Determination of the Anticarcinogenic Activity of 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural Produced from Grape Must Under in vitro Conditions

Abstract

Every year, millions of tons of food and beverage waste are thrown away unused around the world. The carbohydrates found in food waste create a raw material potential for the production of high value-added products that are used in energy, feed and pharmacology. One of these products, 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF), is a by-product of simple dehydration of carbohydrates. It finds wide use in the field of pharmacy due to its anticancer, antifungal and antimicrobial activities. Many studies have stated that the sugar source with the highest conversion rate in 5-HMF production is fructose. For this reason, in this study, it was aimed to realize the production of 5-HMF in autoclave sterilization carried out under high temperature and pressure using grape must waste, which is known to have high fructose content, and determine the anticarcinogenic activity and cytotoxicity of the produced 5-HMF under in vitro conditions. In this study, it was determined that the medium containing DMSO increased the sugar conversion percentage, 5-HMF efficiency and selectivity in the waste grape must more than the medium containing only water. In the production of 5-HMF, the conversion of sugar in the medium saturated with salt, and the efficiency and selectivity of 5-HMF were determined as 97.04%, 68.61% and 70.82%, respectively, when DMSO organic solvent was used. In addition, it has been determined that 5-HMF produced from waste grape must has a toxic effect on both healthy cells and cancer cells and has anticancer properties.

Keywords

• 5-HMF
• anticancer
• grape must
• fructose
• DMSO

References

1. 1. Rajendran N, Han J. Integrated polylactic acid and biodiesel production from food waste: Process synthesis and economics. Bioresource Technology. 2022 Jan;343:126119.
2. 2. Yu IKM, Ong KL, Tsang DCW, Haque MA, Kwan TH, Chen SS, et al. Chemical transformation of food and beverage waste-derived fructose to hydroxymethylfurfural as a value-added product. Catalysis Today. 2018 Sep;314:70–7.
3. 3. Twidell J. Renewable Energy Resources [Internet]. 4th ed. London: Routledge; 2021 [cited 2023 Feb 4].
4. 4. Kazi FK, Patel AD, Serrano-Ruiz JC, Dumesic JA, Anex RP. Techno-economic analysis of dimethylfuran (DMF) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) production from pure fructose in catalytic processes. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2011 May;169(1–3):329–38.
5. 5. He Q, Lu Y, Peng Q, Chen W, Fan G, Chai B, et al. Synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose catalyzed by sulfonated carbon-based solid acid. Biomass Conv Bioref [Internet]. 2021 Sep 4 [cited 2023 Feb 4];
6. 6. Rosatella AA, Simeonov SP, Frade RFM, Afonso CAM. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) as a building block platform: Biological properties, synthesis and synthetic applications. Green Chem. 2011;13(4):754.
7. 7. Kläusli T. AVA Biochem: commercialising renewable platform chemical 5-HMF. Green Processing and Synthesis. 2014 Jun 1;3(3):235–6.
8. 8. Yu IKM, Tsang DCW, Yip ACK, Chen SS, Wang L, Ok YS, et al. Catalytic valorization of starch-rich food waste into hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF): Controlling relative kinetics for high productivity. Bioresource Technology. 2017 Aug;237:222–30.

9. 9. Husøy T, Haugen M, Murkovic M, Jöbstl D, Stølen LH, Bjellaas T, et al. Dietary exposure to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from Norwegian food and correlations with urine metabolites of short-term exposure. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2008 Dec;46(12):3697–702.
10. 10. Murkovic M, Pichler N. Analysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfual in coffee, dried fruits and urine. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2006 Sep;50(9):842–6.
11. 11. Janzowski C, Glaab V, Samimi E, Schlatter J, Eisenbrand G. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural: assessment of mutagenicity, DNA-damaging potential and reactivity towards cellular glutathione. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2000 Sep;38(9):801–9.
12. 12. Svensson K, Abramsson L, Becker W, Glynn A, Hellenäs KE, Lind Y, et al. Dietary intake of acrylamide in Sweden. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2003 Nov;41(11):1581–6.
13. 13. Morehouse KM, Nyman PJ, McNeal TP, DiNovi MJ, Perfetti GA. Survey of furan in heat processed foods by headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and estimated adult exposure. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2008 Mar;25(3):259–64.
14. 14. Román-Leshkov Y, Dumesic JA. Solvent Effects on Fructose Dehydration to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Biphasic Systems Saturated with Inorganic Salts. Top Catal. 2009 Apr;52(3):297–303.