Research Article
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Perspectives of Turkish rheumatologists on the International Consensus on Antinuclear Antibody Patterns (ICAP) and the anapatterns.org website

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 5, 544 - 550, 24.10.2025

Abstract

Aims: The International Consensus on ANA Patterns (ICAP) was established to standardize the terminology and interpretation of antinuclear antibody (ANA) patterns detected by indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells. To assess awareness, familiarity, and use of the ICAP and its educational website (anapatterns.org) among Turkish rheumatologists.
Methods: Cross-sectional online survey (20 items).
Results: Of 103 respondents, 42% received ANA results in ICAP format, and 67.6% were unfamiliar with the ICAP anti-cell classification. Despite frequent ANA use, 63.1% had never met the reporting specialist. Although 52.9% had heard of the anapatterns.org website, only 35.3% had used it, and just 7.8% were registered. Twenty-seven participants agreed that the DFS70 pattern is more clearly defined with ICAP. Reporting preferences were split: 49 (47.6%) favored the classical format, and 54 (52.4%) preferred ICAP-based reporting. A significant difference was observed between those preferring ICAP-based versus classical reporting in terms of familiarity with ICAP (50.0% vs.12.2%, p<0.001), perceived reliability of ICAP-based reports (p<0.001), and usage of anapatterns.org (p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, neither age (as a proxy for experience) nor academic employment predicted preference; prior exposure to ICAP-formatted reports was the only independent predictor, increasing the odds of preferring ICAP nearly fivefold.
Conclusion: Practical adoption of ICAP remains limited despite general awareness. Consistent with the multivariate findings, uptake appears driven by prior exposure to ICAP-formatted reports rather than clinician age or academic setting. Targeted educational initiatives that provide direct exposure to ICAP-formatted reporting may accelerate standardization of ANA reporting and foster more consistent interpretation in clinical rheumatology.

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval was obtained from the Ankara Training and Research Hospital Clinical Trials Ethics Committee (date/number: 12.03.2025/ 25-436)

Supporting Institution

There is no source(s) of support in the form of grants or industrial support.

Thanks

We truly thank all rheumatologists that participated in the survey.

References

  • Chan EK, Damoiseaux J, Carballo OG, et al. Report of the First International Consensus on Standardized Nomenclature of Antinuclear Antibody HEp-2 cell patterns 2014-2015. Front Immunol. 2015;6:412. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00412
  • Andrade LEC, Klotz W, Herold M, et al. Reflecting on a decade of the international consensus on ANA patterns (ICAP): accomplishments and challenges from the perspective of the 7th ICAP workshop. Autoimmun Rev. 2024;23(9):103608. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103608
  • Peterson LK, Tebo AE, Wener MH, Copple SS, Fritzler MJ. Assessment of antinuclear antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence assay: report from a survey by the American Association of Medical Laboratory Immunologists. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(9):1489-1497. doi:10.1515/cclm-2019-1262
  • Patel D, Albarede S, Klotz W, et al. Detection of antinuclear antibodies: a survey done by the European Organsation for External Quality Assurance Providers in Laboratory Medicine. Lab Med. 2025;56(5):528-535. doi:10.1093/labmed/lmaf011
  • Van Hoovels L, Broeders S, Chan EKL, et al. Current laboratory and clinical practices in reporting and interpreting anti-nuclear antibody indirect immunofluorescence (ANA IIF) patterns: results of an international survey. Auto Immun Highlights. 2020;11(1):17. doi:10.1186/s13317-020-00139-9
  • Meroni PL, Schur PH. ANA screening: an old test with new recommendations. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(8):1420-1422. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.127100
  • Damoiseaux J, Agmon-Levin N, Van Blerk M, et al. From ANA-screening to antigen-specificity: an EASI-survey on the daily practice in European countries. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2014;32(4):539-546.
  • Agmon-Levin N, Damoiseaux J, Kallenberg C, et al. International recommendations for the assessment of autoantibodies to cellular antigens referred to as anti-nuclear antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014; 73(1):17-23. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203863
  • Damoiseaux J, Andrade LEC, Carballo OG, et al. Clinical relevance of HEp-2 indirect immunofluorescent patterns: the International Consensus on ANA patterns (ICAP) perspective. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019; 78(7):879-889. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214436
  • Mariz HA, Sato EI, Barbosa SH, Rodrigues SH, Dellavance A, Andrade LE. Pattern on the antinuclear antibody-HEp-2 test is a critical parameter for discriminating antinuclear antibody-positive healthy individuals and patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(1):191-200. doi:10.1002/art.30084
  • Watanabe A, Kodera M, Sugiura K, et al. Anti-DFS70 antibodies in 597 healthy hospital workers. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(3):892-900. doi:10. 1002/art.20096
  • Muro Y, Sugiura K, Morita Y, Tomita Y. High concomitance of disease marker autoantibodies in anti-DFS70/LEDGF autoantibody-positive patients with autoimmune rheumatic disease. Lupus. 2008;17(3):171-176. doi:10.1177/0961203307086311
  • Mahler M, Hanly JG, Fritzler MJ. Importance of the dense fine speckled pattern on HEp-2 cells and anti-DFS70 antibodies for the diagnosis of systemic autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(9):642-645. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.005
  • Irure-Ventura J, Rodriguez C, Vergara-Prieto E, et al. Rare immunofluorescence patterns of autoantibodies on HEp-2 cells defined by ICAP identify different autoimmune diseases in the absence of associated specificities: a Spanish multicentre study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(8):3904-3912. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa831
  • Vermeersch P, De Beeck KO, Lauwerys BR, et al. Antinuclear antibodies directed against proliferating cell nuclear antigen are not specifically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. Nov 2009;68(11):1791-1793. doi:10.1136/ard.2008.104190
  • von Muhlen CA, Garcia-De La Torre I, Infantino M, et al. How to report the antinuclear antibodies (anti-cell antibodies) test on HEp-2 cells: guidelines from the ICAP initiative. Immunol Res. 2021;69(6):594-608. doi:10.1007/s12026-021-09233-0

Romatologların Uluslararası Antinükleer Antikor Paternleri Konsensüsü (ICAP) ve Anapatterns.org web sitesine ilişkin görüşleri

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 5, 544 - 550, 24.10.2025

Abstract

Amaç: Antinükleer antikor (ANA) paternlerinin HEp-2 hücrelerinde indirekt immünofloresan (IIF) ile saptanmasında kullanılan terminoloji ve yorumlamayı uyumlaştırmak amacıyla Uluslararası ANA Paternleri Konsensüsü (ICAP) oluşturulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’deki romatologlar arasında ICAP sınıflama sistemine ve ilişkili eğitim sitesi olan anapatterns.org’a yönelik farkındalık, aşinalık ve pratik kullanımı değerlendirmektir.
Yöntem: Türk romatologlara 20 sorudan oluşan kesitsel çevrim içi bir anket uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: Toplam 103 romatolog yanıtlamış olup, yalnızca %42’si ANA sonuçlarını ICAP formatında aldığını belirtmiş ve %67,6’sı ICAP Anti-Hücre sınıflamasına aşina olmadığını bildirmiştir. ANA testini sık kullanmalarına rağmen katılımcıların %63,1’i sonuçları yorumlayan uzmanla hiç karşılaşmamıştır. Katılımcıların %52,9’u anapatterns.org sitesini duymuş, ancak yalnızca %35,3’ü kullanmış ve sadece %7,8’i kayıtlı kullanıcı olmuştur. Ayrıca, 27 katılımcı DFS70 boyanma paterninin ICAP sınıflaması ile daha net tanımlandığını ifade etmiştir. ANA raporlama tercihlerinde 49 kişi (%47,6) klasik raporlamayı, 54 kişi (%52,4) ise ICAP temelli raporlamayı tercih etmiştir. ICAP temelli raporlamayı tercih edenlerle klasik raporlamayı tercih edenler arasında ICAP’a aşinalık (sırasıyla %50,0’a karşı %12,2; p < 0,001), ICAP temelli raporların güvenilirliği algısı (p < 0,001) ve anapatterns.org kullanımı (p < 0,001) açısından anlamlı farklılıklar gözlenmiştir. Çok değişkenli analizde, klinik deneyimin göstergesi olarak yaş veya akademik kurumda çalışmak raporlama tercihiyle ilişkili bulunmamış; ICAP formatında raporlara daha önce maruz kalmak tek bağımsız öngördürücü faktör olarak belirlenmiş ve ICAP tercihini yaklaşık beş kat artırmıştır.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, Türk romatologlarının ICAP sistemi ve ilişkili eğitim web sitesine yönelik farkındalık ve kullanımını değerlendiren ilk çalışmadır. ICAP hakkında genel bir farkındalık mevcut olsa da pratik benimseme sınırlı düzeydedir. Bulgular, ICAP kullanımını artırmak ve klinik romatolojide ANA raporlamasını standartlaştırmak için özellikle ICAP formatında raporlara doğrudan maruz kalmayı içeren hedefe yönelik eğitim çalışmalarının gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Ankara Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu'ndan etik kurul onayı alınmıştır (tarih/numara: 12.03.2025/ 25-436).

Supporting Institution

Hibe veya endüstriyel destek şeklinde herhangi bir destek kaynağı bulunmamaktadır.

Thanks

Ankete katılan tüm romatologlara içtenlikle teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Chan EK, Damoiseaux J, Carballo OG, et al. Report of the First International Consensus on Standardized Nomenclature of Antinuclear Antibody HEp-2 cell patterns 2014-2015. Front Immunol. 2015;6:412. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00412
  • Andrade LEC, Klotz W, Herold M, et al. Reflecting on a decade of the international consensus on ANA patterns (ICAP): accomplishments and challenges from the perspective of the 7th ICAP workshop. Autoimmun Rev. 2024;23(9):103608. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103608
  • Peterson LK, Tebo AE, Wener MH, Copple SS, Fritzler MJ. Assessment of antinuclear antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence assay: report from a survey by the American Association of Medical Laboratory Immunologists. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(9):1489-1497. doi:10.1515/cclm-2019-1262
  • Patel D, Albarede S, Klotz W, et al. Detection of antinuclear antibodies: a survey done by the European Organsation for External Quality Assurance Providers in Laboratory Medicine. Lab Med. 2025;56(5):528-535. doi:10.1093/labmed/lmaf011
  • Van Hoovels L, Broeders S, Chan EKL, et al. Current laboratory and clinical practices in reporting and interpreting anti-nuclear antibody indirect immunofluorescence (ANA IIF) patterns: results of an international survey. Auto Immun Highlights. 2020;11(1):17. doi:10.1186/s13317-020-00139-9
  • Meroni PL, Schur PH. ANA screening: an old test with new recommendations. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(8):1420-1422. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.127100
  • Damoiseaux J, Agmon-Levin N, Van Blerk M, et al. From ANA-screening to antigen-specificity: an EASI-survey on the daily practice in European countries. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2014;32(4):539-546.
  • Agmon-Levin N, Damoiseaux J, Kallenberg C, et al. International recommendations for the assessment of autoantibodies to cellular antigens referred to as anti-nuclear antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014; 73(1):17-23. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203863
  • Damoiseaux J, Andrade LEC, Carballo OG, et al. Clinical relevance of HEp-2 indirect immunofluorescent patterns: the International Consensus on ANA patterns (ICAP) perspective. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019; 78(7):879-889. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214436
  • Mariz HA, Sato EI, Barbosa SH, Rodrigues SH, Dellavance A, Andrade LE. Pattern on the antinuclear antibody-HEp-2 test is a critical parameter for discriminating antinuclear antibody-positive healthy individuals and patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(1):191-200. doi:10.1002/art.30084
  • Watanabe A, Kodera M, Sugiura K, et al. Anti-DFS70 antibodies in 597 healthy hospital workers. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(3):892-900. doi:10. 1002/art.20096
  • Muro Y, Sugiura K, Morita Y, Tomita Y. High concomitance of disease marker autoantibodies in anti-DFS70/LEDGF autoantibody-positive patients with autoimmune rheumatic disease. Lupus. 2008;17(3):171-176. doi:10.1177/0961203307086311
  • Mahler M, Hanly JG, Fritzler MJ. Importance of the dense fine speckled pattern on HEp-2 cells and anti-DFS70 antibodies for the diagnosis of systemic autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(9):642-645. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.005
  • Irure-Ventura J, Rodriguez C, Vergara-Prieto E, et al. Rare immunofluorescence patterns of autoantibodies on HEp-2 cells defined by ICAP identify different autoimmune diseases in the absence of associated specificities: a Spanish multicentre study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(8):3904-3912. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa831
  • Vermeersch P, De Beeck KO, Lauwerys BR, et al. Antinuclear antibodies directed against proliferating cell nuclear antigen are not specifically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. Nov 2009;68(11):1791-1793. doi:10.1136/ard.2008.104190
  • von Muhlen CA, Garcia-De La Torre I, Infantino M, et al. How to report the antinuclear antibodies (anti-cell antibodies) test on HEp-2 cells: guidelines from the ICAP initiative. Immunol Res. 2021;69(6):594-608. doi:10.1007/s12026-021-09233-0
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Rheumatology and Arthritis
Journal Section Research Articles [en] Araştırma Makaleleri [tr]
Authors

Handan Yarkan Tuğsal 0000-0003-0633-790X

Publication Date October 24, 2025
Submission Date September 11, 2025
Acceptance Date September 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 5

Cite

AMA Yarkan Tuğsal H. Perspectives of Turkish rheumatologists on the International Consensus on Antinuclear Antibody Patterns (ICAP) and the anapatterns.org website. J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / jompac. October 2025;6(5):544-550.

TR DİZİN ULAKBİM and International Indexes (1d)

Interuniversity Board (UAK) Equivalency: Article published in Ulakbim TR Index journal [10 POINTS], and Article published in other (excuding 1a, b, c) international indexed journal (1d) [5 POINTS]



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