7):e45-e67. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST
  • Zhao J, Schloss PD, Kalikin LM, et al. Decade-long bacterial community dynamics in cystic fibrosis airways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(15):5809-5814. doi:10.1073/PNAS.1120577109/SUPPL_FILE/PNAS.201120577SI.PDF
  • Savanur SS, Gururaj H. Study of antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern of bacterial ısolates in ıntensive care unit setup of a tertiary care hospital ndian J Crit Care Med. 2019;23(12):547-555. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23295
  • Al-Sunaidar KA, Aziz NA, Hassan Y, Jamshed S, Sekar M. Association of multidrug resistance bacteria and clinical outcomes of adult patients with sepsis in the ıntensive care unit. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022;7(11):365. doi:10.3390/tropicalmed7110365
  • Martin-Loeches I, Torres A, Nagavci B, et al. ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2023;61(4):2200735. doi:10.1183/13993003. 00735-2022
  • Restrepo MI, Babu BL, Reyes LF, et al. Burden and risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa community-acquired pneumonia: a multinational point prevalence study of hospitalised patients. Eur Respir J. 2018;52(2):1701190. doi:10.1183/13993003.01190-2017
  • Tacconelli E. New strategies to identify patients harbouring antibiotic-resistant bacteria at hospital admission. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12(2): 102-109. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01326.x
  • Chiș AA, Rus LL, Morgovan C, et al. Microbial resistance to antibiotics and effective antibiotherapy. Biomedicines. 2022;10(5):1121. doi:10.3390/biomedicines10051121
  • MacFadden DR, Coburn B, Shah N, et al. Utility of prior cultures in predicting antibiotic resistance of bloodstream infections due to gram-negative pathogens: a multicentre observational cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(5):493-499. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2017.07.032
  • Holm M, Zellweger RM, Poudyal N, Smith KH, Joh HS, Marks F. Measuring the link between vaccines and antimicrobial resistance in low resource settings – limitations and opportunities in direct and ındirect assessments and ımplications for ımpact studies. Front Trop Dis. 2022;3:805833. doi:10.3389/fitd.2022.805833
  • Mishra RP, Oviedo-Orta E, Prachi P, Rappuoli R, Bagnoli F. Vaccines and antibiotic resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2012;15(5):596-602. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.08.002
  • Kuster SP, Rudnick W, Shigayeva A, et al. Previous antibiotic exposure and antimicrobial resistance in ınvasive pneumococcal disease: results from prospective surveillance. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(7):944-952. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu497
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Chest Diseases
Journal Section Research Articles [en] Araştırma Makaleleri [tr]
Authors

Kerem Ensarioğlu 0000-0002-0968-1549

Berna Akıncı Özyürek 0000-0003-0206-7615

Tuğçe Şahin Özdemirel 0000-0003-1596-0082

Esma Sevil Akkurt 0000-0002-5416-3783

Özlem Özdağ 0000-0002-1530-6999

Hasan İbiş 0000-0001-5580-4741

Almila Sena Akın Şencan 0009-0003-0691-6490

Publication Date March 23, 2025
Submission Date February 3, 2025
Acceptance Date March 9, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Ensarioğlu K, Akıncı Özyürek B, Şahin Özdemirel T, Akkurt ES, Özdağ Ö, İbiş H, Akın Şencan AS. Risk factors for antibiotic-resistant respiratory infections among patients requiring ward admission. J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / jompac. March 2025;6(2):98-104. doi:10.47582/jompac.1631919

TR DİZİN ULAKBİM and International Indexes (1d)

Interuniversity Board (UAK) Equivalency: Article published in Ulakbim TR Index journal [10 POINTS], and Article published in other (excuding 1a, b, c) international indexed journal (1d) [5 POINTS]



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