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Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil Using KOH/Al2O3 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst

Year 2023, , 217 - 226, 28.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1163670

Abstract

The catalytic performance of potassium hydroxide supported on alumina (KOH/Al2O3) for transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) was investigated. XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques were used to characterize the catalyst after it had been synthesized using the wet impregnation method. The properties of the WCO and the produced biodiesel were evaluated. The main fatty acids of WCO were linoleic (45.61%), elaidic (33.86%), palmitic (10.32%), and stearic acid (4.80%), the acid value (2.29 mg KOH/g), FFA (1.15%), density at 25 °C (0.91 g/cm3), viscosity at 40 °C (34.09 mm2/s), water content (0.0017%), and flash point (206 °C). The XRD pattern of the catalyst showed diffraction peaks of KAlO2 attributed to the orthorhombic crystal system having a 12.46% degree of crystallinity. The SEM micrographs confirmed the amorphous nature of the catalyst. The presence of K–O and Al–O bonds in the catalyst was confirmed by the FTIR. A biodiesel yield of 86.6% was achieved with the following variables: oil to methanol ratio of 1:4, catalyst loading of 1.5% (w/v%), reaction temperature of 55 °C, and a reaction time of 1 h. The results appeared to show a decreasing pattern of yield after 4 cycles of reaction from 86.60 to 51.50%. The fuel properties were density (0.8919 g/cm3), viscosity (7.428 cSt), flash point (65 °C), acid number (0.54 mg KOH/g) and water content (0.0196%). Furthermore, the properties of the prepared biodiesel have been found to comply with the ASTM and EN standard specifications. This catalyst showed promising results for manufacturing biodiesel from low-cost feedstock.

Thanks

The authors are grateful to the International University of Africa, the Sudanese Thermal Generation Company, and General Directorate Petroleum Laboratories Research Studies- Ministry of Petroleum - Sudan for providing the laboratory facilities necessary to conduct this research work.

References

  • 1. Mahesh SE, Ramanathan A, Begum KMS, Narayanan A. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using KBr impregnated CaO as catalyst. En Conv Manag. 2015;91:442-50.
  • 2. Fitriana N, Husin H, Yanti D, Pontas K, Alam PN, Ridho M, et al. Synthesis of K2O/zeolite catalysts by KOH impregnation for biodiesel production from waste frying oil. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng. 2018;334:012011.
  • 3. Yan S, DiMaggio C, Mohan S, Kim M, Salley SO, Ng KYS. Advancements in heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel synthesis. Top Catal. 2010;53:721–36.
  • 4. Abdullah SH, Hanapi NH, Azid A, Umar R, Juahir H, Khatoon H, Endut A. A review of biomass-derived heterogeneous catalyst for a sustainable biodiesel production. Renew Sust En Rev. 2017 Apr 1;70:1040-51.
  • 5. Simsek S. Effects of biodiesel obtained from Canola, sefflower oils and waste oils on the engine performance and exhaust emissions. Fuel. 2020;265:117026.
  • 6. Simsek S, Özdalyan B. Improvements to the composition of fusel oil and analysis of the effects of fusel oil–gasoline blends on a spark-ignited (SI) engine’s performance and emissions. Energies 2018;11(3):625.
  • 7. Simsek S, Uslu S. Comparative evaluation of the influence of waste vegetable oil and waste animal oil-based biodiesel on diesel engine performance and emissions. Fuel. 2020;280:118613.
  • 8. Barnwal BK, Sharma MP. Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetable oils in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2005;9(4):363-78.
  • 9. Şi̇mşek S, Uslu S. Analysis of the effects of cetane improver addition to diesel on engine performance and emissions. Int J Auto Eng Technol. 2021:26-32.
  • 10. Demirbaş A. Chemical and fuel properties of seventeen vegetable oils. En Sour. 2003;25(7):721-8.
  • 11. Wicaksono A, Saptadi S, editors. Waste cooking oil into biodiesel transformation and its economical potency through circular economic model in Semarang Barat Area Indonesia. E3S Web of Conf; 2019: EDP Sci.
  • 12. Kayode B, Hart A. An overview of transesterification methods for producing biodiesel from waste vegetable oils. Biofuels 2019;10(3):419-37.
  • 13. Osorio-González CS, Gómez-Falcon N, Sandoval-Salas F, Saini R, Brar SK, Ramírez AA. Production of biodiesel from castor oil: A review. Energies. 2020;13(10):2467. .
  • 14. Saini RD. Conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel. International J Petrol Sci Technol. 2017;11(1):9-21.
  • 15. Raqeeb MA, Bhargavi R. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. J Chem Pharm Res. 2015;7(12):670-81.
  • 16. Said N, Ani F, Said M. Review of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using solid catalysts. J Mech Eng Sci. 2015;8:1302-11.
  • 17. ASTM. D 6751-20a: Standard specification for biodiesel fuel blend stock (B100) for middle distillate fuels. ASTM Int, West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2020.
  • 18. CEN. EN 14214:2008. Automotive fuels - Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines - Requirements and test methods. CEN, European Committee for Standardization; 2008.
  • 19. ASTM. D4052-18a. Standard test method for density, relative density, and API gravity of liquids by digital density meter ASTM Int, West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2018.
  • 20. ASTM. D664-18. Standard test method for acid number of petroleum products by potentiometric titration. ASTM Int, West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2018.
  • 21. ASTM D445-21e1: standard test method for kinematic viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids (and calculation of dynamic viscosity). ASTM Int, West Conshohocken; 2021.
  • 22. ASTM D93-20. Standard test methods for flash point by Pensky-Martens closed cup tester. ASTM Int, West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2020.
  • 23. ASTM D2709-16. Standard test method for water and sediment in middle distillate fuels by centrifuge. ASTM Int, West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2016.
  • 24. ASTM D1500-12. Standard test method for ASTM color of petroleum products (ASTM color scale). ASTM Int, West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2012.
  • 25. Helmi M, Hemmati A, Tahvildari K. Biodiesel production from Amygdalus scoparia using KOH/Al2O3 catalyst: optimization by response surface methodology. Iran J En Environ. 2021;12(1):34-44.
  • 26. Anisah PM, Suwandi, Agustian E. Effect of transesterification on the result of waste cooking oil conversion to biodiesel. J Phys: Conf Ser. 2019;1170:012067.
  • 27. Yusuff AS, Adeniyi OD, Azeez SO, Olutoye MA, Akpan UG. Synthesis and characterization of anthill‐eggshell‐Ni‐Co mixed oxides composite catalyst for biodiesel production from waste frying oil. Biofuels, Bioprod Bioref. 2019;13(1):37-47.
  • 28. Hajy HT, Tahvildari K. Efficient Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil catalysed by Al2O3 impregnated with NaOH. J Chem Petrol Eng (J Fac Eng). 2015;49(2):143-51.
  • 29. Patil PD, Gude VG, Reddy HK, Muppaneni T, Deng S. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using sulfuric acid and microwave irradiation processes. J Environ Prot. 2012;03(01):107-13.
  • 30. Priambodo R, Chen TC, Lu MC, Gedanken A, Liao JD, Huang YH. Novel technology for bio-diesel production from cooking and waste cooking oil by microwave irradiation. En Proc. 2015 Aug 1;75:84-91.
  • 31. Samuel O., Waheed M., Bolaji B., Dairo O. Production of biodiesel from Nigerian restaurant waste cooking oil using blender. International J Renew En Res. 2013; 3(4): 976-979.
  • 32. Santoso A, Sumari, Urfa Zakiyya U, Tiara Nur A. Methyl ester synthesis of crude palm oil off grade using the K2O/Al2O3 catalyst and its potential as biodiesel. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng. 2019;515:012042.
  • 33. NolHakim L, Shohaimi NA, Ibrahim ML, Mokhtar WN, Ab Halim AZ. Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Utilizing Heterogeneous K2CO3/Al2O3 and KOH/Al2O3 Catalysts. Malay Inst Chem. 2021;23(2):74-83.
  • 34. Lokman NolHakim MAH, Shohaimi NAM, Mokhtar WNAW, Ibrahim ML, Abdullah RF. Immobilization of potassium-based heterogeneous catalyst over alumina beads and powder support in the transesterification of waste cooking oil. Catalysts. 2021;11(8):976.
  • 35. Haghnazari N, Abdollahifar M, Jahani F. The effect of NaOH and KOH on the characterization of mesoporous AlOOH nanostructures in the hydrothermal route. J Mex Chem Soc. 2014 Jun;58(2):95-8.
  • 36. Gimbun J, Ali S, Kanwal CC, Shah LA, Ghazali NH, Cheng CK, Nurdin S. Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using a limestone based catalyst. Adv Mater Phys Chem. 2012 Oct 26;2(04):138-41.
  • 37. Kusumo F, Shamsuddin AH, Ahmad AR, Dharma S, Milano J, Silitonga AS, et al. Production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas mixed with waste cooking oil assisted by ultrasound. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2020 Apr 1;476(1):012082.
  • 38. Ding J, Xia Z, Lu J. Esterification and deacidification of a waste cooking oil (TAN 68.81 mg KOH/g) for biodiesel production. Energies. 2012 Jul 25;5(8):2683-91.
  • 39. Fathallah AZM, Pinto F. The Influence of NaCl dissolved on biodiesel of used cooking oil on performance and its degradation of main components of diesel engine. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2022;972(1):012030.
  • 40. Ashok A, Kennedy LJ, Vijaya JJ, Aruldoss U. Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by magnesium oxide nanocatalyst synthesized using coprecipitation method. Clean Technol Environ Pol. 2018 Aug;20(6):1219-31.
  • 41. Ahmed, H. M., Abdeldaim, S. O., & Erwa, I. Y. (2021). Production of biodiesel from heat-treated edible oil. J Phys: Conf Ser, 2063(1), 012027.
  • 42. Abdullah, Rahmawati Sianipar RN, Ariyani D, Nata IF. Conversion of palm oil sludge to biodiesel using alum and KOH as catalysts. Sus Environ Res. 2017;27(6):291-5.
Year 2023, , 217 - 226, 28.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1163670

Abstract

References

  • 1. Mahesh SE, Ramanathan A, Begum KMS, Narayanan A. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using KBr impregnated CaO as catalyst. En Conv Manag. 2015;91:442-50.
  • 2. Fitriana N, Husin H, Yanti D, Pontas K, Alam PN, Ridho M, et al. Synthesis of K2O/zeolite catalysts by KOH impregnation for biodiesel production from waste frying oil. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng. 2018;334:012011.
  • 3. Yan S, DiMaggio C, Mohan S, Kim M, Salley SO, Ng KYS. Advancements in heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel synthesis. Top Catal. 2010;53:721–36.
  • 4. Abdullah SH, Hanapi NH, Azid A, Umar R, Juahir H, Khatoon H, Endut A. A review of biomass-derived heterogeneous catalyst for a sustainable biodiesel production. Renew Sust En Rev. 2017 Apr 1;70:1040-51.
  • 5. Simsek S. Effects of biodiesel obtained from Canola, sefflower oils and waste oils on the engine performance and exhaust emissions. Fuel. 2020;265:117026.
  • 6. Simsek S, Özdalyan B. Improvements to the composition of fusel oil and analysis of the effects of fusel oil–gasoline blends on a spark-ignited (SI) engine’s performance and emissions. Energies 2018;11(3):625.
  • 7. Simsek S, Uslu S. Comparative evaluation of the influence of waste vegetable oil and waste animal oil-based biodiesel on diesel engine performance and emissions. Fuel. 2020;280:118613.
  • 8. Barnwal BK, Sharma MP. Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetable oils in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2005;9(4):363-78.
  • 9. Şi̇mşek S, Uslu S. Analysis of the effects of cetane improver addition to diesel on engine performance and emissions. Int J Auto Eng Technol. 2021:26-32.
  • 10. Demirbaş A. Chemical and fuel properties of seventeen vegetable oils. En Sour. 2003;25(7):721-8.
  • 11. Wicaksono A, Saptadi S, editors. Waste cooking oil into biodiesel transformation and its economical potency through circular economic model in Semarang Barat Area Indonesia. E3S Web of Conf; 2019: EDP Sci.
  • 12. Kayode B, Hart A. An overview of transesterification methods for producing biodiesel from waste vegetable oils. Biofuels 2019;10(3):419-37.
  • 13. Osorio-González CS, Gómez-Falcon N, Sandoval-Salas F, Saini R, Brar SK, Ramírez AA. Production of biodiesel from castor oil: A review. Energies. 2020;13(10):2467. .
  • 14. Saini RD. Conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel. International J Petrol Sci Technol. 2017;11(1):9-21.
  • 15. Raqeeb MA, Bhargavi R. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. J Chem Pharm Res. 2015;7(12):670-81.
  • 16. Said N, Ani F, Said M. Review of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using solid catalysts. J Mech Eng Sci. 2015;8:1302-11.
  • 17. ASTM. D 6751-20a: Standard specification for biodiesel fuel blend stock (B100) for middle distillate fuels. ASTM Int, West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2020.
  • 18. CEN. EN 14214:2008. Automotive fuels - Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines - Requirements and test methods. CEN, European Committee for Standardization; 2008.
  • 19. ASTM. D4052-18a. Standard test method for density, relative density, and API gravity of liquids by digital density meter ASTM Int, West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2018.
  • 20. ASTM. D664-18. Standard test method for acid number of petroleum products by potentiometric titration. ASTM Int, West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2018.
  • 21. ASTM D445-21e1: standard test method for kinematic viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids (and calculation of dynamic viscosity). ASTM Int, West Conshohocken; 2021.
  • 22. ASTM D93-20. Standard test methods for flash point by Pensky-Martens closed cup tester. ASTM Int, West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2020.
  • 23. ASTM D2709-16. Standard test method for water and sediment in middle distillate fuels by centrifuge. ASTM Int, West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2016.
  • 24. ASTM D1500-12. Standard test method for ASTM color of petroleum products (ASTM color scale). ASTM Int, West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2012.
  • 25. Helmi M, Hemmati A, Tahvildari K. Biodiesel production from Amygdalus scoparia using KOH/Al2O3 catalyst: optimization by response surface methodology. Iran J En Environ. 2021;12(1):34-44.
  • 26. Anisah PM, Suwandi, Agustian E. Effect of transesterification on the result of waste cooking oil conversion to biodiesel. J Phys: Conf Ser. 2019;1170:012067.
  • 27. Yusuff AS, Adeniyi OD, Azeez SO, Olutoye MA, Akpan UG. Synthesis and characterization of anthill‐eggshell‐Ni‐Co mixed oxides composite catalyst for biodiesel production from waste frying oil. Biofuels, Bioprod Bioref. 2019;13(1):37-47.
  • 28. Hajy HT, Tahvildari K. Efficient Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil catalysed by Al2O3 impregnated with NaOH. J Chem Petrol Eng (J Fac Eng). 2015;49(2):143-51.
  • 29. Patil PD, Gude VG, Reddy HK, Muppaneni T, Deng S. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using sulfuric acid and microwave irradiation processes. J Environ Prot. 2012;03(01):107-13.
  • 30. Priambodo R, Chen TC, Lu MC, Gedanken A, Liao JD, Huang YH. Novel technology for bio-diesel production from cooking and waste cooking oil by microwave irradiation. En Proc. 2015 Aug 1;75:84-91.
  • 31. Samuel O., Waheed M., Bolaji B., Dairo O. Production of biodiesel from Nigerian restaurant waste cooking oil using blender. International J Renew En Res. 2013; 3(4): 976-979.
  • 32. Santoso A, Sumari, Urfa Zakiyya U, Tiara Nur A. Methyl ester synthesis of crude palm oil off grade using the K2O/Al2O3 catalyst and its potential as biodiesel. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng. 2019;515:012042.
  • 33. NolHakim L, Shohaimi NA, Ibrahim ML, Mokhtar WN, Ab Halim AZ. Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Utilizing Heterogeneous K2CO3/Al2O3 and KOH/Al2O3 Catalysts. Malay Inst Chem. 2021;23(2):74-83.
  • 34. Lokman NolHakim MAH, Shohaimi NAM, Mokhtar WNAW, Ibrahim ML, Abdullah RF. Immobilization of potassium-based heterogeneous catalyst over alumina beads and powder support in the transesterification of waste cooking oil. Catalysts. 2021;11(8):976.
  • 35. Haghnazari N, Abdollahifar M, Jahani F. The effect of NaOH and KOH on the characterization of mesoporous AlOOH nanostructures in the hydrothermal route. J Mex Chem Soc. 2014 Jun;58(2):95-8.
  • 36. Gimbun J, Ali S, Kanwal CC, Shah LA, Ghazali NH, Cheng CK, Nurdin S. Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using a limestone based catalyst. Adv Mater Phys Chem. 2012 Oct 26;2(04):138-41.
  • 37. Kusumo F, Shamsuddin AH, Ahmad AR, Dharma S, Milano J, Silitonga AS, et al. Production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas mixed with waste cooking oil assisted by ultrasound. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2020 Apr 1;476(1):012082.
  • 38. Ding J, Xia Z, Lu J. Esterification and deacidification of a waste cooking oil (TAN 68.81 mg KOH/g) for biodiesel production. Energies. 2012 Jul 25;5(8):2683-91.
  • 39. Fathallah AZM, Pinto F. The Influence of NaCl dissolved on biodiesel of used cooking oil on performance and its degradation of main components of diesel engine. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2022;972(1):012030.
  • 40. Ashok A, Kennedy LJ, Vijaya JJ, Aruldoss U. Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by magnesium oxide nanocatalyst synthesized using coprecipitation method. Clean Technol Environ Pol. 2018 Aug;20(6):1219-31.
  • 41. Ahmed, H. M., Abdeldaim, S. O., & Erwa, I. Y. (2021). Production of biodiesel from heat-treated edible oil. J Phys: Conf Ser, 2063(1), 012027.
  • 42. Abdullah, Rahmawati Sianipar RN, Ariyani D, Nata IF. Conversion of palm oil sludge to biodiesel using alum and KOH as catalysts. Sus Environ Res. 2017;27(6):291-5.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ibrahim Yaagoub Erwa 0000-0002-2486-5610

Asmo Hassan 0000-0002-2506-273X

Razan Salim 0000-0002-5302-0270

Omer Ishag 0000-0002-9417-3222

Maysoon Ahmed 0000-0002-9284-7502

Publication Date February 28, 2023
Submission Date August 19, 2022
Acceptance Date January 10, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

Vancouver Erwa IY, Hassan A, Salim R, Ishag O, Ahmed M. Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil Using KOH/Al2O3 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst. JOTCSA. 2023;10(1):217-26.