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Association of serum HIF-1α levels with mortality and ICU admission in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a prospective cohort study

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 258 - 264, 18.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.47582/jompac.1698833

Abstract

Aims: SARS-CoV-2 infection can trigger a dysregulated immune response, including cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), which exacerbates respiratory failure through heightened pro-inflammatory mediators and hypoxemia. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) orchestrates cellular adaptation to hypoxia by shifting metabolism toward glycolysis. Prior studies present varying evidence regarding HIF-1α’s role in acute inflammatory states. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF-1a) in predicting mortality, ward and intensive care unit (ICU) admission requirements.
Methods: The study was performed as a single center prospective study in a tertiary center. Hospitalized patients with at least one positive nasopharyngeal COVID-19 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test were included in the study. White blood cell count, thrombocyte count, lactate levels, fibrinogen, D-dimer, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, ferritin, interleukin 6 (IL-6) troponin, partial oxygen, and partial carbon dioxide pressure from arterial blood gas sampling were recorded.
Results: Of 127 screened, 80 participants completed the study (mean age 66.1±17.2 years; 54% male). Thirty-day mortality was 21.3% (n=17). Median BNP (529 vs. 1,957 pg/ml), ferritin (256 vs. 598.5 ng/ml), and IL-6 (14 vs. 101 pg/ml) were significantly higher in non-survivors (p=0.043, 0.003, and 0.001, respectively). Survivors exhibited lower median HIF-1α (0.85 vs. 1.20 ng/ml), but this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Subgroup analyses by CURB-65 and ICU status similarly revealed no significant HIF-1α differences. HIF-1α did not correlate with any inflammatory markers. HIF-1α levels at admission did not significantly predict ICU care or mortality. This may reflect HIF-1α’s pro- and anti-inflammatory roles and variability in sampling timing relative to disease onset. Current literature suggests both protective and detrimental HIF-1α effects, complicating its prognostic utility.
Conclusion: Admission HIF-1α alone does not predict clinical outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19. Studies incorporating serial measurements and baseline controls are warranted to evaluate HIF-1α’s involvement in COVID-19 pathophysiology.

References

  • Zhou Y, Hou Y, Shen J, Huang Y, Martin W, Cheng F. Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. Cell Discov. 2020;6(1):14. doi:10.1038/s41421-020-0153-3
  • Andrews HS, Herman JD, Gandhi RT. Treatments for COVID-19. Annu Rev Med. 2024;75(1):145–157. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-052422-020316
  • M.A. L. What we know so far: COVID-19 current clinical knowledge and research. Clinical Medicine, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 2020.
  • Kang S, Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. Targeting interleukin-6 signaling in clinic. Immunity. 2019;50(4):1007-1023. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.026
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
  • Semenza GL. Involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in human cancer. Internal Medicine. 2002;41(2):79-83. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.41.79
  • Semenza GL, Wang GL. A nuclear factor induced by hypoxia via de novo protein synthesis binds to the human erythropoietin gene enhancer at a site required for transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol. 1992;12(12): 5447-5454. doi:10.1128/mcb.12.12.5447
  • Rodríguez-Roisin R, Roca J. Mechanisms of hypoxemia. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31(8):1017-1019. doi:10.1007/s00134-005-2678-1
  • Sarkar M, Niranjan N, Banyal P. Mechanisms of hypoxemia. Lung India. 2017;34(1):47. doi:10.4103/0970-2113.197116
  • Henning RJ. Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;12(4):170-191.
  • Serebrovska ZO, Chong EY, Serebrovska TV, Tumanovska LV, Xi L. Hypoxia, HIF-1α, and COVID-19: from pathogenic factors to potential therapeutic targets. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2020;41(12):1539-1546. doi:10. 1038/s41401-020-00554-8
  • Wing PAC, Keeley TP, Zhuang X, et al. Hypoxic and pharmacological activation of HIF inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung epithelial cells. Cell Rep. 2021;35(3):109020. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109020
  • Mou X, Luo F, Zhang W, et al. SARS-CoV-2 NSP16 promotes IL-6 production by regulating the stabilization of HIF-1α. Cell Signal. 2024; 124:111387. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111387
  • Wang BJ, Vadakke-Madathil S, Croft LB, Brody RI, Chaudhry HW. HIF-1α cardioprotection in COVID-19 patients. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2022;7(1):67-69. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.12.001
  • Vural N, Duyan M, Saridas A, Ertas E, Guven HC. The predictive value of inflammatory biomarkers in distinguishing testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis in the emergency department. Mevlana Medical Sciences. 2024;4(3):113-118. doi:10.56752/Mevmedsci.2024.71
  • Vural N, Duyan M, Saridas A, Ertas E. Evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers affecting mortality in acute cholecystitis in the emergency department. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2024;125(6):365-370. doi:10.4149/BLL_ 2024_55
  • Tian M, Liu W, Li X, et al. HIF-1α promotes SARS-CoV-2 infection and aggravates inflammatory responses to COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):308. doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00726-w
  • Palazon A, Goldrath AW, Nizet V, Johnson RS. HIF transcription factors, inflammation, and immunity. Immunity. 2014;41(4):518-528. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.008
  • Jahani M, Dokaneheifard S, Mansouri K. Hypoxia: a key feature of COVID-19 launching activation of HIF-1 and cytokine storm. J Inflamm (Lond). 2020;17:33. doi:10.1186/s12950-020-00263-3
  • Deveci K, Özmen ZC, Şay Coşkun U, Çam S. Can hypoxia-inducible factor 1α be used as a biomarker to evaluate disease severity and prognosis in COVID-19 patients? J Contemp Med. 2021;11(4):462-468. doi:10.16899/jcm.857806
  • Ljujic B, Maksimovic N, Damnjanovic T, et al. HIF-1A gene polymorphisms are associated with clinical and biochemical parameters in COVID-19 patients in Serbian population. Clin Nurs Res. 2025;34(3-4):153-159. doi:10.1177/10547738241308972
  • Devaux CA, Raoult D. The impact of COVID-19 on populations living at high altitude: role of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) signaling pathway in SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication. Front Physiol. 2022; 13:960308. doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.960308

SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonu nedeniyle hastaneye yatırılan hastalarda serum HIF-1α düzeylerinin mortalite ve yoğun bakım yatışı ile ilişkisi: prospektif bir kohort çalışması

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 258 - 264, 18.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.47582/jompac.1698833

Abstract

Giriş
SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonu, sitokin fırtınası sendromu (SFS) dahil olmak üzere düzensiz bir bağışıklık yanıtını tetikleyebilir. Bu durum, artan proinflamatuvar mediyatörler ve hipoksemi yoluyla solunum yetmezliğini şiddetlendirebilir. Hipoksiye indüklenebilir faktör-1α (HIF-1α), metabolizmayı glikolize kaydırarak hücresel hipoksi adaptasyonunu düzenler. Önceki çalışmalar, akut inflamatuvar durumlarda HIF-1α'nın rolüne ilişkin çelişkili bulgular sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, hipoksiye indüklenebilir faktör-1α (HIF-1α) düzeylerinin mortalite ile servis ve yoğun bakım ünitesi (YBÜ) yatış gereksinimini öngörmedeki rolünü araştırmaktır.
Yöntemler
Bu çalışma, üçüncü basamak bir merkezde tek merkezli prospektif bir çalışma olarak gerçekleştirildi. En az bir kez nazofaringeal COVID-19 ters transkripsiyon-polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (RT-PCR) testi pozitif olan hastaneye yatırılmış hastalar çalışmaya dahil edildi. Beyaz küre sayısı, trombosit sayısı, laktat düzeyi, fibrinojen, D-dimer, beyin natriüretik peptid (BNP), C-reaktif protein (CRP), prokalsitonin, ferritin, interlökin-6 (IL-6), troponin, oksijen ve karbondioksit parsiyel basınçları arter kan gazı örneklemesinden kaydedildi.
Bulgular
127 hastanın değerlendirildiği çalışma, 80 hasta ile tamamladı (ortalama yaş 66,1 ± 17,2 yıl; %54 erkek). Otuz günlük mortalite oranı %21,3’tü (n=17). BNP (529’a karşı 1.957 pg/mL), ferritin (256’ya karşı 598,5 ng/mL) ve IL-6 (14’e karşı 101 pg/mL) medyan değerleri sağ kalanlara kıyasla extis grubunda anlamlı düzeyde yüksekti (sırasıyla p=0,043; 0,003 ve 0,001). Sağ kalanlarda medyan HIF-1α düzeyi daha düşük olmasına rağmen (0,85’e karşı 1,20 ng/mL), bu fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildi (p>0,05). CURB-65 skoruna ve YBÜ yatış durumuna göre yapılan alt grup analizlerinde de HIF-1α düzeyleri açısından anlamlı bir fark saptanmadı. HIF-1α ile inflamatuvar belirteçler arasında herhangi bir korelasyon bulunmadı.
Tartışma
Başvuru anındaki HIF-1α düzeyleri, YBÜ ihtiyacı ya da mortaliteyi anlamlı şekilde öngörmemektedir. Bu durum, HIF-1α’nın hem proinflamatuvar hem antiinflamatuvar rollerini ve hastalık başlangıcına göre örnekleme zamanındaki değişkenliği yansıtıyor olabilir. Mevcut literatür, HIF-1α’nın hem koruyucu hem de zararlı etkilerine işaret etmekte olup bu da prognostik değerini karmaşıklaştırmaktadır.
Sonuç
COVID-19 nedeniyle hastaneye yatırılan hastalarda başvuru anındaki HIF-1α düzeyleri tek başına klinik sonuçları öngörmede yeterli değildir. HIF-1α’nın COVID-19 patofizyolojisindeki rolünü değerlendirmek için seri ölçümler ve bazal kontrolleri içeren çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

References

  • Zhou Y, Hou Y, Shen J, Huang Y, Martin W, Cheng F. Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. Cell Discov. 2020;6(1):14. doi:10.1038/s41421-020-0153-3
  • Andrews HS, Herman JD, Gandhi RT. Treatments for COVID-19. Annu Rev Med. 2024;75(1):145–157. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-052422-020316
  • M.A. L. What we know so far: COVID-19 current clinical knowledge and research. Clinical Medicine, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 2020.
  • Kang S, Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. Targeting interleukin-6 signaling in clinic. Immunity. 2019;50(4):1007-1023. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.026
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
  • Semenza GL. Involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in human cancer. Internal Medicine. 2002;41(2):79-83. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.41.79
  • Semenza GL, Wang GL. A nuclear factor induced by hypoxia via de novo protein synthesis binds to the human erythropoietin gene enhancer at a site required for transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol. 1992;12(12): 5447-5454. doi:10.1128/mcb.12.12.5447
  • Rodríguez-Roisin R, Roca J. Mechanisms of hypoxemia. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31(8):1017-1019. doi:10.1007/s00134-005-2678-1
  • Sarkar M, Niranjan N, Banyal P. Mechanisms of hypoxemia. Lung India. 2017;34(1):47. doi:10.4103/0970-2113.197116
  • Henning RJ. Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;12(4):170-191.
  • Serebrovska ZO, Chong EY, Serebrovska TV, Tumanovska LV, Xi L. Hypoxia, HIF-1α, and COVID-19: from pathogenic factors to potential therapeutic targets. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2020;41(12):1539-1546. doi:10. 1038/s41401-020-00554-8
  • Wing PAC, Keeley TP, Zhuang X, et al. Hypoxic and pharmacological activation of HIF inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung epithelial cells. Cell Rep. 2021;35(3):109020. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109020
  • Mou X, Luo F, Zhang W, et al. SARS-CoV-2 NSP16 promotes IL-6 production by regulating the stabilization of HIF-1α. Cell Signal. 2024; 124:111387. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111387
  • Wang BJ, Vadakke-Madathil S, Croft LB, Brody RI, Chaudhry HW. HIF-1α cardioprotection in COVID-19 patients. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2022;7(1):67-69. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.12.001
  • Vural N, Duyan M, Saridas A, Ertas E, Guven HC. The predictive value of inflammatory biomarkers in distinguishing testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis in the emergency department. Mevlana Medical Sciences. 2024;4(3):113-118. doi:10.56752/Mevmedsci.2024.71
  • Vural N, Duyan M, Saridas A, Ertas E. Evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers affecting mortality in acute cholecystitis in the emergency department. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2024;125(6):365-370. doi:10.4149/BLL_ 2024_55
  • Tian M, Liu W, Li X, et al. HIF-1α promotes SARS-CoV-2 infection and aggravates inflammatory responses to COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):308. doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00726-w
  • Palazon A, Goldrath AW, Nizet V, Johnson RS. HIF transcription factors, inflammation, and immunity. Immunity. 2014;41(4):518-528. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.008
  • Jahani M, Dokaneheifard S, Mansouri K. Hypoxia: a key feature of COVID-19 launching activation of HIF-1 and cytokine storm. J Inflamm (Lond). 2020;17:33. doi:10.1186/s12950-020-00263-3
  • Deveci K, Özmen ZC, Şay Coşkun U, Çam S. Can hypoxia-inducible factor 1α be used as a biomarker to evaluate disease severity and prognosis in COVID-19 patients? J Contemp Med. 2021;11(4):462-468. doi:10.16899/jcm.857806
  • Ljujic B, Maksimovic N, Damnjanovic T, et al. HIF-1A gene polymorphisms are associated with clinical and biochemical parameters in COVID-19 patients in Serbian population. Clin Nurs Res. 2025;34(3-4):153-159. doi:10.1177/10547738241308972
  • Devaux CA, Raoult D. The impact of COVID-19 on populations living at high altitude: role of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) signaling pathway in SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication. Front Physiol. 2022; 13:960308. doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.960308
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Emergency Medicine
Journal Section Research Articles [en] Araştırma Makaleleri [tr]
Authors

Aynur Yurtseven 0000-0002-1554-0873

Yasemin Yılmaz Aydın 0000-0003-1048-4478

Kerem Ensarioğlu 0000-0002-0968-1549

Cemil Kavalcı 0000-0003-2529-2946

Kemal Aydın 0000-0001-6137-6616

Fatma Uçar 0000-0001-7354-375X

Publication Date June 18, 2025
Submission Date May 13, 2025
Acceptance Date June 7, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

AMA Yurtseven A, Yılmaz Aydın Y, Ensarioğlu K, Kavalcı C, Aydın K, Uçar F. Association of serum HIF-1α levels with mortality and ICU admission in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a prospective cohort study. J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / jompac. June 2025;6(3):258-264. doi:10.47582/jompac.1698833

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Interuniversity Board (UAK) Equivalency: Article published in Ulakbim TR Index journal [10 POINTS], and Article published in other (excuding 1a, b, c) international indexed journal (1d) [5 POINTS]



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