Thlaspi perfoliatum L.'un Antimikrobiyal, Antifungal ve Antibiyofilm Aktiviteleri: Kapsamlı Bir In Vitro Çalışma

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de halk arasında yaygın olarak kullanılan Thlaspi perfoliatum L. bitkisinin antibakteriyel, antifungal ve antibiyofilm etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Bitkinin toprak üstü kısımlarından metanol ekstraktı hazırlanmış ve Gram-pozitif (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus ve Enterococcus durans) ile Gram-negatif (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Enterobacter aerogenes) bakterilere karşı disk difüzyon, MIC ve MBC yöntemleri ile test edilmiştir. Antifungal etkinlik Candida albicans ve Candida utilis üzerinde değerlendirilmiş, antibiyofilm etkisi ise özellikle S. aureus üzerinde incelenmiştir. Ekstrakt, doza bağlı olarak antibakteriyel etki göstermiştir. En güçlü etki S. aureus ve E. aerogenes üzerinde gözlenmiştir. Yüksek konsantrasyonlarda anlamlı antifungal etki elde edilmiş, ayrıca S. aureus’un biyofilm oluşumu belirgin şekilde azalmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, T. perfoliatum bitkisinin mikrobiyal büyümeyi ve biyofilm oluşumunu engelleyebilecek doğal bileşikler içerdiğini ve geleneksel kullanımının bilimsel temelleri olabileceğini göstermektedir. Thlaspi perfoliatum metanol ekstraktı antibakteriyel, antifungal ve antibiyofilm etkiler göstermiştir. Bu özellikleri sayesinde doğal bir antimikrobiyal ajan olarak değerlendirilebilecek potansiyele sahiptir.

Keywords

• Antibiyofilm
• Antifungal
• Biyofilm inhibisyonu
• Brassicaceae
• Thlaspi perfoliatum

ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITIES OF Thlaspi perfoliatum L.: A COMPREHENSIVE IN VITRO STUDY

Abstract

This investigation targeted to research the antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm activities of Thlaspi perfoliatum L., a plant widely used in Turkish folk medicine. Methanol extract was prepared aboveground parts of the plant and tested against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus durans) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Enterobacter aerogenes) bacteria using disk diffusion, MIC, and MBC methods. Antifungal activity was evaluated against Candida albicans and Candida utilis, and antibiofilm effects were examined, particularly on S. aureus. The extract showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity, with the strongest effects observed against S. aureus and E. aerogenes. Significant antifungal activity was detected at higher concentrations, and the extract also inhibited biofilm formation by S. aureus. These findings suggest that T. perfoliatum contains bioactive compounds capable of inhibiting microbial growth and biofilm formation, supporting its traditional medicinal use. The methanol extract of Thlaspi perfoliatum demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm properties, highlighting its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent

Keywords

• Antibiofilm
• Antifungal
• Biofilm inhibition
• Brassicaceae
• Thlaspi perfoliatum

References

1. Anwar, F., Qayyum, H. M. A., Hussain, A. I., & Iqbal, S. (2010). Antioxidant activity of 100% and 80% methanol extracts from barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare L.): stabilization of sunflower oil. Grasas y aceites, 61(3), 237-243.
2. Arı, S., Temel, M., Kargıoğlu, M., & Konuk, M. (2015). Ethnobotanical survey of plants used in Afyonkarahisar-Turkey. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 11, 1-15.
3. Avato, P., & Argentieri, M. P. (2015). Brassicaceae: A rich source of health improving phytochemicals. Phytochemistry reviews, 14(6), 1019-1033.
4. Bazargani, M. M., & Rohloff, J. (2016). Antibiofilm activity of essential oils and plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilms. Food control, 61, 156-164.
5. Berber, M. R., Fujigaya, T., Sasaki, K., & Nakashima, N. (2013). Remarkably durable high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell based on poly (vinylphosphonic acid)-doped polybenzimidazole. Scientific reports, 3(1), 1764.
6. Björkman, M., Klingen, I., Birch, A. N., Bones, A. M., Bruce, T. J., Johansen, T. J., & Stewart, D. (2011). Phytochemicals of Brassicaceae in plant protection and human health–Influences of climate, environment and agronomic practice. Phytochemistry, 72(7), 538-556.
7. Dogan, Y., Nedelcheva, A., Łuczaj, Ł., Drăgulescu, C., Stefkov, G., Maglajlić, A., & Pieroni, A. (2015). Of the importance of a leaf: the ethnobotany of sarma in Turkey and the Balkans. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 11, 1-15.
8. Emre, G., Şenkardeş, İ., İşcan, K., Evcimen, O., Yılmaz, İ., & Tugay, O. (2024). An Ethnobotanical Study in Kırşehir (Türkiye). Plants, 13(20), 2895.

9. Ertuğ, F. (2000). An ethnobotanical study in central Anatolia (Turkey). Economic Botany, 155-182.
10. Göse, M., & Hacıoğlu, N. (2021). Bioactive compounds, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of two Verbascum species. KSU Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 24(3), 479-487.
11. Güneş, C., & Avcı, A. (2023). Kekik (Thymus vulgaris L.) Özütü Kullanarak Biyosentezlenmiş Gümüş Nanopartiküllerin Antibakteriyel Etkisinin Araştırılması. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(6), 1551-1560
12. Hedge, I. C. (1965). Thlaspi. In: Davis, P. H., editor. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 1. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 330-341.
13. Karaismailoğlu, M. C., (2018). Systematic investigations on some taxa of genus Thlaspi L. (Brassicaceae); sections Nomisma DC., Thlaspi L., Pterotropis DC. PhD Thesis. Institute of Science and Technology, İstanbul University, İstanbul.
14. Karaismailoğlu, M. C., (2023). Thlaspi harungalipii (Brassicaceae), A New Species from Turkey. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 13(4), 2485-2494.
15. Karaismailoğlu, M. C., & Erol, O. (2018). Seed structure and its taxonomic implications for genus Thlaspi sensu lato sections Nomisma, Thlaspi, and Pterotropis (Brassicaceae). Turkish Journal of Botany 42 (5): 591-609.
16. Karaismailoğlu, M. C., & Erol, O. (2019). Pollen morphology of some taxa of Thlaspi L. sensu lato (Brassicaceae) from Turkey, and its taxonomical importance. Palynology 43: 244-254.
17. Karaismailoğlu, M. C., & Erol, O. (2020). Notes on leaf and stem anatomy of Thlaspi sensu lato. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences 21(2): 139-150.
18. Karaismailoğlu, M. C., & Fidan, M. (2021). Cytotaxonomy of eight Thlaspi L. sensu lato (Brassicaceae) species endemic to Turkey. Cytologia 86: 345-349.
19. Karaismailoğlu, M. C., İnal, B., & Erol, O. (2022). A systematic study of Thlaspi sl taxa in the sections Nomisma, Thlaspi and Pterotropis from Turkey based on fruit morphological and molecular data. Acta Botanica Croatica, 81(2), 197-205.
20. Karaismailoğlu, M.C., Eldem, V., İnal, B., & Balcı, M.A. (2025). Biosystematics studies of endemic Thlaspi violascens Boiss. and T. densiflorum Boiss. & Kotschy: Highlights on molecular and morphological identification. Flora 322: 152644.
21. Lahiri, D., Dash, S., Dutta, R., & Nag, M. (2019). Elucidating the effect of anti-biofilm activity of bioactive compounds extracted from plants. Journal of biosciences, 44(2), 52.
22. Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., Coppola, R., & De Feo, V. (2017). Essential oils and antifungal activity. Pharmaceuticals, 10(4), 86.
23. Noumi, E., Snoussi, M., Hajlaoui, H., Valentin, E. & Bakhrouf, A. (2010). Antifungal properties of Salvadora persica and Juglans regia L. extracts against oral Candida strains. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases, 29, 81-88.
24. Özpınar, H., Dağ, Ş., & Yiğit, E. (2013). Şeftali (Persica vulgaris Miller) yaprak ekstraktının antibakteriyel etkisi. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal, 35(2), 172-178.
25. Pârvu, M., & Pârvu, A. E. (2011). Antifungal plant extracts. Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances. Formatex Research Center, Badajoz, Spain, 21, 1055-62.
26. Patrakar, R., Gond, N., & Jadge, D. (2010). Flower extract of Jacaranda acutifolia used as a natural indicator in acid base titration. International journal of pharmtech research, 2(3), 1954-1957.
27. Quiroga, E. N., Sampietro, A. R., & Vattuone, M. A. (2001). Screening antifungal activities of selected medicinal plants. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 74(1), 89-96.
28. Rahman, I. U., Afzal, A., Iqbal, Z., Ijaz, F., Ali, N., Shah, M., & Bussmann, R. W. (2019). Historical perspectives of ethnobotany. Clinics in dermatology, 37(4), 382-388.
29. Rich, T. C. G., Lambrick, C. R., Kitchen, C., & Kitchen, M. A. R. (1998). Conserving Britain's biodiversity. I: Thlaspi perfoliatum L. (Brassicaceae), Cotswold Pennycress. Biodiversity & Conservation, 7, 915-926.
30. Sandasi, M., Leonard, C. M., & Viljoen, A. M. (2010). The in vitro antibiofilm activity of selected culinary herbs and medicinal plants against Listeria monocytogenes. Letters in applied microbiology, 50(1), 30-35.
31. Shahwany, A. W., Tawfeeq, H. K., & Hamed, S. E. (2016). Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of three phenolic plant extracts and silver nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Biomed Biotechnol, 4, 12-18.
32. Simpson, M. G. (2012). Plant Systematics. Elsevier Science, Burlington.
33. Slobodníková, L., Fialová, S., Rendeková, K., Kováč, J., & Mučaji, P. (2016). Antibiofilm activity of plant polyphenols. Molecules, 21(12), 1717.
34. Sule, I. O., & Agbabiaka, T. O. (2008). Antibacterial effect of some plant extracts on selected Enterobacteriaceae. Ethnobotanical leaflets, 2008(1), 137.
35. Süpüren, G., Çay, A., Kanat, Z. E., & Tarakçıoğlu, I. (2006). Antimicrobial fibers. Textile and Apparel, 16(2), 80-89.
36. Tozyılmaz, V., Bülbül, A. S., & Ceylan, Y. (2021). Determination of antimicrobial, antioxidant and antibiofilm activity of some Alyssum L. species in Anatolian flora. KSU Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 24(4), 715-724.
37. Vital, P. G., Velasco, R. N., Demigillo, J. M., & Rivera, W. L. (2010). Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity and phytochemical screening of Ficus septica Burm and Sterculia foetida L. leaf extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(1), 58-63.
38. Yalçın, S., Akan, H., & Çakılcıoğlu, U. (2022). Traditional Uses of Some Food Plants in Suruç (Şanlıurfa, Turkey). Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi, 11(1), 59-65.
39. Yeşil, Y., Çelik, M., & Yılmaz, B. (2019). Wild edible plants in Yeşilli (Mardin-Turkey), a multicultural area. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 15, 1-19.