Research Article
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A Novel Method to Assay Aspirin in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Smartphone Camera-Based Image Scanning Densitometry

Year 2024, , 71 - 82, 04.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1339301

Abstract

Aspirin, a widely-used anti-inflammatory drug, can lead to serious consequences when overdosed. Therefore, there's a need for simple, cost-effective methods to determine its concentration and mitigate potential risks. This study aimed to develop a method for assessing aspirin in pharmaceutical preparations without the need for expensive equipment and with minimal sensitivity to ambient light. In this work, aspirin was subjected to a reaction with Fe(III), leading to the formation of violet-colored spots on filter paper and a 96-microwell plate. These colored spots were then captured using a smartphone in normal lighting conditions and analyzed on a computer. The integrated density of each spot was measured using a novel grayscale technique, and a calibration curve was created to relate integrated density to aspirin concentration. Analytical parameters and reagent concentrations were optimized for accuracy. To validate the method, three commercial aspirin samples were assayed and compared to ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, a reference method. The developed technique demonstrated excellent precision (coefficient of variation <0.68%) and relative errors below 5.2%. When compared to traditional color models like red-green-blue (RGB) and hue-saturation-luminosity (HSL), the grayscale model showed superior correlation (R2> 0.996), while the RGB model yielded less precise results (R2= 0.792). This study showcased the effectiveness of a cost-effective methodology for accurate aspirin quantification using a smartphone camera, even in the presence of ambient light.

References

  • 1. Warner TD, Mitchell JA. Cyclooxygenase-3 (COX-3): Filling in the gaps toward a COX continuum? Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2002 Oct 15;99(21):13371–3. Available from: <URL>.
  • 2. The Top 300 of 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Mar 12]. Available from: <URL>.
  • 3. Desborough MJR, Keeling DM. The aspirin story – from willow to wonder drug. Br J Haematol [Internet]. 2017 Jun 20;177(5):674–83. Available from: <URL>.
  • 4. Ugurlucan M, M. Caglar I, N. Turhan Caglar F, Ziyade S, Karatepe O, Yildiz Y, et al. Aspirin: from a Historical Perspective. Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov [Internet]. 2012 Apr 1;7(1):71–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 5. Yeomans ND. Aspirin: Old drug, new uses and challenges*. J Gastroenterol Hepatol [Internet]. 2011 Mar 17;26(3):426–31. Available from: <URL>.
  • 6. Himmel A. Aspirin toxicity [Internet]. [cited 2023 Mar 12]. Available from: <URL>.
  • 7. Morgan G. The Established and Emerging Uses of Aspirin. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol [Internet]. 2006 Oct 13;99(4):283–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 8. Thisted B, Krantz T, Ström J, Sørensen MB. Acute salicylate self‐poisoning in 177 consecutive patients treated in ICU. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand [Internet]. 1987 May 30;31(4):312–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 9. Braun RD. The titrimetric determination of acetylsalicylic acid in analgesic tablets. J Chem Educ [Internet]. 1985 Sep 1;62(9):811. Available from: <URL>.
  • 10. Paseková H, Sales MG, Montenegro MC, Araújo AN, Polášek M. Potentiometric determination of acetylsalicylic acid by sequential injection analysis (SIA) using a tubular salicylate-selective electrode. J Pharm Biomed Anal [Internet]. 2001 Mar 1;24(5–6):1027–36. Available from: <URL>.
  • 11. Bisht P, Kumar M, Saxena P, Kumar Gangwar A. To develop validated method of salicylic acid by UV-visible spectroscopy as impurity in pharmaceutical dosage form. World J Pharm Res [Internet]. 2020;9(7):1981–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 12. Fernandes JCB, Garcia CAB, Grandin LA, Oliveira Neto G de, Godinho OES. Determination of acetylsalicylic acid in tablets with salicylate ion selective electrode in a Batch Injection Analysis system. J Braz Chem Soc [Internet]. 1998 May;9(3):249–51. Available from: <URL>.
  • 13. Saeed AM, Hamzah MJ, Ahmed NQ. Quantitative assay of aspirin and (salicylic acid and heavy metals as impuraties) in iraqi’s market aspirin tablets using different analytical methods. Int J Appl Pharm [Internet]. 2018 Sep 8;10(5):167–72. Available from: <URL>.
  • 14. Krokos A, Tsakelidou E, Michopoulou E, Raikos N, Theodoridis G, Gika H. NSAIDs Determination in Human Serum by GC-MS. Separations [Internet]. 2018 Jul 16;5(3):37. Available from: <URL>.
  • 15. Anthony O, Moh’d HS, Mataka MA, Juma A, Odalo OJ, Peter OC. A Comparative Analysis of Aspirin from Various Analgesic Formulations Using Titrimetry, Spectroscopic and Hyphenated Chromatographic Techniques. J Pharm Anal Insights [Internet]. 2018;2(1):1–5. Available from: <URL>.
  • 16. İbrahim B. Spectrophotometric determination of aspirin in different tablet samples using oxidation-reduction reaction with potassium permanganate. J Univ Raparin. 2016;3(6):123–8.
  • 17. Abdulkadir MQ, Al-Mudhafar MMJ, Mohammed AA, Alzahawie SK. Colorimetric assay of aspirin using modified method. J Al-Nahrain Univ Sci [Internet]. 2009 Sep 1;12(3):1–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 18. Kohl SK, Landmark JD, Stickle DF. Demonstration of Absorbance Using Digital Color Image Analysis and Colored Solutions. J Chem Educ [Internet]. 2006 Apr 1;83(4):644. Available from: <URL>.
  • 19. Volmer DA, Curbani L, Parker TA, Garcia J, Schultz LD, Borges EM. Determination of Titratable Acidity in Wine Using Potentiometric, Conductometric, and Photometric Methods. J Chem Educ [Internet]. 2017 Sep 12;94(9):1296–302. Available from: <URL>.
  • 20. Soldat DJ, Barak P, Lepore BJ. Microscale Colorimetric Analysis Using a Desktop Scanner and Automated Digital Image Analysis. J Chem Educ [Internet]. 2009 May 1;86(5):617. Available from: <URL>.
  • 21. Chang B-Y. Smartphone-based Chemistry Instrumentation: Digitization of Colorimetric Measurements. Bull Korean Chem Soc [Internet]. 2012 Feb 20;33(2):549–52. Available from: <URL>.
  • 22. Anwar J, Waheed-uz-Zaman, Shafique MU, Salman M. Computational Quantification of Spot Tests by Image Scanning-A New Analytical Technique for Micro Samples. Anal Lett [Internet]. 2010 Jan 12;43(2):367–71. Available from: <URL>.
  • 23. Salman M, Athar M, Waheed-uz-Zaman, Shafique U, Anwar J, Rehman R, et al. Micro-determination of arsenic in aqueous samples by image scanning and computational quantification. Anal Methods [Internet]. 2012 Jan 5;4(1):242–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 24. Shafique U, Anwar J, Salman M, Waheed-uz-Zaman, Dar A, Rehman R, et al. Novel methods to determine sulfide in aqueous samples by quantification of lead sulfide spots. J Sulfur Chem [Internet]. 2011 Apr;32(2):151–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 25. Dar A, Shafique U, Anwar J, Waheed-uz-Zaman, Naseer A. A simple spot test quantification method to determine formaldehyde in aqueous samples. J Saudi Chem Soc [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1;20:S352–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 26. Celikbas E, Ceylan AE, Timur S. Paper-based colorimetric spot test utilizing smartphone sensing for detection of biomarkers. Talanta [Internet]. 2020 Feb 1;208:120446. Available from: <URL>.
  • 27. Soares S, Rocha FRP. Spot test for determination of uric acid in saliva by smartphone-based digital images: A new proposal for detecting kidney dysfunctions. Microchem J [Internet]. 2021 Mar 1;162:105862. Available from: <URL>.
  • 28. de Oliveira Krambeck Franco M, Dias Castro GA, Vilanculo C, Fernandes SA, Suarez WT. A color reaction for the determination of Cu2+ in distilled beverages employing digital imaging. Anal Chim Acta [Internet]. 2021 Sep 8;1177:338844. Available from: <URL>.
  • 29. Šafranko S, Živković P, Stanković A, Medvidović-Kosanović M, Széchenyi A, Jokić S. Designing ColorX, Image Processing Software for Colorimetric Determination of Concentration, To Facilitate Students’ Investigation of Analytical Chemistry Concepts Using Digital Imaging Technology. J Chem Educ [Internet]. 2019 Sep 10;96(9):1928–37. Available from: <URL>.
  • 30. Li F, Wang X, Liu J, Hu Y, He J. Double-layered microfluidic paper-based device with multiple colorimetric indicators for multiplexed detection of biomolecules. Sensors Actuators B Chem [Internet]. 2019 Jun 1;288:266–73. Available from: <URL>.
  • 31. Firdaus ML, Aprian A, Meileza N, Hitsmi M, Elvia R, Rahmidar L, et al. Smartphone Coupled with a Paper-Based Colorimetric Device for Sensitive and Portable Mercury Ion Sensing. Chemosens 2019, Vol 7, Page 25 [Internet]. 2019 May 17 [cited 2023 Nov 2];7(2):25. Available from: <URL>.
  • 32. Mermer K, Paluch J, Kozak J. Smartphone-based digital image colorimetry for the determination of vancomycin in drugs. Monatshefte für Chemie - Chem Mon [Internet]. 2022 Sep 10;153(9):801–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 33. de Santana PC, Lourenço FR. A smartphone-based bioassay for determining relative potency estimated from sigmoidal-response curves and respective measurement uncertainty. Microchem J [Internet]. 2020 May 1;154:104626. Available from: <URL>.
  • 34. Saviano AM, Lourenço FR. Using image analysis to determine gentamicin potency by agar diffusion microbiological assay and its measurement uncertainty. Measurement [Internet]. 2019 Nov 1;146:315–21. Available from: <URL>.
  • 35. Colzani H, T. Scolaro AM, L. Neves Gelinski JM, Marcel Borges E. Manganese Determination in Battery Using a Flatbed Scanner. Rev Virtual Química [Internet]. 2017;9(4):1672–85. Available from: <URL>.
  • 36. Semary NA, Hadhoud MM, Abbas AM. An Effective Compression Technique for HSL Color Model. In: The 2011 World Congress on Computer Science and Information Technology, WCSIT’11 [Internet]. Cairo, Egypt; 2011. Available from: <URL>.
  • 37. da Silva RS, Borges EM. Quantitative Analysis Using a Flatbed Scanner: Aspirin Quantification in Pharmaceutical Tablets. J Chem Educ [Internet]. 2019 Jul 9;96(7):1519–26. Available from: <URL>.
Year 2024, , 71 - 82, 04.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1339301

Abstract

References

  • 1. Warner TD, Mitchell JA. Cyclooxygenase-3 (COX-3): Filling in the gaps toward a COX continuum? Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2002 Oct 15;99(21):13371–3. Available from: <URL>.
  • 2. The Top 300 of 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Mar 12]. Available from: <URL>.
  • 3. Desborough MJR, Keeling DM. The aspirin story – from willow to wonder drug. Br J Haematol [Internet]. 2017 Jun 20;177(5):674–83. Available from: <URL>.
  • 4. Ugurlucan M, M. Caglar I, N. Turhan Caglar F, Ziyade S, Karatepe O, Yildiz Y, et al. Aspirin: from a Historical Perspective. Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov [Internet]. 2012 Apr 1;7(1):71–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 5. Yeomans ND. Aspirin: Old drug, new uses and challenges*. J Gastroenterol Hepatol [Internet]. 2011 Mar 17;26(3):426–31. Available from: <URL>.
  • 6. Himmel A. Aspirin toxicity [Internet]. [cited 2023 Mar 12]. Available from: <URL>.
  • 7. Morgan G. The Established and Emerging Uses of Aspirin. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol [Internet]. 2006 Oct 13;99(4):283–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 8. Thisted B, Krantz T, Ström J, Sørensen MB. Acute salicylate self‐poisoning in 177 consecutive patients treated in ICU. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand [Internet]. 1987 May 30;31(4):312–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 9. Braun RD. The titrimetric determination of acetylsalicylic acid in analgesic tablets. J Chem Educ [Internet]. 1985 Sep 1;62(9):811. Available from: <URL>.
  • 10. Paseková H, Sales MG, Montenegro MC, Araújo AN, Polášek M. Potentiometric determination of acetylsalicylic acid by sequential injection analysis (SIA) using a tubular salicylate-selective electrode. J Pharm Biomed Anal [Internet]. 2001 Mar 1;24(5–6):1027–36. Available from: <URL>.
  • 11. Bisht P, Kumar M, Saxena P, Kumar Gangwar A. To develop validated method of salicylic acid by UV-visible spectroscopy as impurity in pharmaceutical dosage form. World J Pharm Res [Internet]. 2020;9(7):1981–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 12. Fernandes JCB, Garcia CAB, Grandin LA, Oliveira Neto G de, Godinho OES. Determination of acetylsalicylic acid in tablets with salicylate ion selective electrode in a Batch Injection Analysis system. J Braz Chem Soc [Internet]. 1998 May;9(3):249–51. Available from: <URL>.
  • 13. Saeed AM, Hamzah MJ, Ahmed NQ. Quantitative assay of aspirin and (salicylic acid and heavy metals as impuraties) in iraqi’s market aspirin tablets using different analytical methods. Int J Appl Pharm [Internet]. 2018 Sep 8;10(5):167–72. Available from: <URL>.
  • 14. Krokos A, Tsakelidou E, Michopoulou E, Raikos N, Theodoridis G, Gika H. NSAIDs Determination in Human Serum by GC-MS. Separations [Internet]. 2018 Jul 16;5(3):37. Available from: <URL>.
  • 15. Anthony O, Moh’d HS, Mataka MA, Juma A, Odalo OJ, Peter OC. A Comparative Analysis of Aspirin from Various Analgesic Formulations Using Titrimetry, Spectroscopic and Hyphenated Chromatographic Techniques. J Pharm Anal Insights [Internet]. 2018;2(1):1–5. Available from: <URL>.
  • 16. İbrahim B. Spectrophotometric determination of aspirin in different tablet samples using oxidation-reduction reaction with potassium permanganate. J Univ Raparin. 2016;3(6):123–8.
  • 17. Abdulkadir MQ, Al-Mudhafar MMJ, Mohammed AA, Alzahawie SK. Colorimetric assay of aspirin using modified method. J Al-Nahrain Univ Sci [Internet]. 2009 Sep 1;12(3):1–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 18. Kohl SK, Landmark JD, Stickle DF. Demonstration of Absorbance Using Digital Color Image Analysis and Colored Solutions. J Chem Educ [Internet]. 2006 Apr 1;83(4):644. Available from: <URL>.
  • 19. Volmer DA, Curbani L, Parker TA, Garcia J, Schultz LD, Borges EM. Determination of Titratable Acidity in Wine Using Potentiometric, Conductometric, and Photometric Methods. J Chem Educ [Internet]. 2017 Sep 12;94(9):1296–302. Available from: <URL>.
  • 20. Soldat DJ, Barak P, Lepore BJ. Microscale Colorimetric Analysis Using a Desktop Scanner and Automated Digital Image Analysis. J Chem Educ [Internet]. 2009 May 1;86(5):617. Available from: <URL>.
  • 21. Chang B-Y. Smartphone-based Chemistry Instrumentation: Digitization of Colorimetric Measurements. Bull Korean Chem Soc [Internet]. 2012 Feb 20;33(2):549–52. Available from: <URL>.
  • 22. Anwar J, Waheed-uz-Zaman, Shafique MU, Salman M. Computational Quantification of Spot Tests by Image Scanning-A New Analytical Technique for Micro Samples. Anal Lett [Internet]. 2010 Jan 12;43(2):367–71. Available from: <URL>.
  • 23. Salman M, Athar M, Waheed-uz-Zaman, Shafique U, Anwar J, Rehman R, et al. Micro-determination of arsenic in aqueous samples by image scanning and computational quantification. Anal Methods [Internet]. 2012 Jan 5;4(1):242–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 24. Shafique U, Anwar J, Salman M, Waheed-uz-Zaman, Dar A, Rehman R, et al. Novel methods to determine sulfide in aqueous samples by quantification of lead sulfide spots. J Sulfur Chem [Internet]. 2011 Apr;32(2):151–7. Available from: <URL>.
  • 25. Dar A, Shafique U, Anwar J, Waheed-uz-Zaman, Naseer A. A simple spot test quantification method to determine formaldehyde in aqueous samples. J Saudi Chem Soc [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1;20:S352–6. Available from: <URL>.
  • 26. Celikbas E, Ceylan AE, Timur S. Paper-based colorimetric spot test utilizing smartphone sensing for detection of biomarkers. Talanta [Internet]. 2020 Feb 1;208:120446. Available from: <URL>.
  • 27. Soares S, Rocha FRP. Spot test for determination of uric acid in saliva by smartphone-based digital images: A new proposal for detecting kidney dysfunctions. Microchem J [Internet]. 2021 Mar 1;162:105862. Available from: <URL>.
  • 28. de Oliveira Krambeck Franco M, Dias Castro GA, Vilanculo C, Fernandes SA, Suarez WT. A color reaction for the determination of Cu2+ in distilled beverages employing digital imaging. Anal Chim Acta [Internet]. 2021 Sep 8;1177:338844. Available from: <URL>.
  • 29. Šafranko S, Živković P, Stanković A, Medvidović-Kosanović M, Széchenyi A, Jokić S. Designing ColorX, Image Processing Software for Colorimetric Determination of Concentration, To Facilitate Students’ Investigation of Analytical Chemistry Concepts Using Digital Imaging Technology. J Chem Educ [Internet]. 2019 Sep 10;96(9):1928–37. Available from: <URL>.
  • 30. Li F, Wang X, Liu J, Hu Y, He J. Double-layered microfluidic paper-based device with multiple colorimetric indicators for multiplexed detection of biomolecules. Sensors Actuators B Chem [Internet]. 2019 Jun 1;288:266–73. Available from: <URL>.
  • 31. Firdaus ML, Aprian A, Meileza N, Hitsmi M, Elvia R, Rahmidar L, et al. Smartphone Coupled with a Paper-Based Colorimetric Device for Sensitive and Portable Mercury Ion Sensing. Chemosens 2019, Vol 7, Page 25 [Internet]. 2019 May 17 [cited 2023 Nov 2];7(2):25. Available from: <URL>.
  • 32. Mermer K, Paluch J, Kozak J. Smartphone-based digital image colorimetry for the determination of vancomycin in drugs. Monatshefte für Chemie - Chem Mon [Internet]. 2022 Sep 10;153(9):801–9. Available from: <URL>.
  • 33. de Santana PC, Lourenço FR. A smartphone-based bioassay for determining relative potency estimated from sigmoidal-response curves and respective measurement uncertainty. Microchem J [Internet]. 2020 May 1;154:104626. Available from: <URL>.
  • 34. Saviano AM, Lourenço FR. Using image analysis to determine gentamicin potency by agar diffusion microbiological assay and its measurement uncertainty. Measurement [Internet]. 2019 Nov 1;146:315–21. Available from: <URL>.
  • 35. Colzani H, T. Scolaro AM, L. Neves Gelinski JM, Marcel Borges E. Manganese Determination in Battery Using a Flatbed Scanner. Rev Virtual Química [Internet]. 2017;9(4):1672–85. Available from: <URL>.
  • 36. Semary NA, Hadhoud MM, Abbas AM. An Effective Compression Technique for HSL Color Model. In: The 2011 World Congress on Computer Science and Information Technology, WCSIT’11 [Internet]. Cairo, Egypt; 2011. Available from: <URL>.
  • 37. da Silva RS, Borges EM. Quantitative Analysis Using a Flatbed Scanner: Aspirin Quantification in Pharmaceutical Tablets. J Chem Educ [Internet]. 2019 Jul 9;96(7):1519–26. Available from: <URL>.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Analytical Spectrometry, Analytical Chemistry (Other), Computational Chemistry, Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (Other)
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLES
Authors

Rimsha Khan 0009-0000-0580-0312

Jamil Anwar This is me 0000-0002-9969-051X

Publication Date February 4, 2024
Submission Date August 8, 2023
Acceptance Date October 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

Vancouver Khan R, Anwar J. A Novel Method to Assay Aspirin in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Smartphone Camera-Based Image Scanning Densitometry. JOTCSA. 2024;11(1):71-82.