A Review on Different Analytical Techniques for Quantification of Moxidectin

Year 2024, , 601 - 614, 15.05.2024

Aarti Kommu Raja Sundararajan

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1257065

Abstract

Nemadectin, a macrocyclic lactone of the milbemycin class, is a fermentation by-product of the bacteria Streptomyces cyanogriseus subsp. non-Cyanogenus. Moxidectin is a semi-synthetic derivative of nemadectin. River blindness, also known as onchocerciasis, is treated with moxidectin in patients 12 years of age and older. This condition is brought on by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus and is subjected to intense itching, skin conditions that are disfiguring, and impaired vision brought on by the larvae of the worm.
Some of the most common internal and exterior parasites are killed by moxidectin by selectively binding to their glutamate-gated chloride ion channels. In this review article, various pieces of equipment, such as a UV spectrometer, HPLC, LC-MS, and UPLC-MS, are used to determine moxidectin as well as its related compounds. The QuEChERS method was also used in the sample preparation according to the literature survey. The report also offers an overview of the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and medication interactions of moxidectin.

Keywords

Moxidectin, Anthelmintic, River Blindness, Macrocyclic Lactones

Supporting Institution

GITAM School of Pharmacy

References

• 1. Macedo F, Marsico E. T, Conte-Júnior C, A et al. Development and validation of a method for the determination of low-ppb levels of macrocyclic lactones in butter, using HPLC-fluorescence. Food chemistry. 2015; 179: 239–245.
• 2. Pimentel-Trapero D, Sonseca-Yepes A, Moreira-Romero S, et al. Determination of macrocyclic lactones in bovine liver using QuEChERS and HPLC with fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2016; 166-172.
• 3. Cheibub A. M. S. S, Lyra E. S, Netto A. D. P. Development and validation of a method for simultaneous determination of trace levels of five macrocyclic lactones in cheese by HPLC-fluorescence after solid-liquid extraction with low-temperature partitioning. Journal of Food Chemistry. 2019; 272: 148-156.
• 4. Bengone-Ndong T, Mvouaka S. K, Alvinerie M, et al. A comparative kinetic study of doramectin and moxidectin in zebu gobra cattle (Bos indicus). Journal of Parasitology Research. 2013; 103(6): 1465-7. 5. Escudero E, Carceles C. M, Alvinerie M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of moxidectin and doramectin in goats. Research in Veterinary Science. 1999; 67(2):177-81.
• 6. Alvinerie M, Sutra J. F, Badri M, et al. Determination of moxidectin in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with automated solid-phase extraction and fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography B. 1995; 674; 119-124.
• 7. Dennis K, She-Yi W, Lawrence F, et al. Liquid chromatographic assay of ivermectin in human plasma for application to clinical pharmacokinetic studies. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2006, Mar 3; 40(4): 1013-20.
• 8. Mercedes L, Alvarez L, Entrocasso C, Virkel G, et al. Comparative tissue pharmacokinetics and efficacy of moxidectin, abamectin, and ivermectin in lambs infected with resistant nematodes. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance. 2013; 3: 20–27.
• 9. Chou H. K, Lai C. Y, Chen T. H, et al. "A multiresidue method for the determination of abamectin, doramectin, moxidectin, ivermectin, milbemycin A3, and A4 residues in bovine muscle using HPLC with fluorescence detection," Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2004; 12(2): 146-153.
• 10. Alvinerie M, Dupuy J, Sutra J, et al. In vitro metabolism of moxidectin in Haemonchus contortus adult stages. Parasitology Research. 2001; 87(9): 702-4.
• 11. Teixeira R. A, Flores D. H. A, Silva R. C. S, et al. Pipette-tip solid-phase extraction using poly (1-vinyl imidazole-co-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate) as a new molecularly imprinted polymer in determination of avermectins and milbemycins in fruit juice and water samples. Journal of Food Chemistry. 2018; 262: 86-93.
• 12. Vazquez-Quintal P. E, Rodríguez-Vivas R.I, Muñoz-Rodríguez D. Liquid-liquid extraction for the spectrofluorimetric determination of moxidectin or abamectin in bovine plasma. Chemical Papers. 2022; 76: 7441–7449.
• 13. Galarini R, Saluti G, Moretti S, et al. Determination of macrocyclic lactones in food and feed. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A: Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment. 2013; 30(6): 1068-79.
• 14. Craven J, Hennessy D, Nansen P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of moxidectin and ivermectin following intravenous injection in pigs with different body compositions. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2001; 24(2): 99-104.
• 15. Stout S. J, de Cunha A. R, Afzal J, et al. Moxidectin: Characterization of Cattle, Sheep, and Rat in Vitro and in Vivo Metabolites by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1994; 42(2): 388–392.
• 16. Howells L, Sauer M. J. Multi-residue analysis of avermectins and moxidectin by ion-trap LC-MSn© Crown copyright. Analyst. 2001; 126: 155-160.
• 17. Hofmann D, Sayasone S, Keiser J. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of the anthelmintic drug moxidectin in a volumetric absorptive micro-sample, blood, and plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study of adults infected with Strongyloides stercoralis in Laos. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2021, 1166: 122556.
• 18. Noppe H, Verheyden K, Bussche J V, et al. Detection of macrocyclic lactones in the porcine liver, meat, and fish tissue using LC–APCI–MS–MS. Food Additives and Contaminants. 2009; 26(9): 1232-1238.
• 19. Rubensam G, Barreto F, Pizzolato T. M, et al. Determination of avermectins and milbemycin residues in bovine muscle by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and fluorescence detection using solvent extraction and low-temperature clean-up. Food Control. 2013; 29(1): 55-60.
• 20. Chris Sack, Chamkasem N, Masse C, et al. Collaborative Validation of the QuEChERS Procedure for the Determination of Pesticides in Food by LC-MS/MS. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2011; 59(12): 6383-6411.
• 21. Moschou I. C, Dasenaki M. E, Thomaidis N. S. Ionization study and simultaneous determination of avermectins and milbemycins in fish tissue by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Journal of Chromatography B. 2019; Volume 1104: 134-140.
• 22. Turnipseed S. B, Roybal J. E, Andersen W. C, et al. Analysis of avermectins and moxidectin residues in milk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/atmospheric pressure photoionization source. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2005; 529(1-2): 159–16.
• 23. Khunachak A, Aacunha R, Stout S. J. Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Moxidectin Residues in Cattle Tissues and Confirmation in Cattle Fat by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Journal of AOAC International. 1993; 76(6): 1230-5.
• 24. Durden A. D. Positive and negative electrospray LC–MS–MS methods for quantitation of the antiparasitic endectocide drugs, abamectin, doramectin, emamectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, moxidectin and selamectin in milk. Journal of Chromatography B. 2007; 850: 134–146.
• 25. Rubensam G, Barreto F, Hoff R. B, et al. A liquid-liquid extraction procedure followed by a low-temperature purification step for the analysis of macrocyclic lactones in milk by LC-TMS. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2011; 705(1-2): 24-9.
• 26. Baptista R. C, Maria Fernandes A. M, Susana G, et al. Determination of Moxidectin in Serum by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Application in Pharmacokinetic Study in Lambs. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. 2017; 28(2): 250-256.
• 27. Subbarao N, Mupeksha M, Ashma S, Ashwini K, et al. Sensitive, Rapid Estimation of Moxidectin in Cattle Hair by LC-MS-MS. LCGC Supplements, Special Issues. 2016; 14(3): 27–31.
• 28. Yashpal Chhonker. S, Richard S, Daryl Murry J. Bioanalytical method development and validation of moxidectin in plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application to in-vitro metabolism. Journal of Biomedical chromatography. 2019; 33(2): e4389.
• 29. Babu P. S, Babu K. A, Revathi D, and Chitra K. Method development and validation of moxidectin in synthetic mixture using UV-Spectrophotometry. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2015; 4(7): 904-912.
• 30. Michelle Del Bianchi Cruz A, Maria Fernandes A. M, Braga P. A. C, et al. Moxidectin residues in lamb tissues: Development and validation of analytical method by UHPLC-MS/MS. Journal of Chromatography B. 2018; 1072: 390-396.
• 31. Oliveira Ferreira F, Rodrigues-Silva C, Susanne R. Online Solid-Phase Extraction-Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of avermectins and milbemycin in soils. Journal of Chromatography A. 2016; 1471(4): 118-125.
• 32. Silva G. R. D, Lima J. A, Santos F. A, et al. Multiresidue method for identification and quantification of avermectins, benzimidazoles and nitroimidazoles residues in bovine muscle tissue by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) using a QuEChERS approach. Talanta. 2017; 171: 307–320.
• 33. Tiele Rizzetti M, Martha Adaime B, Renato Zanella, et al. Optimization of sample preparation by central composite design for multi-class determination of veterinary drugs in bovine muscle, kidney, and liver by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry. Food chemistry. 2018; 246: 404-413.
• 34. Zeleke G, Devreese M, Suleman S, et al. Development and Validation of a Reliable UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Macrocyclic Lactones in Bovine Plasma. Molecules. 2022; 27(3): 998.
• 35. Bayer O. V, Kaminska O. V, Skoromna О. І, et al. Evaluation of Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Avermectins Residues in Milk. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology. 2019; 9(4): 521-526.
• 36. Victor Pastore A. A, Flávio Santos A, Guilherme Silva R, et al. Development and Validation of a Multiresidue Method for the Determination of Macrocyclic Lactones, Monensin, and Fipronil in Bovine Liver by UHPLC-MS/MS Using a QuEChERS Extraction. Food analytical methods. 2022; 15: 3177–3188.
• 37. Whelan M, Kinsella B, Danaher M, et al. Determination of anthelmintic drug residues in milk using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with rapid polarity switching. Journal of Chromatography A. 2010; 1217(27): 4612-22.
• 38. Zrncic M, Babic S, Kastelan-Macan M, et al. Analysis of anthelmintics in surface water by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Chemosphere. 2014; 99: 224-32.
• 39. Dos Anjos M. R, Castro I. M, de Aquino-Neto F. R, et al. Multiresidue method for simultaneous analysis of aflatoxin M1, avermectins, organophosphate pesticides, and milbemycin in milk by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A: Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment. 2016; 33(6): 995-1002.
• 40. Zhou H, Cao Y. M, Miao S, Chen M, et al. Qualitative screening and quantitative determination of 569 pesticide residues in honey suckle using UHPLC coupled to quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2019; 1606:460374.