ÜZÜMCÜ ÇAYI (BALIKESİR) FİTOPLANKTON EKOLOJİSİ

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 57 - 64, 31.07.2022

Kemal Çelik

https://doi.org/10.55930/jonas.1107781

Abstract

Akarsu ve durgun su kaynaklarının su kalitesinin belirlemesinde algler büyük önem arz ederler. Üzümcü Çayı’nın fitoplankton ekolojisini incelemek amacıyla ilkbahar (Nisan), yaz (Haziran) ve son bahar (Ekim) 2020 dönemlerinde 2 istasyonda örnekleme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan bu araştırmada, Bacillariophyta grubundan 28, Chlorophyta grubundan 11, Cyanobacteria grubundan 6 ve Euglenophyta grubundan 2 olmak üzere toplamda 47 planktonik alg türü tespit edilmiştir. Planktonik alg türlerinin %59’unu Bacillariophyta grubu, %23’ünü Chlorophyta grubu, %12’sini Cyanobacteria grubu ve %4’ünü Euglenophyta grubu oluşturmuştur. Üzümcü Çayında, Bacillariophyta grubundan Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen, Cymbella affinis Kütz., Nitzschia sigmoidea (Nitzsch) W. Smith ve Pinnularia major (Kützing) Rabenh, Chlorophyta grubunda Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turpin) Breb., Tetraedron minimum (A. Braun) Hansgirg ve Pediastrum simplex Meyen Lemm., Cyanobacteria grubundan Oscillatoria subtilissima Kützing ve Euglenophta grubundan Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) baskın olarak tespit edilmişlerdir. CCA analizi, Bacillariophyta grubundan, A.granulata NO3 ile, C. affinis TP ile, N.sigmoidea ve P. major TN ve PO4 ile, Chlorophyta grubunda S. quadricauda, T. minimum ve P. simplex pH ile, Cyanobacteria grubundan O. subtilissima ve Euglenophta grubundan T. hispida çözünmüş oksijen ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Su sıcaklığı 13°C ile 24°C, çözünmüş oksijen 3.35 mgl-1 ile 8.1 mgl-1, pH 6.85 ile 7.94, elektriksel iletkenlik 1456 μScm-1 ile 1661 μScm-1, nitrat azotu (NO3) 0.45 mgl-1 ile 0.87 mgl-1, toplam azot (TN) mgl-1 1.91 ile 5.95 mgl-1, fosfat (PO4) 0.07 mgl-1 ile 0.09 mgl-1 ve toplam fosfor (TP) 0.07 mgl-1 ile 0.18 mgl-1 aralıklarında ölçülmüşlerdir. Tespit edilen değerler, Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği kriterleri ışığında değerlendirildiğinde, Üzümcü Çayı’nın IV. sınıf su kalitesinde olduğunu görülmüştür. Üzümcü Çayı’nda tespit edilen baskın planktonik alg türleri daha çok ötrofik karakterli su kütlelerinde dağılım göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla, Üzümcü Çayı, biyolojik su kalitesi ögelerine göre ötrof bir akarsudur. Üzümcü Çayı’nın korunması için özelde Üzümcü Çayı etrafında genelde is havza bazında ekolojik tarıma öncelik verilmeli, evsel ve endüstriyel atık suların iyice arıtıldıktan sonra dereye verilmesi önerilir.

Keywords

Fitoplankton, ötrofikasyon, Üzümcü Çayı, su kalitesi

Supporting Institution

Yok

Project Number

Yok

Thanks

Yok

THE PHYTOPLANKTON ECOLOGY OF ÜZÜMCÜ STREAM (BALIKESİR)

Abstract

Algae are of great importance in determining the water quality of streams and stagnant water sources. In order to examine the phytoplankton ecology of the Üzümcü Stream, sampling was carried out at 2 stations in the spring (April), summer (June) and autumn (October) 2020 periods. In this study, a total of 47 planktonic algal species were identified, 28 from the Bacillariophyta group, 11 from the Chlorophyta group, 6 from the Cyanobacteria group and 2 from the Euglenophyta group. Bacillariophyta group constituted 59%, Chlorophyta group 23%, Cyanobacteria group 12% and Euglenophyta group 4% of planktonic algal species. In Üzümcü Stream, Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen, Cymbella affinis Kütz., Nitzschia sigmoidea (Nitzsch) W. Smith and Pinnularia major (Kützing) Rabenh from the Bacillariophyta group, Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turpin) Brab. Hansgirg and Pediastrum simplex Meyen Lemm., Oscillatoria subtilissima Kützing from the Cyanobacteria group, and Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) from the Euglenophta group were predominantly detected. CCA showed that the diatoms, A.granulata correlated with NO3, C. affinis with TP, N. sigmoidea and P. major with TN and PO4. The green algae, S. quadricauda, T. minimum and P. simplex were correlated with pH. The cyabobacterium, O. subtilissima and Euglenophta, T. hispida were correlated with dissolved oxygen. Water temperature ranged from 13°C to 24°C, dissolved oxygen from 3.35 mgl-1 to 8.1 mgl-1, pH from 6.85 to 7.94, electrical conductivity from 1456 μScm-1 to 1661 μScm-1, nitrate nitrogen (NO3) from 0.45 mgl-1 to 0.87 mgl-1, total nitrogen (TN) from mgl-1 1.91 to 5.95 mgl-1, phosphate (PO4) from 0.07 mgl-1 to 0.09 mgl-1 and total phosphorus (TP) from 0.07 mgl-1 to 0.18 mgl-1. When the measured values are evaluated in the light of the Water Pollution Control Regulation criteria, Üzümcü Stream had the IV. class water quality. The dominant planktonic algal species detected in Üzümcü Stream are mostly distributed in water bodies with eutrophic character. Therefore, Üzümcü Stream is an eutrophic stream based on biological water quality elements. For the protection of Üzümcü Stream, priority should be given to ecological agriculture, especially around the Üzümcü Stream, and it is recommended that the domestic and industrial waste water be thoroughly treated before discharged to the stream.

Keywords

Eutrophication, phytoplankton, Üzümcü Stream, water quality

Project Number

Yok

References

• 1. APHA (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 23rd ed. Washington, D.C., USA: American Public Health Association.
• 2. Altuner, Z. (1988). Study of the diatom flora of the Aras River Turkey. Nowa Hedwigia, 46, 255-263.
• 3. Altuner, Z. & Gürbüz, H. (1990). Karasu (Fırat) Nehri’nin epilitik ve epifitik algleri üzerine bir araştırma. X. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi Botanik Bildirileri, 18-20 Temmuz, Erzurum, Türkiye.
• 4. Atıcı, T. & Obalı, O. (1999). A study on diatoms in upperpart of Çoruh River, Turkey. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12, 473-496.
• 5. Atıcı, T. & Yıldız, K. (1996). Sakarya Nehri diyatomları. Turkish Journal of Botany, 20, 119-134.
• 6. Atıcı, T. & Ahıska, S. (2005). Pollution and algae of Ankara Stream. Gazi University Journal of Science, 18, 51-59.
• 7. Aysel, V. (2005). Check-list of the freshwater algae of Turkey. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 11, 1-124.
• 8. Bao, L., Chen, J., Tong, H., Qian, J., & Li, X. (2022). Phytoplankton dynamics and implications for eutrophication management in an urban river with a series of rubber dams. Journal of Environmental Management, 311, 114865).
• 9. Barlas, M. (1995). Akarsu kirlenmesinin biyolojik ve kimyasal yönden değerlendirilmesi ve kriterleri. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi II. Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 14-16 Haziran, Erzurum, Türkiye.
• 10. Bere, T. & Tundisi, J.G. (2011). The Effects of Substrate Type on Diatom-Based Multivariate Water Quality Assessment in a Tropical River (Monjolinho), São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Water Air Soil Pollution, 216, 391–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0540
• 11. Çiçek, N.L. & Ertan, Ö.O. (2015). Köprüçay Nehri (Antalya) su kalitesinin epilitik diyatomelerle belirlenmesi. Ege Journal of Fisheries and aquataic sciences, 32, 65-78.
• 12. Dere, Ş., Karacaoğlu, D. & Dalkıran, N. (2002). A study on the epiphytic algae of the Nilufer Stream (Bursa). Turkish Journal of Botany, 26, 219-234.
• 13. Dokulil, M. (2014). Phytoplankton of the River Danube: Composition, Seasonality and Long-Term Dynamics. In: The Danube River Basin. Berlin, Heidelberg, Verlag Springer: pp. 412-422. DOI 10.1007/698_2014_29 3 14. Eloranta, P. & Kwandrans, J. (2004). Indicator value of freshwater red algae in running waters for water quality assessment. International Journal of oceanography and Hydrobiology, 32, 47- 54.
• 15. Fakıoğlu, Ö., Atamanalp, M., Şenel, M., Şensurat, T. & Arslan, H. (2012). Pulur Çayı (Erzurum) epilitik ve epifitik diyatomeleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8, 1-8.
• 16. Fakıoğlu, Ö., Köktürk, M. & Atamanalp, M. (2013).The application of some biodiversity indices in the Tortum Stream, Erzurum, Turkey. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 8(46), 2069-2076.
• 17. Fore, L.S. & Grafe, C. (2002). Using diatoms to assess the biological condition of large rivers in Idaho (USA). Freshwater Biolology, 47, 2015-2037.
• 18. Gönülol, A. & Arslan, N. (1992). Samsun-İncesu Çayı’nin alg florası üzerinde araştırmalar. Turkish Journal of Botany, 16, 311-334.
• 19. Huber – Pestalozzi, G. (1969). Das phytoplankton des süsswassers systematik und biologie, 4.Teil, Euglenophycean. Stuttgart, Germany.: E. Schweizerbarth’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
• 20. Huber–Pestalozzi, G. (1982). Das phytoplankton des süsswassers systematik und biologie, 8.Teil, 1. Halffe Conjugatophyceae Zygnematalesund Desmidiales (excl. Zygnemataceae). Stuttgart, Germany: E. Schweizerbarth’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
• 21. John, D.M., Whitton, B.A. & Brook, A.J. (2003). The freshwater algal flora of the British isles: An identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae. The Natural History Museum and The British Phycological Society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• 22. Kalyoncu, H., Barlas, M. & Ertan, Ö. O. (2009). Aksu Çayının su kalitesinin biotik indekslere (diyatomlara ve omurgasızlara göre) ve fizikokimyasal parametrelere göre incelenmesi, organizmaların su kalitesi ile ilişkileri. TÜBAV Bilim Dergisi, 2, 46-57.
• 23. Komárek, J. & Anagnostidis, K. (2008). Cyanoprokaryota, 2. Teil/Part 2: Oscillatoriales, Süswasser Flora von Mitteleuropa (Freshwater Flora of Central Europe). Jena, Germany: GustavFischerVerlag.
• 24. Lebkuecher, J.G., Tuttle, E.N., Johnson, J.L. & Willis, N.K.S. (2015). Use of Algae to Assess the Trophic State of a Stream in Middle Tennessee. Journal Freshwater Ecology, 30(3), 346-379.
• 25. LeGresley, M.& McDermott, G. (2010). Counting Chamber Methods for Quantitative Phytoplankton Analysis: Haemocytometer, Palmer-Maloney Cell and Sedgewick-Rafter Cell In: Karlson B, Cusack C & Bresnan E, Editors. Microscopic and Molecular Methods for Quantitative Phytoplankton Analysis, IOC Manuals and Guides No. 55. Paris, France: UNESCO, pp. 25-30.
• 26. Memiş, Y. (2019). Boğacık Çayı (Giresun) algleri üzerine floristik bir çalışma. Yüksek lisans tezi, Giresun Üniversitesi, Giresun, Türkiye.
• 27. Mohanty, T.R., Tiwari, N.K., Kumari, S. & Ray, A. (2022). Variation of Aulacoseira granulata as an eco-pollution indicator in subtropical large river Ganga in India: a multivariate analytical approach. Environmental Science Research, 29, 37498–37512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18096-9
• 28. Piirsoo, K., Pall, P., Tuvikene, A., Viik, M. & Vilbaste, S. (2010). Assessment of water quality in a large lowland river (Narva, Estonia/Russia) using a new Hungarian potamoplanktic method. Estonian Journal of Ecology, 59, 243-258.
• 29. Reynolds, C.S. (1988). Potamoplankton: paradigms, paradoxes and prognoses. In: Round FE, editör. Algae and the Aquatic Environment. Bristol, UK: Biopress Ltd, pp. 285–311.
• 30. Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990). The diatoms: Morphology and biology of the genera. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• 31. Sims, P.A. (1996). An Atlas of British Diatoms. Bristol, UK: Biopress Ltd.
• 32. Smucker, N.J. & Vis, M.L. (2010). Using diatoms to assess human impacts on streams benefits from multiple-habitat sampling. Hydrobiologia, 654, 93–109.
• 33. Sungur, D. (2005). Melen Çayı (Düzce-Adapazarı) bentik algleri ve yoğunluğundaki mevsimsel değişimi. Doktor Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye.
• 34. Solak, C.N., Feher, G., Barlas, M. & Pabuçcu, K. (2007). Use of epilithic diatoms to evaluate water quality of Akçay Stream (Büyük Menderes River) in Muğla/Turkey. Large Rivers, 17, 327-338.
• 35. Solak, C.N., Barinova, S., Acs, E. & Dayıoğlu, H. (2012). Diversity and ecology of diatoms from Felent creek (Sakarya River Basin) Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 36, 191-203.
• 36. Søndergaard, M., Jeppesen, E., Jensen, J. & Amsinck, S. (2005). Water Framework Directive: ecological classification of Danish lakes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42, 616-629.
• 37. Şen, B., Alp, M.T., Koçer, M.A.T. (2003). Hazar Gölü (Elazığ) ve Özellikleri. XII. Ulusal Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 2-5 Eylül, Elazığ, Türkiye.
• 38. SKKY (2008). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2008/02/20080213-13.htm
• 39. Temel, M. (2001). Algal flora of Goksu Stream (Istanbul), Turkey. Proceedings of the 2nd Balkan Botanical Congress. Plants of the Balkan Peninsula: into the next Millenium, 14-18 May, Istanbul, pp. 343–352.
• 40. ter Braak, P. & Smilauer, C.J.F. (2002). Reference Manual and CanoDraw for Windows User’s Guide: Software for Canonical Community Ordination. Ithaca, USA: Microcomputer Power.
• 41. Tokatlı, C. & Dayıoğlu, H. (2011). Use of epilithic diatoms to evaluate water quality of Murat Stream (Sakarya River basin, Kütahya): Different saprobity levels and pH status. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 5, 55-60.
• 42. Varol, M. & Şen, B. (2014). Dicle Nehri’nin planktonik alg florası. Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com, 8, 252-264.
• 43. Wehr, J.D., & Descy, J.P. (1998). Use of phytoplankton in large river management. Journal of Phycology, 34(5), 741-749.
• 44. Wu, N., Schmalz, B. & Fohrer, N. (2011). Distribution of phytoplankton in a German lowland river in relation to environmental factors. Journal of Plankton Research, 33(5), 807–820.
• 45. Yıldız, K. (1987). Diatoms of the Porsuk River, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Biology, 11, 162-182.
• 46. Yılmaz, N. (2012). The Relationship Between Phytoplankton Density and Chlorophyll-a in Riva Stream (Istanbul, Turkey). Balkan Water Observation and Information System (BALWOIS) 5th Conference on Water Observation and information System for Decision Support. May 27-June 2, 2012, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia.
• 47. Zhao, W., Li, Y., Jiao, Y., Zhou, B., Vogt, R.D., Liu, H., Ji, M., Ma, Z., Li, A., Zhou, B. & Xu, Y. (2017). Spatial and Temporal Variations in Environmental Variables in Relation to Phytoplankton Community Structure in a Eutrophic River-Type Reservoir. Water, 9(10), 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/w910075