The Relationship Between Academic Procrastination, General Procrastination and Patience: A Study on University Students

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: Education Special Issue, 86 - 110, 25.09.2023

İsa Bahat

https://doi.org/10.53047/josse.1350626

Abstract

This research aims to reveal the nature of the relationship among university students' general procrastination, academic procrastination, and patience behaviors. In the study, the Academic Procrastination Scale (APS) and General Procrastination Scale (GPS) developed by Çakıcı (2003), the University Students' Patience Tendency Scale (USPTS) developed by Çeliköz and Gül (2018), and the "Personal Information Form" developed by the researcher were used. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS 27.0 software. First, a normality analysis was applied, followed by the t-Test and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). A correlational design was used in the research to determine the relationship among university students' general procrastination, academic procrastination, and patience behaviors; for the purpose of determining the effect of the patience variable on general and academic procrastination, a multiple regression analysis was used. A moderate (r=0.616), significant, and strong relationship was found between university students' general procrastination behaviors and academic procrastination behaviors. A negative relationship was identified between patience behaviors and both general and academic procrastination behaviors. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that academic procrastination behavior (β= -227) had a more pronounced effect in predicting patience behavior than general procrastination behavior (β= -.155). The research found significant differences in general procrastination, academic procrastination, and patience behaviors based on the participants' gender, the university they attend, family income level, and their field of study; while similarities were identified based on age and class level.

Keywords

General procrastination, academic procrastination, patience, higher education

References

• Akbay, S. & Gizir, C. (2010). Cinsiyete göre üniversite öğrencilerinde akademik erteleme davranışı: akademik güdülenme, akademik özyeterlik ve akademik yükleme stillerinin rolü. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 60-78. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mersinefd/issue/17373/181419
• Akdemir, T. N. (2013). İlköğretim Öğrencilerinin Facebook Tutumları ile Akademik Erteleme Davranışları ve Akademik Başarıları Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi. [Unpublished master thesis], İstanbul: Marmara University Institute of Science.
• Akpur, U. (2020). The effect of procrastination on academic achievement: A meta-analysis study. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 6(4), 681-690. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.6.4.681
• Balkıs, M. (2013). The relationship between academic procrastination and students burnout. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(1), 68-78. https://gcris.pau.edu.tr/bitstream/11499/21548/1/127-published.pdf
• Balkıs, M., & Duru, E. (2009). Prevalence of academıc procrastination behavior among preservice teachers, and its relationship with demographics and individual preferences. Journal of Theory & Practice in Education, 5(1). 18-32. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/114644
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı İstatistik, Araştırma DeseniSPSS Uygulamaları ve Yorum. Pegem Akademi
• Çeliköz, N., & Ercan Gül, Y. (2018). Investigation of the patience tendency levels of university students. MANAS Journal of Social Studies, 7(3), 77-87. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mjss/issue/43001/520541
• Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research Methods in Education. (5th ed). Routledge Falmer.
• Curry, O. S., Price, M. E. & Price, J. G. (2008). Patience is a virtue: Cooperative people have lower discount rates. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 780–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.023
• Daryani, D. P., Nugrahayu, E. Y., Sulistiawat, S. (2021). The prevalence of academic procrastination among students at Medicine Faculty Mulawarman University. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 9(2), 118-126. https://doi.org/10.30650/jik.v9i2.3109
• Diener, E., Sapyta, J.J., & Suh, E. (1998). Subjective wellbeing is essential to wellbeing. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0901_3
• Dietz, F., Hofer, M., & Fries, S. (2007). Individual values, learning routines and academic procrastination. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(4), 893-906. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709906X169076
• Doğan M. andGülmez Ç. (2014). Sabır ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 42, 263-279. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/31227
• Ekşi, H., & Dilmaç, B. (2010). An Examination of general procrastination, decisional procrastination, and academic procrastination with respect to trait-anxiety among a group of college students. Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 23(2), 2010, 433-450. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/153415
• Eliüşük A. (2014). Examination of Academic Procrastination Behavior and Selfesteem Levels of Faculty of Sport Sciences Students [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Necmettin Erbakan University, Institute of Education Sciences.
• Ferrari, J. R. (2001). Procrastination as self-regulation failure of performance: Effects of cognitive load, self-awareness, and time limits on ‘working best under pressure. European Journal of Personality, 15(5), 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.413.abs
• Fraenkel, J R., & Wallen, N. E. (2009). How To Design and Evaluate Research in Education. Mc. Graw-Hill.
• Franziska, D., H. Manfred & F. Stefan. (2007). Individual values, learning routines and academic procrastination. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(4), 893- 906. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709906X169076
• Güngör, A.B. & Koçak, O. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ve akademik erteleme davranışı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of Research Education and Society, 7(2), 397-419. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1042259
• Hayat, A. A., Jahanian, M., Bazrafcan, L., Shokrpour, N. (2020). Prevalence of academic procrastination among medical students and its relationship with their academic achievement. Shiraz E-Med, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5812/semj.96049
• Haycock, L. A., McCarthy, P., & Skay, C. L. (1998). Procrastination in college students: The role of self-efficacy and anxiety. Journal of Counseling and Development, 76, 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1998.tb02548.x
• Karabıyık Çeri, B., Çavuşoğlu, C., & Gürol, M. (2015).Investigation of academic procastination levels of the undergraduates. International Journal of Social Science, 34, 385-394. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312472800_Ergenlerdeki_Akademik_Erteleme_Davranisinin_Incelenmesi_Investigation_of_Academic_Procrastination_in_Adolescents
• Kaya, A. (2020). Examination of Academic Procrastination Behavior and Selfesteem Levels of Faculty of Sport Sciences Students [Unpublished master thesis]. Bursa Uludağ University, Social Sciences Institute.
• Kim, K. R., & Seo, E. H. (2015). The relationship between procrastination and academic per-formance: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. paid.2015.02.038
• Kıral, B. (2019). Akademik hayatta sabır üzerine nitel bir çalışma. Journal of Computer and Education Research, 7(14), 250-283. https://doi.org/10.18009/jcer.570871
• Klassen, R. M., Krawchuk, L. L., & Rajani, S. (2008). Academic procrastination of undergraduates: Low self-efficacy to self-regulate predicts higher levels of procrastination. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33(4), 915–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.07.001
• Klassen, R. M., Ang, R. P., Chong, W. H., Krawchuk, L. L., Huan, V. S., Wong, I. Y. F., & Yeo, L. S. (2010). Academic procrastination in two settings: Motivation correlates, behavioral patterns, and negative impact of procrastination in Canada and Singapore. Applied Psychology, 59(3), 361–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2009.00394
• Klingsieck, K. B., Grund, A., Schmid, S., & Fries, S. (2013).Why students procrastinate: A qualitative approach. Journal of College Student Development, 54(4), 397–412. https://doi.org/10.1353/ csd.2013.0060
• Klingsieck, K. B. (2013). Procrastination in different life-domains: Is procrastination domain specific? Current Psychology, 32(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-013-9171-8
• Milgram, N. A. (1991). Procrastination. in R. Dulbecco (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human biology, (6, 149-155). Academic Press
• Nayak, S. G. (2019). Impact of procrastination and time-management on academic stress among undergraduate nursing students: A cross sectional study. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 12(3), 1480-1486. http://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/18_nayak_original_12_3.pdf
• Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Academic procrastination and statistics anxiety. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293042000160384
• Ozer, B. U., & Ferrari, J. R. (2011). Gender orientation and academic procrastination: Exploring Turkish high school students. Individual Differences Research, 9(1), 33–40. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-06028-004
• Öztürk Başpınar, N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin genel erteleme davranışları ile akademik erteleme davranışları arasındaki ilişki. Turkish Studies, 15(2), 1197-1219. https://dx.doi.org/10.29228/TurkishStudies.41436.
• Peker, H. (2013). Allah’ın Boyasıyla Boyanmak. Timaş Yayınları.
• Rothblum, E.D., Solomon, L.J., & Murakami, J. (1986). Affective, cognitive, and behavioural differences between high and low procrastinators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 387-394. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.33.4.387
• Scher, S. & Ferrari, J. (2000). The recall of completed and noncompleted tasks through daily logs to measure procrastination. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 15, 255-265. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/154516142.pdf
• Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(4), 503-509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503
• Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
• Steel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2016). Academic procrastination: Psychological antecedents revisited. Australian Psychologist, 51(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12173
• Sula Ataş, N.,and Kumcağız, H. (2020). Ergenlerin akademik erteleme davranışları, akademik öz yeterlik inançları ve mükemmeliyetçilik. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(2), 375-386. https://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2019050341
• Tice, D. M. & R. F. Baumeister. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress and health: the costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science. 8, 454-458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x
• Tokur, B. (2017). Stres ve Din. Çamlıca Yayınları.
• Tuckman, B. W. (2002, August). Academic Procrastinators: Their Rationalizations and Web Course Performance. [Conference presentation]. American Psychological Association Convention 2002. Chicago, IL, United States. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Academic-Procrastinators%3A-Their-Rationalizations-Tuckman/5a8f229d8aedcdc846aa6a83bee72235217abc3c#citing-papers
• Tuckman, B., & Sexton, T. (1989). Effects of relative feedback in overcoming procrastination on academic tasks. [Conference presentation]. American Psychological Association Convention 198, New Orleans, LA.
• Van Eerde, W. (2003). A meta-analytically derived nomological network of procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(6), 1401–1418. https://10.1016/s0191-8869(02) 00358-6
• Yang, Z., Asbury, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). An exploration of problematic smartphone use among Chinese University students: Associations with academic anxiety, academic procrastination, self-regulation and subjective wellbeing. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(3), 596-614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9961-1
• Yaraş, Z. (2021). Evaluation of academic procrastination behavior in management of personal learning environments within intelligent tutoring systems. Journal of Educational Technology & Online Learning, 4(4), 576-593. http://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.1015928
• Zacks. S., & Hen, M. (2018). Academic interventions for academic procrastination: A review of the literature. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in The Community, 46(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2016.1198154