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In Vitro Investigation of the Antimicrobial Effects of Bee Venom

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 106 - 109, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58651/jomtu.1833237

Abstract

Objective: Bee venom is produced by worker bees for use in hive defense when necessary. It contains many active compounds, primarily melittin and phospholipase A2. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of crude bee venom against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans.
Materials and Methods: An aqueous solution of bee venom obtained from Apis mellifera L. was used as the active substance. The venom solution was prepared at a concentration of 1 mg/mL by stirring on a magnetic stirrer at 500 rpm and 40°C for 3 hours. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the Gram-negative pathogens E. coli and P. aeruginosa, the Gram-positive pathogen S. aureus, and the fungal pathogen C. albicans was evaluated using the broth microdilution assay according to EUCAST guidelines. Venom activity was tested using two-fold serial dilutions ranging from 12.5 µg/mL to 0.00625 µg/mL.
Results: Bee venom inhibited the growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans at a MIC of 3.1 µg/mL, while S. aureus was inhibited at 6.25 µg/mL.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates that crude bee venom exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activity at low concentrations, showing similar growth-inhibitory effects across the tested microorganisms. These findings support its potential as a complementary agent in apitherapy; however, further studies are required to define safety margins and clinical applicability.

Ethical Statement

Our study entitled “In Vitro Investigation of the Antimicrobial Effects of Bee Venom” does not require ethical committee approval.

Supporting Institution

No financial support was received for the study.

References

  • 1. Gülmez M. Antimikrobiyel Direnç: Küresel Bir Sorun. Dicle Üniversitesi Vet Fakültesi Derg. 30 Haziran 2022;15(1):53-8.
  • 2. Kurum S, Balcı Aİ, Çuhadar AH, Aydemir E, Erkal E, Bulut M, vd. Overview Of Antimicrobial Resistance And Epidemiology Of Türkiye With A One Health Approach. Turk Med J. 2025;10(2):65-75.
  • 3. Tanuwidjaja I, Svečnjak L, Gugić D, Levanić M, Jurić S, Vinceković M, vd. Chemical profiling and antimicrobial properties of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) venom. Molecules. 2021;26(10):3049.
  • 4. Gökmen TG, Yazgan H, Özdemir Y, Sevin S, Turut N, Karahan Ş, vd. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of bee venom against multi-drug resistant pathogens. Onderstepoort J Vet Res [Internet]. 20 Temmuz 2023 [a.yer 30 Kasım 2025];90(1). Erişim adresi: http://www.ojvr.org/index.php/OJVR/article/view/2097
  • 5. El-Seedi H, Abd El-Wahed A, Yosri N, Musharraf SG, Chen L, Moustafa M, vd. Antimicrobial properties of Apis mellifera’s bee venom. Toxins. 2020;12(7):451.
  • 6. Ullah A, Aldakheel FM, Anjum SI, Raza G, Khan SA, Gajger IT. Pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of honey bee venom. Saudi Pharm J. 2023;31(1):96-109.
  • 7. Doğru F, Parlakpınar H, Duman Y, Özhan O, Keskin M, Polat A. PROPOLİS VE PERGANIN ANTİMİKROBİYAL ETKİLERİNİN İN-VİTRO OLARAK ARAŞTIRILMASI. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek YÜksek Okulu Derg. 29 Kasım 2021;9(3):1084-93.
  • 8. EUCAST. https://eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Breakpoint_tables/v_10.0_Breakpoint_Tables.pdf. 2021 [a.yer 02 Şubat 2021]. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Erişim adresi: https://eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Breakpoint_tables/v_10.0_Breakpoint_Tables.pdf
  • 9. Carpena M, Nuñez-Estevez B, Soria-Lopez A, Simal-Gandara J. Bee venom: an updating review of its bioactive molecules and its health applications. Nutrients. 2020;12(11):3360.
  • 10. Gajski G, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Melittin: a lytic peptide with anticancer properties. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013;36(2):697-705.
  • 11. Perez-Riverol A, Lasa AM, dos Santos-Pinto JRA, Palma MS. Insect venom phospholipases A1 and A2: Roles in the envenoming process and allergy. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2019;105:10-24.
  • 12. Gu H, Han SM, Park KK. Therapeutic effects of apamin as a bee venom component for non-neoplastic disease. Toxins. 2020;12(3):195.
  • 13. Végh R, Csóka M, Mednyánszky Z, Sipos L. Potentially toxic trace elements in bee bread, propolis, beeswax and royal jelly–A review of the literature and dietary risk assessment. Chemosphere. 2023;339:139571.
  • 14. Haktanir I, Masoura M, Mantzouridou FT, Gkatzionis K. Mechanism of antimicrobial activity of honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom on Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. AMB Express. Aralık 2021;11(1):54.
  • 15. Pérez-Delgado O, Espinoza-Culupú AO, López-López E. Antimicrobial activity of Apis mellifera bee venom collected in northern Peru. Antibiotics. 2023;12(4):779.
  • 16. Han SM, Lee KG, Park KK. Antimicrobial activity of honeybee venom against fish pathogenic bacteria. J Fish Pathol. 2011;24(2):113-20.
  • 17. Elshehaby M. Apis mellifera venom inhibits bacterial and fungal pathogens in vitro. Pak J Biol Sci PJBS. 2022;25(10):875-84.

Arı Zehrinin Antimikrobiyal Etkilerinin İn-Vitro Olarak Araştırılması

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 106 - 109, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58651/jomtu.1833237

Abstract

Amaç: Arı venomu gerektiğinde kovan savunmasında kullanmak üzere işçi arılar tarafından üretilir. Yapısında melittin ve fosfolipaz A2 başta olmak üzere birçok aktif bileşik vardır. Venomun antimikrobiyal etkinliği özellikle bu iki bileşiğe atfedilmektedir. Bu çalışmada arı venomunun Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus ve Candida albicans üzerindeki antimikrobiyal etkinliğinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Materyal ve Metot: Etken madde olarak Apis mellifera L. cinsi bal arısı tarafından üretilen arı venomunun sulu çözeltisi kullanıldı. Venomun sulu çözeltisi 1 mg/mL olacak şekilde 500 rpm hızda 40oC’de 3 saat manyetik karıştırıcıda karıştırılarak hazırlandı. Elde edilen çözeltinin gram-negatif etkenlerden Escherichia coli ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa; gram-pozitif etkenlerden Staphylococcus aureus ve fungal bir patojen olan Candida albicans’a karşı minimal inhibitör konsantrasyonu (MİK) Avrupa Antimikrobiyal Duyarlılık Testleri Komitesi (EUCAST) kurallarına göre mikrodilüsyon yöntemi ile araştırıldı. Venomun antimikrobiyal özelliği 12,5 µg/mL – 0.006µg/mL konsantrasyon aralığında test edildi.
Bulgular: Test edilen arı venomu Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ve Candida albicans’ın üremesini 3.1 µg/mL, Staphylococcus aureus’un üremesini ise 6,25 µg/mL konsantrasyonda inhibe etmiştir.
Sonuç: Çeşitli kanser hücreleri üzerinde sitotoksik etkileri olduğu bilinen arı venomunun bu çalışma ile gram-negatif, gram-pozitif ve Candida türü mantarlara karşı oldukça düşük konsantrasyonlarda üremeyi inhibe edici etki gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Test edilen venom, bu antimikrobik etkisini çalışılan tüm etkenlerde aynı veya çok yakın konsantrasyonda göstermiştir.
Sonuç olarak ham arı venomunun antibakteriyel ve antifungal etkinliği olduğu ve bu maddenin apiterapi uygulamaları içerisinde kullanım potansiyeli gösterdiği anlaşılmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

‘Arı Zehrinin Antimikrobiyal Etkilerinin İn-Vitro Olarak Araştırılması’ başlıklı çalışmamızda etik kurul izni gerekmemektedir.

Supporting Institution

Çalışmaya finansal destek alınmamıştır

References

  • 1. Gülmez M. Antimikrobiyel Direnç: Küresel Bir Sorun. Dicle Üniversitesi Vet Fakültesi Derg. 30 Haziran 2022;15(1):53-8.
  • 2. Kurum S, Balcı Aİ, Çuhadar AH, Aydemir E, Erkal E, Bulut M, vd. Overview Of Antimicrobial Resistance And Epidemiology Of Türkiye With A One Health Approach. Turk Med J. 2025;10(2):65-75.
  • 3. Tanuwidjaja I, Svečnjak L, Gugić D, Levanić M, Jurić S, Vinceković M, vd. Chemical profiling and antimicrobial properties of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) venom. Molecules. 2021;26(10):3049.
  • 4. Gökmen TG, Yazgan H, Özdemir Y, Sevin S, Turut N, Karahan Ş, vd. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of bee venom against multi-drug resistant pathogens. Onderstepoort J Vet Res [Internet]. 20 Temmuz 2023 [a.yer 30 Kasım 2025];90(1). Erişim adresi: http://www.ojvr.org/index.php/OJVR/article/view/2097
  • 5. El-Seedi H, Abd El-Wahed A, Yosri N, Musharraf SG, Chen L, Moustafa M, vd. Antimicrobial properties of Apis mellifera’s bee venom. Toxins. 2020;12(7):451.
  • 6. Ullah A, Aldakheel FM, Anjum SI, Raza G, Khan SA, Gajger IT. Pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of honey bee venom. Saudi Pharm J. 2023;31(1):96-109.
  • 7. Doğru F, Parlakpınar H, Duman Y, Özhan O, Keskin M, Polat A. PROPOLİS VE PERGANIN ANTİMİKROBİYAL ETKİLERİNİN İN-VİTRO OLARAK ARAŞTIRILMASI. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek YÜksek Okulu Derg. 29 Kasım 2021;9(3):1084-93.
  • 8. EUCAST. https://eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Breakpoint_tables/v_10.0_Breakpoint_Tables.pdf. 2021 [a.yer 02 Şubat 2021]. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Erişim adresi: https://eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Breakpoint_tables/v_10.0_Breakpoint_Tables.pdf
  • 9. Carpena M, Nuñez-Estevez B, Soria-Lopez A, Simal-Gandara J. Bee venom: an updating review of its bioactive molecules and its health applications. Nutrients. 2020;12(11):3360.
  • 10. Gajski G, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Melittin: a lytic peptide with anticancer properties. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013;36(2):697-705.
  • 11. Perez-Riverol A, Lasa AM, dos Santos-Pinto JRA, Palma MS. Insect venom phospholipases A1 and A2: Roles in the envenoming process and allergy. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2019;105:10-24.
  • 12. Gu H, Han SM, Park KK. Therapeutic effects of apamin as a bee venom component for non-neoplastic disease. Toxins. 2020;12(3):195.
  • 13. Végh R, Csóka M, Mednyánszky Z, Sipos L. Potentially toxic trace elements in bee bread, propolis, beeswax and royal jelly–A review of the literature and dietary risk assessment. Chemosphere. 2023;339:139571.
  • 14. Haktanir I, Masoura M, Mantzouridou FT, Gkatzionis K. Mechanism of antimicrobial activity of honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom on Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. AMB Express. Aralık 2021;11(1):54.
  • 15. Pérez-Delgado O, Espinoza-Culupú AO, López-López E. Antimicrobial activity of Apis mellifera bee venom collected in northern Peru. Antibiotics. 2023;12(4):779.
  • 16. Han SM, Lee KG, Park KK. Antimicrobial activity of honeybee venom against fish pathogenic bacteria. J Fish Pathol. 2011;24(2):113-20.
  • 17. Elshehaby M. Apis mellifera venom inhibits bacterial and fungal pathogens in vitro. Pak J Biol Sci PJBS. 2022;25(10):875-84.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Medical Physiology (Other), Medical Microbiology (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Feyzi Doğru 0000-0002-7949-9582

Hakan Parlakpınar 0000-0001-9497-3468

Alaadin Polat 0000-0002-6920-3856

Yücel Duman 0000-0002-9090-2096

Onural Özhan 0000-0001-9018-7849

Yusuf Yakupoğulları 0000-0002-5545-3467

Merve Keskin 0000-0001-9365-334X

Submission Date December 3, 2025
Acceptance Date December 30, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 4 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Doğru, F., Parlakpınar, H., Polat, A., … Duman, Y. (2025). Arı Zehrinin Antimikrobiyal Etkilerinin İn-Vitro Olarak Araştırılması. Journal of Medical Topics and Updates, 4(3), 106-109. https://doi.org/10.58651/jomtu.1833237