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Damgalanmanın pandemi hali: COVID-19 tanısı almış bireylerde damgalanma ve yalnızlık

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 28 - 35, 31.08.2025

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı COVID-19 tanısı almış bireylerde damgalanma ve yalnızlığı incelemektir.
Materyal ve Metot: Araştırma tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı olarak yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini bir aile sağlığı merkezine bağlı COVID-19 tanısı almış bireyler oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın örneklemini ise güç analizi ile 0.05 yanılgı, 0.95 güven aralığıyla, evreni 0.95 temsil gücüyle 107 hasta oluşturmuştur. Veriler araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan kişisel tanıtım formu, İçselleştirilmiş damgalanma ölçeği ve UCLA yalnızlık ölçeği kullanılarak online olarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde, tanımlayıcı istatistik, bağımsız gruplarda t testi, one way anova testi, bonferroni düzeltmesi ve kolerasyon analizi kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Araştırmada hastaların yaş ortalamasının 34.75±15.7 olduğu, %63.6’sının kadın olduğu, %80.4’ünün lise ve üzeri eğitime sahip olduğu, %48.6’sının eşi ve çocukları ile birlikte yaşadığı, %36.4’üne ailesinden virüs bulaştığı, %61.7’sinin karantina sürecinde yalnız olmadığı, %33.6’sının hastalık sürecinde en yoğun yaşadığı duygunun endişe olduğu bulunmuştur. Araştırmada hastaların içselleştirilmiş damgalanma ve UCLA yalnızlık ölçeği puan ortalamalarının sırasıyla 56.27±15.9 ve 37.78±10.4 olduğu ve hastaların orta düzeyde damgalanma ve yalnızlık algısına sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Yapılan kolerasyon analizi sonucunda damgalanma ve yalnızlık algısı arasında pozitif yönde orta düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir (p<0.001).
Sonuç: Araştırma sonucunda hastaların orta düzeyde damgalanma ve yalnızlık algısına sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Hastaların damgalanma algısı arttıkça yalnızlık algılarının da arttığı görülmüştür. COVID-19 tanısı almış bireylerde damgalanma ve yalnızlık algısının göz ardı edilmeden bütüncül bakım verilmesi, online danışmanlık hizmetlerinin planlanması, damgalanma ve yalnızlığın sebep olduğu psikolojik problemlerin tanınması, tedavi edilmesi ve araştırmanın daha geniş gruplarla yapılması önerilebilir.

References

  • Villa S, Jaramillo E, Mangioni D, Bandera A, Gori A, Raviglione MC. Stigma at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020; 26(11): 1450-2.
  • Kelly JD, Weiser SD, Wilson B, et al. Ebola virus disease-related stigma among survivors declined in Liberia over an 18-month, post-outbreak period: An observational cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019; 13(2): 0007185.
  • Reny TT, Barreto MA. Xenophobia in the time of pandemic: Othering, anti-Asian attitudes, and COVID-19. Politics, Groups, and Identities. 2020; 10(2): 209–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2020.1769693
  • Muzi L. (2020). “As if we were the disease”: coronavirus brings prejudice for Italy’s Chinese workers | Global development | The Guardian. The Guardian. Published 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/global development/2020/ mar/25/as-if-we-were-the-disease-coronavirus-brings-prejudice-for-italys-chinese-workers
  • Outbreaks of xenophobia in west as coronavirus spreads | Italy | The Guardian. Accessed November 28, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/ jan/31/spate-of-anti-chinese-incidents-in-italy-amid-coronavirus-panic
  • BBC Türkçe. (2020, Şubat 3). Koronavirüs korkusu: Çinli turistlere karşı ayrımcılık yapılıyor mu https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-51353071
  • Peprah P, Gyasi RM. Stigma and COVID-19 crisis: A wake-up call. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2021; 36(1): 215-8.
  • Chang D, Nair P, Sundaramoorthy J, et al. Stigma and Discrimination During COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Heal. 2021; 1: 577018.
  • Gyasi RM. COVID-19 and mental health of older Africans: an urgency for public health policy and response strategy. Int psychogeriatrics. 2020; 32(10): 1187-92.
  • Yıldırım M, Güler A. COVID-19 geçiren bireylerin damgalanma deneyimleri: Nitel bir araştırma. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021; 24(1): 40–48. https://doi.org/10.17049/ataunihem.837231
  • Demirtaş-Madran HA. (2020). Exploring the motivation behind discrimination and stigmatization related to COVID-19: A social psychological discussion based on the main theoretical explanations. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 11: 569528. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569528
  • Katafuchi Y, Kurita K, Managi S. COVID-19 with Stigma: Theory and Evidence from Mobility Data. Econ Disasters Clim Chang. 2021; 5(1):71-95.
  • Abdelhafiz AS, Alorabi M. Social Stigma: The Hidden Threat of COVID-19. Front Public Heal. 2020; 8: 429.
  • Ritsher JB, Otilingam PG, Grajales M. Internalized stigma of mental illness: Psychometric properties of a new measure. Psychiatry Res. 2003; 121(1): 31-49.
  • Ersoy MA, Varan A. Ruhsal hastalıklarda içselleştirilmiş damgalanma ölçeği Türkçe formu’nun güvenilirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2007; 18(2): 163-71.
  • Russell D, Peplau LA, Cutrona CE. The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1980; 39(3): 472-80.
  • Özdemir V. Ucla Yalnızlık Ölçeğinin Meta-Analitik Faktör Analizinde Çok Değişkenli Yaklaşımların Karşılaştırılması [Doktora Tezi]. Ankara, Türkiye: Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2021. Mostafa A, Sabry W, Mostafa NS. COVID-19-related stigmatization among a sample of Egyptian healthcare workers. PLoS One. 2020; 15.
  • Amuri M, Mitchell S, Cockcroft A, Andersson N. Socio-economic status and HIV/AIDS stigma in Tanzania. Taylor Fr. 2011; 23(3):378-82.
  • Abioye I, Omotayo M, Alakija W. (2011). Socio-demographic determinants of stigma among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Lagos, Nigeria. ajol. info, 11, 11. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ahs/article/view/70078
  • Duan W, Bu H, Chen Z. COVID-19-related stigma profiles and risk factors among people who are at high risk of contagion. Soc Sci Med. 2020; 266.
  • Tenkorang EY. Ebola-related stigma in Ghana: Individual and community level determinants. Soc Sci Med. 2017; 182: 142-9.
  • Koh D, Meng KL, Sin EC, et al. Risk perception and impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on work and personal lives of healthcare workers in Singapore: What can we learn? Med Care. 2005; 43(7): 676-82.
  • Yuan Y, Zhao YJ, Zhang QE, et al. COVID-19-related stigma and its sociodemographic correlates: a comparative study. Global Health. 2021; 17(1): 1-9.
  • Erdoğan Ö, Ersoy M. Pandeminin birinci yılında (2020-2021) COVID-19 hastalığı geçirenlerin damgalanma algısı: Türkiye örneği. Int J Soc Sci Educ Res. 2022: 165-83.
  • Karimivand F. Covıd-19 ve sosyo-ekonomik sonuçları: literatür incelemesi. JEcon Adm Sci. 2021;5(1): 47-61.
  • Teksin G. Stigma-related factors and their effects on health-care workers during COVID-19 pandemics in Turkey: a multicenter study. Şişli Etfal Hastanesi Tip Bülteni 2020; 54(3): 281-90.
  • Li LZ, Wang S. Prevalence and predictors of general psychiatric disorders and loneliness during COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. Psychiatry Res. 2020; 291: 113267.
  • Dar SA, Khurshid SQ, Wani ZA, et al. Stigma in coronavirus disease-19 survivors in Kashmir, India: A cross sectional exploratory study. PLoS One. 2020; 15(11): 0240152.
  • Valeri L, Amsalem D, Jankowski S, Susser E, Dixon L. Effectiveness of a Video-Based Intervention on Reducing Perceptions of Fear, Loneliness, and Public Stigma Related to COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Public Health. 2021; 66.
  • Yıldırım T, Kavak Budak F. The relationship between internalized stigma and loneliness in patients with schizophrenia. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2020; 56(1):168-74.
  • Kong L, Gao Z, Xu N, et al. The relation between self-stigma and loneliness in visually impaired college students: Self-acceptance as mediator. Disabil Health J. 2021; 14(2): 101054.
  • Fırat M, Gökmen BD, Cengiz M. Psikiyatri servisinde yatan hastalarda içselleştirilmiş damgalanma ve yalnızlık ilişkisinin incelenmesi. J Psychiatr Nurs, 2020; 11(4): 268-74.

The Pandemic State of Stigma: Stigma and Loneliness in İndividuals Diagnosed with COVID-19

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 28 - 35, 31.08.2025

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this research is to examine stigma and loneliness in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19.
Materials and Methods: The research was conducted as descriptive and exploratory. The population of the research consisted of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 connected to a health center. The sample of the study consisted of 107 patients with a power analysis of 0.05 errors, 0.95 confidence intervals, and 0.95 representation power of the universe. Data were collected online using the personal presentation form created by the researchers, The Stigma Scale, and the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Descriptive statistics, independent groups t test, one way ANOVA test, Bonferroni correction and correlation analysis were used in the evaluation of the data.
Results: In the study, the mean age of the patients was 34.75±15.7, 63.6% were women, 80.4% had high school or higher education, 48.6% lived with their spouse and children, 36.4% had a virus from their families, 61.7% were not alone during the quarantine period and that the most intense emotion experienced by 33.6% of them during the illness was anxiety. In the study, it was observed that the internalized stigma and UCLA loneliness scale mean scores of the patients were 56.27±15.9 and 37.78±110.4, respectively, and the patients had a moderate perception of stigma and loneliness. As a result of the correlation analysis, a moderately significant positive correlation was found between the
perception of stigma and loneliness (p<0.001).
Conclusions: As a result of the research, it was found that the patients had a moderate perception of stigma and loneliness. It was observed that as the patients’ perception of stigma increased, their perception of loneliness also increased. It can be recommended to provide holistic care in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 without ignoring the perception of stigma and loneliness, to plan online counseling services, to recognize and treat psychological problems caused by stigma and loneliness, and to conduct research with larger groups.

Ethical Statement

Etik kurul Onayı: İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etik Kurulu Başkanlığı (2022/3072) sayılı karar.

Supporting Institution

yok

References

  • Villa S, Jaramillo E, Mangioni D, Bandera A, Gori A, Raviglione MC. Stigma at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020; 26(11): 1450-2.
  • Kelly JD, Weiser SD, Wilson B, et al. Ebola virus disease-related stigma among survivors declined in Liberia over an 18-month, post-outbreak period: An observational cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019; 13(2): 0007185.
  • Reny TT, Barreto MA. Xenophobia in the time of pandemic: Othering, anti-Asian attitudes, and COVID-19. Politics, Groups, and Identities. 2020; 10(2): 209–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2020.1769693
  • Muzi L. (2020). “As if we were the disease”: coronavirus brings prejudice for Italy’s Chinese workers | Global development | The Guardian. The Guardian. Published 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/global development/2020/ mar/25/as-if-we-were-the-disease-coronavirus-brings-prejudice-for-italys-chinese-workers
  • Outbreaks of xenophobia in west as coronavirus spreads | Italy | The Guardian. Accessed November 28, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/ jan/31/spate-of-anti-chinese-incidents-in-italy-amid-coronavirus-panic
  • BBC Türkçe. (2020, Şubat 3). Koronavirüs korkusu: Çinli turistlere karşı ayrımcılık yapılıyor mu https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-51353071
  • Peprah P, Gyasi RM. Stigma and COVID-19 crisis: A wake-up call. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2021; 36(1): 215-8.
  • Chang D, Nair P, Sundaramoorthy J, et al. Stigma and Discrimination During COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Heal. 2021; 1: 577018.
  • Gyasi RM. COVID-19 and mental health of older Africans: an urgency for public health policy and response strategy. Int psychogeriatrics. 2020; 32(10): 1187-92.
  • Yıldırım M, Güler A. COVID-19 geçiren bireylerin damgalanma deneyimleri: Nitel bir araştırma. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021; 24(1): 40–48. https://doi.org/10.17049/ataunihem.837231
  • Demirtaş-Madran HA. (2020). Exploring the motivation behind discrimination and stigmatization related to COVID-19: A social psychological discussion based on the main theoretical explanations. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 11: 569528. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569528
  • Katafuchi Y, Kurita K, Managi S. COVID-19 with Stigma: Theory and Evidence from Mobility Data. Econ Disasters Clim Chang. 2021; 5(1):71-95.
  • Abdelhafiz AS, Alorabi M. Social Stigma: The Hidden Threat of COVID-19. Front Public Heal. 2020; 8: 429.
  • Ritsher JB, Otilingam PG, Grajales M. Internalized stigma of mental illness: Psychometric properties of a new measure. Psychiatry Res. 2003; 121(1): 31-49.
  • Ersoy MA, Varan A. Ruhsal hastalıklarda içselleştirilmiş damgalanma ölçeği Türkçe formu’nun güvenilirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2007; 18(2): 163-71.
  • Russell D, Peplau LA, Cutrona CE. The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1980; 39(3): 472-80.
  • Özdemir V. Ucla Yalnızlık Ölçeğinin Meta-Analitik Faktör Analizinde Çok Değişkenli Yaklaşımların Karşılaştırılması [Doktora Tezi]. Ankara, Türkiye: Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2021. Mostafa A, Sabry W, Mostafa NS. COVID-19-related stigmatization among a sample of Egyptian healthcare workers. PLoS One. 2020; 15.
  • Amuri M, Mitchell S, Cockcroft A, Andersson N. Socio-economic status and HIV/AIDS stigma in Tanzania. Taylor Fr. 2011; 23(3):378-82.
  • Abioye I, Omotayo M, Alakija W. (2011). Socio-demographic determinants of stigma among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Lagos, Nigeria. ajol. info, 11, 11. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ahs/article/view/70078
  • Duan W, Bu H, Chen Z. COVID-19-related stigma profiles and risk factors among people who are at high risk of contagion. Soc Sci Med. 2020; 266.
  • Tenkorang EY. Ebola-related stigma in Ghana: Individual and community level determinants. Soc Sci Med. 2017; 182: 142-9.
  • Koh D, Meng KL, Sin EC, et al. Risk perception and impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on work and personal lives of healthcare workers in Singapore: What can we learn? Med Care. 2005; 43(7): 676-82.
  • Yuan Y, Zhao YJ, Zhang QE, et al. COVID-19-related stigma and its sociodemographic correlates: a comparative study. Global Health. 2021; 17(1): 1-9.
  • Erdoğan Ö, Ersoy M. Pandeminin birinci yılında (2020-2021) COVID-19 hastalığı geçirenlerin damgalanma algısı: Türkiye örneği. Int J Soc Sci Educ Res. 2022: 165-83.
  • Karimivand F. Covıd-19 ve sosyo-ekonomik sonuçları: literatür incelemesi. JEcon Adm Sci. 2021;5(1): 47-61.
  • Teksin G. Stigma-related factors and their effects on health-care workers during COVID-19 pandemics in Turkey: a multicenter study. Şişli Etfal Hastanesi Tip Bülteni 2020; 54(3): 281-90.
  • Li LZ, Wang S. Prevalence and predictors of general psychiatric disorders and loneliness during COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. Psychiatry Res. 2020; 291: 113267.
  • Dar SA, Khurshid SQ, Wani ZA, et al. Stigma in coronavirus disease-19 survivors in Kashmir, India: A cross sectional exploratory study. PLoS One. 2020; 15(11): 0240152.
  • Valeri L, Amsalem D, Jankowski S, Susser E, Dixon L. Effectiveness of a Video-Based Intervention on Reducing Perceptions of Fear, Loneliness, and Public Stigma Related to COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Public Health. 2021; 66.
  • Yıldırım T, Kavak Budak F. The relationship between internalized stigma and loneliness in patients with schizophrenia. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2020; 56(1):168-74.
  • Kong L, Gao Z, Xu N, et al. The relation between self-stigma and loneliness in visually impaired college students: Self-acceptance as mediator. Disabil Health J. 2021; 14(2): 101054.
  • Fırat M, Gökmen BD, Cengiz M. Psikiyatri servisinde yatan hastalarda içselleştirilmiş damgalanma ve yalnızlık ilişkisinin incelenmesi. J Psychiatr Nurs, 2020; 11(4): 268-74.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychiatry
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Seher Çevik Aktura 0000-0001-7299-1788

Elanur Vicnelioğlu 0000-0002-3597-4759

Seyhan Çıtlık Sarıtaş 0000-0003-2519-0261

Publication Date August 31, 2025
Submission Date May 28, 2025
Acceptance Date July 22, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çevik Aktura, S., Vicnelioğlu, E., & Çıtlık Sarıtaş, S. (2025). The Pandemic State of Stigma: Stigma and Loneliness in İndividuals Diagnosed with COVID-19. Journal of Medical Topics and Updates, 4(2), 28-35.